{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:10:26Z","timestamp":1791929426381,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Hum Behav"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0848-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T12:04:10Z","timestamp":1585569850000},"page":"531-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Shared striatal activity in decisions to satisfy curiosity and hunger at the risk of electric shocks"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny King L.","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Ozono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0000-2148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kei","family":"Kuratomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asuka","family":"Komiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2902-9600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kou","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"848_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.001","volume":"17","author":"J Gottlieb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gottlieb, J., Oudeyer, P.-Y., Lopes, M. & Baranes, A. Information-seeking, curiosity, and attention: computational and neural mechanisms. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17, 585\u2013593 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2012.04.002","volume":"32","author":"J Jirout","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jirout, J. & Klahr, D. Children\u2019s scientific curiosity: in search of an operational definition of an elusive concept. Dev. Rev. 32, 125\u2013160 (2012).","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"848_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.010","volume":"88","author":"C Kidd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kidd, C. & Hayden, B. Y. The psychology and neuroscience of curiosity. Neuron 88, 449\u2013460 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"848_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611421204","volume":"6","author":"S von Stumm","year":"2011","unstructured":"von Stumm, S., Hell, B. & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. The hungry mind: intellectual curiosity is the third pillar of academic performance. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 6, 574\u2013588 (2011).","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.060","volume":"84","author":"MJ Gruber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gruber, M. J., Gelman, B. D. & Ranganath, C. States of curiosity modulate hippocampus-dependent learning via the dopaminergic circuit. Neuron 84, 486\u2013496 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"848_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02402.x","volume":"20","author":"MJ Kang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kang, M. J. et al. The wick in the candle of learning: epistemic curiosity activates reward circuitry and enhances memory. Psychol. Sci. 20, 963\u2013973 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renninger, K. A. & Hidi, S. The Power of Interest for Motivation and Engagement (Routledge, 2016).","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315771045"},{"key":"848_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.03.007","volume":"88","author":"M Sakaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sakaki, M., Yagi, A. & Murayama, K. Curiosity in old age: a possible key to achieving adaptive aging. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 88, 106\u2013116 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"848_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607386114","volume":"114","author":"CS Rozek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rozek, C. S., Svoboda, R. C., Harackiewicz, J. M., Hulleman, C. S. & Hyde, J. S. Utility-value intervention with parents increases students\u2019 STEM preparation and career pursuit. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 909\u2013914 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"848_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.1.75","volume":"116","author":"G Loewenstein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Loewenstein, G. The psychology of curiosity: a review and reinterpretation. Psychol. Bull. 116, 75\u201398 (1994).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"848_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berlyne, D. E. Conflict, Arousal, and Curiosity (McGraw-Hill, 1960).","DOI":"10.1037\/11164-000"},{"key":"848_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvia, P. J. Exploring the Psychology of Interest (Oxford Univ. Press, 2006).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195158557.001.0001"},{"key":"848_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000140","volume":"145","author":"CB Marvin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marvin, C. B. & Shohamy, D. Curiosity and reward: valence predicts choice and information prediction errors enhance learning. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 145, 266\u2013272 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"848_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0078-0","volume":"19","author":"J Gottlieb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gottlieb, J. & Oudeyer, P.-Y. Towards a neuroscience of active sampling and curiosity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 758\u2013770 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murayama, K. A reward-learning framework of autonomous knowledge acquisition: an integrated account of curiosity, interest, and intrinsic-extrinsic rewards. Preprint at OSF https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/zey4k (2019).","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/zey4k"},{"key":"848_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.10.003","volume":"23","author":"MJ Gruber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gruber, M. J. & Ranganath, C. How curiosity enhances hippocampus-dependent memory: the prediction, appraisal, curiosity, and exploration (PACE) framework. Trends Cogn. Sci. 23, 1014\u20131025 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0589-3","volume":"3","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi, K., Ravaioli, S., Baran\u00e8s, A., Woodford, M. & Gottlieb, J. Diverse motives for human curiosity. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3, 587\u2013595 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"848_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.050","volume":"85","author":"TC Blanchard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blanchard, T. C., Hayden, B. Y. & Bromberg-Martin, E. S. Orbitofrontal cortex uses distinct codes for different choice attributes in decisions motivated by curiosity. Neuron 85, 602\u2013614 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"848_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20202","volume":"6","author":"N Daddaoua","year":"2016","unstructured":"Daddaoua, N., Lopes, M. & Gottlieb, J. Intrinsically motivated oculomotor exploration guided by uncertainty reduction and conditioned reinforcement in non-human primates. Sci. Rep. 6, 20202 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"848_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13874","volume":"5","author":"M Vasconcelos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vasconcelos, M., Monteiro, T. & Kacelnik, A. Irrational choice and the value of information. Sci. Rep. 5, 13874 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"848_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005020","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005020","volume":"12","author":"D Bennett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bennett, D., Bode, S., Brydevall, M., Warren, H. & Murawski, C. Intrinsic valuation of information in decision making under uncertainty. PLoS Comput. Biol. 12, e1005020 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"848_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24566-x","volume":"8","author":"M Brydevall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brydevall, M., Bennett, D., Murawski, C. & Bode, S. The neural encoding of information prediction errors during non-instrumental information seeking. Sci. Rep. 8, 6134 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"848_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2010.01.006","volume":"70","author":"K Eliaz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eliaz, K. & Schotter, A. Paying for confidence: an experimental study of the demand for non-instrumental information. Games Econ. Behav. 70, 304\u2013324 (2010).","journal-title":"Games Econ. Behav."},{"key":"848_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.02.004","volume":"81","author":"KC Berridge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Berridge, K. C. Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience. Physiol. Behav. 81, 179\u2013209 (2004).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"848_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anselme, P. & Robinson, M. J. F. in The Cambridge Handbook of Motivation and Learning (eds Renninger, K. A. & Hidi, S.) 163\u2013182 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019).","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316823279.009"},{"key":"848_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.07990.x","volume":"35","author":"KC Berridge","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berridge, K. C. From prediction error to incentive salience: mesolimbic computation of reward motivation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 35, 1124\u20131143 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0093","volume":"363","author":"TE Robinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363, 3137\u20133146 (2008).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kringelbach, M. L. & Berridge, K. C. in Recent Developments in Neuroscience Research on Human Motivation (eds Kim, S., Reeve, J. & Bong, M.) 23\u201335 (Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016).","DOI":"10.1108\/S0749-742320160000019020"},{"key":"848_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.02.044","volume":"97","author":"KC Berridge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berridge, K. C. \u2018Liking\u2019 and \u2018wanting\u2019 food rewards: brain substrates and roles in eating disorders. Physiol. Behav. 97, 537\u2013550 (2009).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"848_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.03.009","volume":"106","author":"DW Tang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tang, D. W., Fellows, L. K., Small, D. M. & Dagher, A. Food and drug cues activate similar brain regions: a meta-analysis of functional MRI studies. Physiol. Behav. 106, 317\u2013324 (2012).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"848_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00603-7","volume":"33","author":"JP O\u2019Doherty","year":"2002","unstructured":"O\u2019Doherty, J. P., Deichmann, R., Critchley, H. D. & Dolan, R. J. Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 33, 815\u2013826 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"848_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC159","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-j0002.2001","volume":"21","author":"B Knutson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W. & Hommer, D. Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 21, RC159 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.070","volume":"63","author":"NS Lawrence","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lawrence, N. S., Hinton, E. C., Parkinson, J. A. & Lawrence, A. D. Nucleus accumbens response to food cues predicts subsequent snack consumption in women and increased body mass index in those with reduced self-control. Neuroimage 63, 415\u2013422 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"848_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930541000101","volume":"19","author":"J Litman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Litman, J. Curiosity and the pleasures of learning: wanting and liking new information. Cogn. Emot. 19, 793\u2013814 (2005).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"848_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oosterwijk, S., Snoek, L., Tekoppele, J., Engelbert, L. & Scholte, H. S. Choosing to view morbid information involves reward circuitry. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/795120v1 (2019).","DOI":"10.1101\/795120"},{"key":"848_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13061","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820145116","volume":"116","author":"K Kobayashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobayashi, K. & Hsu, M. Common neural code for reward and information value. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 13061\u201313066 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"848_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00065-1","volume":"26","author":"GL Gerdeman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gerdeman, G. L., Partridge, J. G., Lupica, C. R. & Lovinger, D. M. It could be habit forming: drugs of abuse and striatal synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 26, 184\u2013192 (2003).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.10.010","volume":"17","author":"EH Telzer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Telzer, E. H. Dopaminergic reward sensitivity can promote adolescent health: a new perspective on the mechanism of ventral striatum activation. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 57\u201367 (2016).","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(92)90039-A","volume":"52","author":"WF Wright","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wright, W. F. & Bower, G. H. Mood effects on subjective probability assessment. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 52, 276\u2013291 (1992).","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"848_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Doorn, J. et al. The JASP guidelines for conducting and reporting a Bayesian analysis. Preprint at OSF https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/yqxfr (2019).","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/yqxfr"},{"key":"848_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12133","volume":"87","author":"SA Moss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moss, S. A., Irons, M. & Boland, M. The magic of magic: the effect of magic tricks on subsequent engagement with lecture material. Br. J. Educ. Psychol. 87, 32\u201342 (2017).","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"848_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.07.038","volume":"181","author":"R Ligneul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ligneul, R., Mermillod, M. & Morisseau, T. From relief to surprise: dual control of epistemic curiosity in the human brain. Neuroimage 181, 490\u2013500 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"848_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.10.009","volume":"117","author":"A Baranes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baranes, A., Oudeyer, P.-Y. & Gottlieb, J. Eye movements reveal epistemic curiosity in human observers. Vision Res. 117, 81\u201390 (2015).","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"848_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.10298.1","volume":"1","author":"J Westfall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Westfall, J., Nichols, T. E. & Yarkoni, T. Fixing the stimulus-as-fixed-effect fallacy in task fMRI. Wellcome Open Res. 1, 23 (2016).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"848_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.03.036","volume":"50","author":"RA Adcock","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adcock, R. A., Thangavel, A., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Knutson, B. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. Reward-motivated learning: mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. Neuron 50, 507\u2013517 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"848_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4384","volume":"19","author":"A Shenhav","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shenhav, A., Cohen, J. D. & Botvinick, M. M. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1286\u20131291 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4382","volume":"19","author":"N Kolling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kolling, N. et al. Value, search, persistence and model updating in anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1280\u20131285 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4195-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"J-B Pochon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pochon, J.-B., Riis, J., Sanfey, A. G., Nystrom, L. E. & Cohen, J. D. Functional imaging of decision conflict. J. Neurosci. 28, 3468\u20133473 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.10.003","volume":"8","author":"MM Botvinick","year":"2004","unstructured":"Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D. & Carter, C. S. Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 539\u2013546 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2008.12.005","volume":"53","author":"Y Niv","year":"2009","unstructured":"Niv, Y. Reinforcement learning in the brain. J. Math. Psychol. 53, 139\u2013154 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"848_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094285","volume":"304","author":"J O\u2019Doherty","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Doherty, J. Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning. Science 304, 452\u2013454 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"848_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2017.00052","volume":"11","author":"K Marche","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marche, K., Martel, A.-C. & Apicella, P. Differences between dorsal and ventral striatum in the sensitivity of tonically active neurons to rewarding events. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 11, 52 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22040","volume":"34","author":"I Morrison","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morrison, I., Tipper, S. P., Fenton-Adams, W. L. & Bach, P. \u201cFeeling\u201d others\u2019 painful actions: the sensorimotor integration of pain and action information. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 1982\u20131998 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"848_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr034","volume":"7","author":"X Guo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guo, X. et al. Empathic neural responses to others\u2019 pain depend on monetary reward. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 7, 535\u2013541 (2012).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00091","volume":"5","author":"S Whitmarsh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Whitmarsh, S., Nieuwenhuis, I. L. C., Barendregt, H. P. & Jensen, O. Sensorimotor alpha activity is modulated in response to the observation of pain in others. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5, 91 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00005","volume":"6","author":"M Jepma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jepma, M., Verdonschot, R. G., van Steenbergen, H., Rombouts, S. A. R. B. & Nieuwenhuis, S. Neural mechanisms underlying the induction and relief of perceptual curiosity. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 6, 5 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.06.009","volume":"45","author":"J Kruger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kruger, J. & Evans, M. The paradox of Alypius and the pursuit of unwanted information. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 45, 1173\u20131179 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"848_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.06.009","volume":"63","author":"ES Bromberg-Martin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bromberg-Martin, E. S. & Hikosaka, O. Midbrain dopamine neurons signal preference for advance information about upcoming rewards. Neuron 63, 119\u2013126 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"848_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2018.12.015","volume":"160","author":"JAM Rodriguez Cabrero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez Cabrero, J. A. M., Zhu, J.-Q. & Ludvig, E. A. Costly curiosity: people pay a price to resolve an uncertain gamble early. Behav. Processes 160, 20\u201325 (2019).","journal-title":"Behav. Processes"},{"key":"848_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0178399","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178399","volume":"12","author":"S Oosterwijk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oosterwijk, S. Choosing the negative: a behavioral demonstration of morbid curiosity. PLoS ONE 12, e0178399 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"848_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797616631733","volume":"27","author":"CK Hsee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsee, C. K. & Ruan, B. The Pandora effect: the power and peril of curiosity. Psychol. Sci. 27, 659\u2013666 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2015.1122577","volume":"31","author":"MK Noordewier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noordewier, M. K. & van Dijk, E. Curiosity and time: from not knowing to almost knowing. Cogn. Emot. 31, 411\u2013421 (2017).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"848_CR63","unstructured":"Dickinson, A. & Balleine, B. in Stevens\u2019 Handbook of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Motivation, and Emotion (eds Pashler, H. & Gallistel, R.) 497\u2013533 (Wiley, 2002)."},{"key":"848_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930441000427","volume":"19","author":"J Litman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Litman, J., Hutchins, T. & Russon, R. Epistemic curiosity, feeling-of-knowing, and exploratory behaviour. Cogn. Emot. 19, 559\u2013582 (2005).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"848_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.011","volume":"49","author":"T Schonberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schonberg, T. et al. Selective impairment of prediction error signaling in human dorsolateral but not ventral striatum in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: evidence from a model-based fMRI study. Neuroimage 49, 772\u2013781 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"848_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.014.2008","volume":"2","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takahashi, Y., Schoenbaum, G. & Niv, A. Silencing the critics: understanding the effects of cocaine sensitization on dorsolateral and ventral striatum in the context of an actor\/critic model. Front. Neurosci. 2, 86\u201399 (2008).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2816-17.2018","volume":"38","author":"LLF van Lieshout","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Lieshout, L. L. F., Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., M\u00fcller, N. C. J., Cools, R. & de Lange, F. P. Induction and relief of curiosity elicit parietal and frontal activity. J. Neurosci. 38, 2579\u20132588 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00145","volume":"11","author":"SI Di Domenico","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Domenico, S. I. & Ryan, R. M. The emerging neuroscience of intrinsic motivation: a new frontier in self-determination research. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11, 145 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4286-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"K Preuschoff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Preuschoff, K., Quartz, S. R. & Bossaerts, P. Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk. J. Neurosci. 28, 2745\u20132752 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12307","volume":"11","author":"WH Alexander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexander, W. H. & Brown, J. W. The role of the anterior cingulate cortex in prediction error and signaling surprise. Top. Cogn. Sci. 11, 119\u2013135 (2019).","journal-title":"Top. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.1.89","volume":"5","author":"PJ Silvia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Silvia, P. J. What Is interesting? Exploring the appraisal structure of interest. Emotion 5, 89\u2013102 (2005).","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"848_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930701298481","volume":"22","author":"PJ Silvia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silvia, P. J. Appraisal components and emotion traits: examining the appraisal basis of trait curiosity. Cogn. Emot. 22, 94\u2013113 (2008).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"848_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2016.1153474","volume":"38","author":"MK Noordewier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Noordewier, M. K. & van Dijk, E. Interest in complex novelty. Basic Appl. Soc. Psych. 38, 98\u2013110 (2016).","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Soc. Psych."},{"key":"848_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.624","volume":"108","author":"MM Botvinick","year":"2001","unstructured":"Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S. & Cohen, J. D. Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychol. Rev. 108, 624\u2013652 (2001).","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"848_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.007","volume":"79","author":"A Shenhav","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M. & Cohen, J. D. The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron 79, 217\u2013240 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"848_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-019-09499-9","volume":"31","author":"K Murayama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murayama, K., FitzGibbon, L. & Sakaki, M. Process account of curiosity and interest: a reward-learning perspective. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 31, 875\u2013895 (2019).","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"848_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00183-7","volume":"42","author":"CF Zink","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zink, C. F., Pagnoni, G., Martin-Skurski, M. E., Chappelow, J. C. & Berns, G. S. Human striatal responses to monetary reward depend on saliency. Neuron 42, 509\u2013517 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"848_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr134","volume":"22","author":"RM Krebs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krebs, R. M., Boehler, C. N., Roberts, K. C., Song, A. W. & Woldorff, M. G. The involvement of the dopaminergic midbrain and cortico\u2013striatal\u2013thalamic circuits in the integration of reward prospect and attentional task demands. Cereb. Cortex 22, 607\u2013615 (2012).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"848_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ozono, H. et al. Magic curiosity arousing tricks (MagicCATs): a novel stimulus collection to induce epistemic emotions. Preprint at OSF https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/qxdsn (2020).","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/qxdsn"},{"key":"848_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/mot0000087","volume":"4","author":"GM Fastrich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fastrich, G. M., Kerr, T., Castel, A. D. & Murayama, K. The role of interest in memory for trivia questions: an investigation with a large-scale database. Motiv. Sci. 4, 227\u2013250 (2018).","journal-title":"Motiv. Sci."},{"key":"848_CR81","first-page":"10","volume":"2","author":"JW Peirce","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peirce, J. W. Generating stimuli for neuroscience using PsychoPy. Front. Neuroinform. 2, 10 (2009).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform."},{"key":"848_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20911","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013305107","volume":"107","author":"K Murayama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murayama, K., Matsumoto, M., Izuma, K. & Matsumoto, K. Neural basis of the undermining effect of monetary reward on intrinsic motivation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 20911\u201320916 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"848_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht317","volume":"25","author":"K Murayama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Murayama, K. et al. How self-determined choice facilitates performance: a key role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 25, 1241\u20131251 (2015).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"848_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1996)4:1<58::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"4","author":"KJ Worsley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Worsley, K. J. et al. A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 4, 58\u201373 (1996).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"848_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.63","volume":"5","author":"WM Pauli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pauli, W. M., Nili, A. N. & Tyszka, J. M. A high-resolution probabilistic in vivo atlas of human subcortical brain nuclei. Sci. Data 5, 180063 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"848_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0126255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126255","volume":"10","author":"JA Mumford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mumford, J. A., Poline, J.-B. & Poldrack, R. A. Orthogonalization of regressors in fMRI models. PLoS ONE 10, e0126255 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"848_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.06.035","volume":"23","author":"J Rissman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rissman, J., Gazzaley, A. & D\u2019Esposito, M. Measuring functional connectivity during distinct stages of a cognitive task. Neuroimage 23, 752\u2013763 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"848_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00126","volume":"9","author":"M G\u00f6ttlich","year":"2015","unstructured":"G\u00f6ttlich, M., Beyer, F. & Kr\u00e4mer, U. M. BASCO: a toolbox for task-related functional connectivity. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 9, 126 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr230","volume":"22","author":"D Tomasi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tomasi, D. & Volkow, N. D. Laterality patterns of brain functional connectivity: gender effects. Cereb. Cortex 22, 1455\u20131462 (2012).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"848_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12341","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0787-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"D Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, D., Buckner, R. L. & Liu, H. Functional specialization in the human brain estimated by intrinsic hemispheric interaction. J. Neurosci. 34, 12341\u201312352 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"848_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001","volume":"68","author":"DJ Barr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C. & Tily, H. J. Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: keep it maximal. J. Mem. Lang. 68, 255\u2013278 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"848_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000159","volume":"23","author":"M Brauer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brauer, M. & Curtin, J. J. Linear mixed-effects models and the analysis of nonindependent data: a unified framework to analyze categorical and continuous independent variables that vary within-subjects and\/or within-items. Psychol. Methods 23, 389\u2013411 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"848_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036914","volume":"40","author":"K Murayama","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murayama, K., Sakaki, M., Yan, V. X. & Smith, G. M. Type I error inflation in the traditional by-participant analysis to metamemory accuracy: a generalized mixed-effects model perspective. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 40, 1287\u20131306 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"848_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-15","volume":"3","author":"J Ludbrook","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ludbrook, J. Interim analyses of data as they accumulate in laboratory experimentation. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 3, 15 (2003).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"848_CR95","first-page":"626","volume":"62","author":"Z \u0160id\u00e1k","year":"1967","unstructured":"\u0160id\u00e1k, Z. Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 62, 626\u2013633 (1967).","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"848_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1979.tb01084.x","volume":"41","author":"M Stone","year":"1979","unstructured":"Stone, M. Comments on model selection criteria of Akaike and Schwarz. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B 41, 276\u2013278 (1979).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"848_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194105","volume":"14","author":"E-J Wagenmakers","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wagenmakers, E.-J. A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14, 779\u2013804 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"848_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-010-0049-5","volume":"43","author":"MEJ Masson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Masson, M. E. J. A tutorial on a practical Bayesian alternative to null-hypothesis significance testing. Behav. Res. Methods 43, 679\u2013690 (2011).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"848_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"848_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15191.1","volume":"4","author":"M Allen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Allen, M., Poggiali, D., Whitaker, K., Marshall, T. R. & Kievit, R. A. Raincloud plots: a multi-platform tool for robust data visualization. Wellcome Open Res. 4, 63 (2019).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"848_CR101","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n, L. K. & Muth\u00e9n, B. O. Mplus User\u2019s Guide 7th edn (Muthe\u0301n & Muthe\u0301n, 2012)."},{"key":"848_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.2.121","volume":"12","author":"CK Enders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Enders, C. K. & Tofighi, D. Centering predictor variables in cross-sectional multilevel models: a new look at an old issue. Psychol. Methods 12, 121\u2013138 (2007).","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"848_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000078","volume":"22","author":"D McNeish","year":"2017","unstructured":"McNeish, D., Stapleton, L. M. & Silverman, R. D. On the unnecessary ubiquity of hierarchical linear modeling. Psychol. Methods 22, 114\u2013140 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"848_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000195","volume":"24","author":"MG Arend","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arend, M. G. & Sch\u00e4fer, T. Statistical power in two-level models: a tutorial based on Monte Carlo simulation. Psychol. Methods 24, 1\u201319 (2019).","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"848_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0637-z","volume":"3","author":"YC Leong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leong, Y. C., Hughes, B. L., Wang, Y. & Zaki, J. Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying motivated seeing. Nat. Hum. Behav. 3, 962\u2013973 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"848_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geuter, S., Qi, G., Welsh, R. C., Wager, T. D. & Lindquist, M. A. Effect size and power in fMRI group analysis. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/295048 (2018).","DOI":"10.1101\/295048"}],"container-title":["Nature Human Behaviour"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-020-0848-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-020-0848-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-020-0848-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T13:03:42Z","timestamp":1732799022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-020-0848-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-020-0848-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/473975","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.737671372.793575287","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2397-3374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2397-3374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}