{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T08:18:30Z","timestamp":1778401110431,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000935","name":"Russell Sage Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000089","name":"NSF | NSF Office of the Director | Office of International Science and Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR122989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR122989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2CHD058484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2CHD058484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012387","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | Administration for Children & Families | Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1H79AE000058-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1H79AE000058-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012387","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005225","name":"U.S. Social Security Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RDRC WI20-Q2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDRC WI20-Q2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Same list as for corresponding author."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Hum Behav"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01922-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T10:02:48Z","timestamp":1720692168000},"page":"1676-1688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inequality in high-cost borrowing and unemployment insurance generosity in US states during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7913-1059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meta","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2280-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Michael","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1278-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason N.","family":"Houle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4102-0932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Moulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davon","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5103-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alec P.","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1922_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/1078087416684037","volume":"54","author":"JW Faber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faber, J. W. Cashing in on distress: the expansion of fringe financial institutions during the great recession. Urban Aff. Rev. 54, 663\u2013696 (2018).","journal-title":"Urban Aff. Rev."},{"key":"1922_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181243","volume":"110","author":"P Ganong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganong, P. & Noel, P. Liquidity versus wealth in household debt obligations: evidence from housing policy in the great recession. Am. Econ. Rev. 110, 3100\u20133138 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"1922_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/joca.12021","volume":"47","author":"S Moulton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moulton, S., Loibl, C., Samak, A. & Collins, J. M. Borrowing capacity and financial decisions of low\u2010to\u2010moderate income first\u2010time homebuyers. J. Consum. Aff. 47, 375\u2013403 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Consum. Aff."},{"key":"1922_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053420","volume":"44","author":"RE Dwyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dwyer, R. E. Credit, debt, and inequality. Annu. Rev. Socio. 44, 237\u2013261 (2018).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Socio."},{"key":"1922_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w27026","author":"JC Braxton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Braxton, J. C., Herkenhoff, K. F. & Phillips, G. M. Can the unemployed borrow? Implications for public insurance. NBER https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27026 (2020).","journal-title":"NBER"},{"key":"1922_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1007\/s10834-022-09853-0","volume":"43","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Friedline, T. & Lemieux, C. M. A national examination on payday loan use and financial well-being: a propensity score matching approach. J. Fam. Econ. Issues 43, 678\u2013689 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Fam. Econ. Issues"},{"key":"1922_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0731121418782927","volume":"62","author":"RM Finnigan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Finnigan, R. M. & Meagher, K. D. Past due: combinations of utility and housing hardship in the United States. Sociol. Perspect. 62, 96\u2013119 (2019).","journal-title":"Sociol. Perspect."},{"key":"1922_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, M. The Land of Too Much: American Abundance and the Paradox of Poverty (Harvard Univ. Press, 2012).","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674067813"},{"key":"1922_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiedemann, A. Indebted Societies: Credit and Welfare in Rich Democracies (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108975209"},{"key":"1922_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinn, S. American Bonds: How Credit Markets Shaped a Nation (Princeton Univ. Press, 2019).","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691156750.001.0001"},{"key":"1922_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123420000708","volume":"52","author":"A Wiedemann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wiedemann, A. How credit markets substitute for welfare states and influence social policy preferences: evidence from US states. Br. J. Political Sci. 52, 829\u2013849 (2022).","journal-title":"Br. J. Political Sci."},{"key":"1922_CR12","first-page":"483","volume":"14","author":"RE Dwyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dwyer, R. E., Neilson, L. A., Nau, M. & Hodson, R. Mortgage worries: young adults and the US housing crisis. Socioecon. Rev. 14, 483\u2013505 (2016).","journal-title":"Socioecon. Rev."},{"key":"1922_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1086\/724556","volume":"97","author":"SK Bruch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bruch, S. K., Naald, J. V. D. & Gornick, J. C. Poverty reduction through federal and state policy mechanisms: variation over time and across the United States. Soc. Serv. Rev. 97, 270\u2013319 (2023).","journal-title":"Soc. Serv. Rev."},{"key":"1922_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22062","volume":"37","author":"LE Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones, L. E. & Michelmore, K. The impact of the earned income tax credit on household finances. J. Policy Anal. Manag. 37, 521\u2013545 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Policy Anal. Manag."},{"key":"1922_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1086\/725245","volume":"97","author":"MD Bea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bea, M. D., Amorim, M. & Friedline, T. Public cash assistance and spatial predation: how state cash-transfer environments shape payday lender geography. Soc. Serv. Rev. 97, 498\u2013539 (2023).","journal-title":"Soc. Serv. Rev."},{"key":"1922_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bornstein, G. & Indarte, S. The impact of social insurance on household debt. SSRN https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4205719 (2023).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4205719"},{"key":"1922_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaa091","volume":"34","author":"LJ Dettling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dettling, L. J. & Hsu, J. W. Minimum wages and consumer credit: effects on access and borrowing. Rev. Financ. Stud. 34, 2549\u20132579 (2021).","journal-title":"Rev. Financ. Stud."},{"key":"1922_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/soy129","volume":"98","author":"JW Faber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Faber, J. W. Segregation and the cost of money: race, poverty, and the prevalence of alternative financial institutions. Soc. Forces 98, 819\u2013848 (2019).","journal-title":"Soc. Forces"},{"key":"1922_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020685118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020685118","volume":"118","author":"BL Perry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perry, B. L., Aronson, B. & Pescosolido, B. A. Pandemic precarity: COVID-19 is exposing and exacerbating inequalities in the American heartland. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2020685118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1922_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104238","volume":"189","author":"E Forsythe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forsythe, E., Kahn, L. B., Lange, F. & Wiczer, D. Labor demand in the time of COVID-19: evidence from vacancy postings and UI claims. J. Public Econ. 189, 104238 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"1922_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulford S. The Pandemic Paradox: How the COVID Crisis Made Americans More Financially Secure (Princeton Univ. Press 2023).","DOI":"10.1353\/book.111976"},{"key":"1922_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parolin, Z. Poverty in the Pandemic: Policy Lessons from COVID-19 (Russell Sage Foundation, 2023).","DOI":"10.1353\/book.112589"},{"key":"1922_CR23","unstructured":"Labor force statistics from the current population survey. Bureau of Labor Statistics https:\/\/data.bls.gov\/cgi-bin\/surveymost (2022)."},{"key":"1922_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2020.104273","volume":"191","author":"P Ganong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ganong, P., Noel, P. & Vavra, J.US unemployment insurance replacement rates during the pandemic. J. Public Econ. 191, 104273 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"1922_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474747222000233","volume":"23","author":"M Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown, M., Collins, J. M. & Moulton, S. Economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis: evidence from credit and debt of older adults. J. Pension Econ. Finan. 23, 53\u201371 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Pension Econ. Finan."},{"key":"1922_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbankfin.2023.106854","volume":"152","author":"A Horvath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Horvath, A., Kay, B. S. & Wix, C. The COVID-19 shock and consumer credit: evidence from credit card data. J. Bank. Finan. 152, 106854 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Bank. Finan."},{"key":"1922_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.17310\/ntj.2020.3.02","volume":"73","author":"N Bhutta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhutta, N., Blair, J., Dettling, L. J. & Moore, K. B. COVID-19, the CARES act, and families\u2019 financial security. National Tax Journal 73, 645\u2013672 (2020).","journal-title":"National Tax Journal"},{"key":"1922_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, D. et al. Consumption effects of unemployment insurance during the COVID-19 pandemic. SSRN, 3654274 (2020).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3654274"},{"key":"1922_CR29","first-page":"32","volume":"9","author":"MP Bitler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bitler, M. P., Hoynes, H. W. & Schanzenbach, D. W. Suffering, the safety net, and disparities during COVID-19. RSF J. Soc. Sci. 9, 32\u201359 (2023).","journal-title":"RSF J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"1922_CR30","unstructured":"Halpern-Meekin, S., Edin, K., Tach, L. & Sykes, J. It\u2019s Not Like I\u2019m Poor: How Working Families Make Ends Meet in a Post-Welfare World (Univ. California Press, 2015)."},{"key":"1922_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414537644","volume":"79","author":"G Negro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Negro, G., Visentin, F. & Swaminathan, A. Resource partitioning and the organizational dynamics of \u2018fringe banking\u2019. Am. Socio. Rev. 79, 680\u2013704 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. Socio. Rev."},{"key":"1922_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.15195\/v9.a5","volume":"9","author":"M Amorim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amorim, M. & Schneider, D. Schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt: the case of service workers. Sociol. Sci. 9, 102\u2013135 (2022).","journal-title":"Sociol. Sci."},{"key":"1922_CR33","first-page":"122","volume":"7","author":"L Nepomnyaschy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nepomnyaschy, L., Emory, A. D., Eickmeyer, K. J., Waller, M. R. & Miller, D. P. Parental debt and child well-being: what type of debt matters for child outcomes? RSF J. Soc. Sci. 7, 122\u2013151 (2021).","journal-title":"RSF J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"1922_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1177\/00031224221075783","volume":"87","author":"D Pager","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pager, D., Goldstein, R., Ho, H. & Western, B. Criminalizing poverty: the consequences of court fees in a randomized experiment. Am. Socio. Rev. 87, 529\u2013553 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. Socio. Rev."},{"key":"1922_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006","volume":"225","author":"L Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, L. & Abraham, S. Estimating dynamic treatment effects in event studies with heterogeneous treatment effects. J. Econ. 225, 175\u2013199 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Econ."},{"key":"1922_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Chaisemartin C., d\u2019Haultfoeuille X., Pasquier F. & Vazquez-Bare G. Difference-in-differences estimators for treatments continuously distributed at every period. Preprint at arXiv 2201.06898 (2022).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4011782"},{"key":"1922_CR37","first-page":"C1","volume":"26","author":"C de Chaisemartin","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Chaisemartin, C. & d\u2019Haultfoeuille, X.Two-way fixed effects and differences-in-differences with heterogeneous treatment effects: a survey. Econ. J. 26, C1\u2013C30 (2023).","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"1922_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, A., Lan, X., Liu, Z. & Xu, Y. What to do (and not to do) with causal panel analysis under parallel trends: lessons from a large reanalysis study. Preprint at arXiv 2309.15983 (2023).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4490035"},{"key":"1922_CR39","first-page":"C31","volume":"26","author":"JM Wooldridge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wooldridge, J. M. Simple approaches to nonlinear difference-in-differences with panel data. Econ. J. 26, C31\u2013C66 (2023).","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"1922_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01153-1","volume":"5","author":"ML Small","year":"2021","unstructured":"Small, M. L., Akhavan, A., Torres, M. & Wang, Q. Banks, alternative institutions and the spatial\u2014temporal ecology of racial inequality in US cities. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 1622\u20131628 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"1922_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skandalis, D., Marinescu, I. & Massenkoff, M. N. Racial inequality in the US unemployment insurance system. NBER https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w30252 (2022).","DOI":"10.3386\/w30252"},{"key":"1922_CR42","unstructured":"Seefeldt, K. S. Abandoned Families: Social Isolation in the Twenty-First Century (Russell Sage Foundation, 2016)."},{"key":"1922_CR43","unstructured":"Ananat, E. O. & Gassman-Pines, A. Snapshot of the COVID crisis impact on working families. ECONOFACT https:\/\/econofact.org\/snapshot-of-the-covid-crisis-impact-on-working-families (2020)."},{"key":"1922_CR44","unstructured":"Berube, A. & Bateman, N. Who are the workers already impacted by the COVID-19 recession? Brookings https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/who-are-the-workers-already-impacted-by-the-covid-19-recession\/ (2020)."},{"key":"1922_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/jmcb.12198","volume":"47","author":"M Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown, M., Stein, S. & Zafar, B. The impact of housing markets on consumer debt: credit report evidence from 1999 to 2012. J. Money, Credit Bank. 47, 175\u2013213 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Money, Credit Bank."},{"key":"1922_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauer, J. Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America (Columbia Univ. Press, 2017).","DOI":"10.7312\/laue16808"},{"key":"1922_CR47","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez, S., Schaberg, K., Servon, L., Addo, M. & Mapillero-Colomina, A. Online payday and installment loans: who uses them and why? A demand-side analysis from linked administrative, survey, and qualitative interview data. MDRC https:\/\/www.mdrc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/online_payday_2016_FR.pdf (2016)."},{"key":"1922_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaa060","volume":"34","author":"S Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller, S. & Soo, C. K. Do neighborhoods affect the credit market decisions of low-income borrowers? Evidence from the moving to opportunity experiment. Rev. Finan. Stud. 34, 827\u2013863 (2021).","journal-title":"Rev. Finan. Stud."},{"key":"1922_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller, S. & Soo, C. K. Does increasing access to formal credit reduce payday borrowing? NBER https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27783 (2020).","DOI":"10.3386\/w27783"},{"key":"1922_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D. & van der Klaauw, W. An introduction to the FRBNY consumer credit panel. Federal Reserve Bank of New York https:\/\/www.newyorkfed.org\/research\/staff_reports\/sr479 (2010).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1719116"},{"key":"1922_CR51","first-page":"9","volume":"18","author":"KP Brevoort","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brevoort, K. P., Grimm, P. & Kambara, M. Credit invisibles and the unscored. Cityscape 18, 9\u201334 (2016).","journal-title":"Cityscape"},{"key":"1922_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-financial-101521-112042","volume":"14","author":"T Berg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berg, T., Fuster, A. & Puri, M. FinTech lending. Annu. Rev. Finan. Econ. 14, 187\u2013207 (2022).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Finan. Econ."},{"key":"1922_CR53","unstructured":"US Department of Labor Office of Unemployment Insurance. Significant provisions of state unemployment insurance laws effective January 2022. https:\/\/oui.doleta.gov\/unemploy\/content\/sigpros\/2020-2029\/January2022.pdf (2022)."},{"key":"1922_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-022-00915-z","volume":"36","author":"GS Goda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goda, G. S., Jackson, E., Nicholas, L. H. & Stith, S. S. The impact of COVID-19 on older workers\u2019 employment and social security spillovers. J. Popul. Econ. 36, 813\u2013846 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Popul. Econ."},{"key":"1922_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gruber, J. The consumption smoothing benefits of unemployment insurance. National Bureau of Economic Research https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w4750 (1994).","DOI":"10.3386\/w4750"},{"key":"1922_CR56","first-page":"192","volume":"87","author":"J Gruber","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gruber, J. The consumption smoothing benefits of unemployment insurance. Am. Econ. Rev. 87, 192\u2013205 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"1922_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blattner, L. & Nelson, S. How costly is noise? Data and disparities in consumer credit. Preprint at arXiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2105.07554 (2021).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2105.07554"},{"key":"1922_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruggles, S., et al. IPUMS USA: version 13.0 (dataset). IPUMS https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V13.0 (2023).","DOI":"10.18128\/D010.V13.0"},{"key":"1922_CR59","unstructured":"National welfare data. University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research https:\/\/cpr.uky.edu\/resources\/national-welfare-data (2024)."},{"key":"1922_CR60","unstructured":"Unemployment insurance data. US Department of Labor https:\/\/oui.doleta.gov\/unemploy\/data_summary\/DataSum.asp (2023)."},{"key":"1922_CR61","unstructured":"Raifman, J. et al. CUSP: COVID-19. US State Policies https:\/\/statepolicies.com\/ (2024)."},{"key":"1922_CR62","unstructured":"Benfer, E. & Koehler, R. Eviction moratoria and housing policy: federal, state, commonwealth, and territory. OPEN IPCSR https:\/\/www.openicpsr.org\/openicpsr\/project\/157201\/version\/V2\/view (2023)."},{"key":"1922_CR63","unstructured":"Carter, C., Saunders, M. & Saunders, L. Predatory Installment Lending in the States: How Well Do the States Protect Consumers Against High-Cost Installment Loans? (2021) https:\/\/www.nclc.org\/resources\/predatory-installment-lending-in-the-states-2021\/ (2022)."},{"key":"1922_CR64","unstructured":"Rios, C. Red alert rates: annual percentage rates on $400, single-payment payday loans in the United States. CRL https:\/\/www.responsiblelending.org\/sites\/default\/files\/nodes\/files\/researchpublication\/crl-red-alert-rates-payday-ratecap-map-jun2023.pdf (2023)."},{"key":"1922_CR65","unstructured":"Unemployment insurance data. US Department of Labor https:\/\/oui.doleta.gov\/unemploy\/DataDashboard.asp (2023)."},{"key":"1922_CR66","unstructured":"American community survey 5-year data (2009\u20132022). US Census Bureau https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/developers\/data-sets\/acs-5year.html (2023)."},{"key":"1922_CR67","unstructured":"UKCPR National Welfare Data, 1980\u20132021. University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research https:\/\/cpr.uky.edu\/resources\/national-welfare-data (2023)."},{"key":"1922_CR68","unstructured":"SNAP COVID-19 emergency allotment guidance. Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/snap\/covid-19-emergency-allotments-guidance (2023)."},{"key":"1922_CR69","unstructured":"Unemployment insurance data dashboard. The Century Foundation https:\/\/tcf.org\/content\/data\/unemploymentinsurance-data-dashboard\/ (2023)."}],"container-title":["Nature Human Behaviour"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-024-01922-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-024-01922-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-024-01922-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T16:02:52Z","timestamp":1727107372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-024-01922-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["1922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-024-01922-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2397-3374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2397-3374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}