{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:10:24Z","timestamp":1791007824992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Hum Behav"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-02047-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T06:03:14Z","timestamp":1730959394000},"page":"360-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Two-dimensional neural geometry underpins hierarchical organization of sequence in human working memory"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-7966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5473-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7718-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2047_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.49.1.289","volume":"49","author":"DL Schacter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schacter, D. L., Norman, K. A. & Koutstaal, W. The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 49, 289\u2013318 (1998).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610397956","volume":"22","author":"TF Brady","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brady, T. F. & Alvarez, G. A. Hierarchical encoding in visual working memory: ensemble statistics bias memory for individual items. Psychol. Sci. 22, 384\u2013392 (2011).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"2047_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/71156","volume":"3","author":"V Prabhakaran","year":"2000","unstructured":"Prabhakaran, V., Narayanan, K., Zhao, Z. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. Integration of diverse information in working memory within the frontal lobe. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 85\u201390 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-021422-041757","volume":"74","author":"F van Ede","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Ede, F. & Nobre, A. C. Turning attention inside out: how working memory serves behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 74, 137\u2013165 (2023).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.03.016","volume":"110","author":"Y Kwak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwak, Y. & Curtis, C. E. Unveiling the abstract format of mnemonic representations. Neuron 110, 1822\u20131828 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2047_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3452","volume":"16","author":"S-H Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, S.-H., Kravitz, D. J. & Baker, C. I. Goal-dependent dissociation of visual and prefrontal cortices during working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 997\u2013999 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115610119","volume":"119","author":"DB Ehrlich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ehrlich, D. B. & Murray, J. D. Geometry of neural computation unifies working memory and planning. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2115610119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2047_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16613","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1902305116","volume":"116","author":"A Gelastopoulos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gelastopoulos, A., Whittington, M. A. & Kopell, N. J. Parietal low beta rhythm provides a dynamical substrate for a working memory buffer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16613\u201316620 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2047_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01516-2","volume":"7","author":"C Caucheteux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caucheteux, C., Gramfort, A. & King, J.-R. Evidence of a predictive coding hierarchy in the human brain listening to speech. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7, 430\u2013441 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"2047_CR10","unstructured":"de Saussure, F. Course in General Linguistics (Columbia Univ. Press, 2011)."},{"key":"2047_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.14.030191.002045","volume":"14","author":"AP Georgopoulos","year":"1991","unstructured":"Georgopoulos, A. P. Higher order motor control. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 361\u2013377 (1991).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav8911","volume":"364","author":"M Sarafyazd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarafyazd, M. & Jazayeri, M. Hierarchical reasoning by neural circuits in the frontal cortex. Science 364, eaav8911 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2047_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.037","volume":"90","author":"J Balaguer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balaguer, J., Spiers, H., Hassabis, D. & Summerfield, C. Neural mechanisms of hierarchical planning in a virtual subway network. Neuron 90, 893\u2013903 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2047_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.05.017","volume":"50","author":"E Koechlin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koechlin, E. & Jubault, T. Broca\u2019s area and the hierarchical organization of human behavior. Neuron 50, 963\u2013974 (2006).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2047_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000578","volume":"45","author":"M Thalmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thalmann, M., Souza, A. S. & Oberauer, K. How does chunking help working memory? J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 45, 37\u201355 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"2047_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, S. Temporal clustering and sequencing in short-term memory and episodic memory. Psychol. Rev. 119, 223\u2013271 (2012).","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027371"},{"key":"2047_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, T. F., Konkle, T. & Alvarez, G. A. A review of visual memory capacity: beyond individual items and toward structured representations. J. Vis. 11, 4 (2011).","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.4"},{"key":"2047_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geddes, C. E., Li, H. & Jin, X. Optogenetic editing reveals the hierarchical organization of learned action sequences. Cell 174, 32\u201343.e15 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.012"},{"key":"2047_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007594","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007594","volume":"16","author":"MS Tomov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomov, M. S., Yagati, S., Kumar, A., Yang, W. & Gershman, S. J. Discovery of hierarchical representations for efficient planning. PLoS Comput. Biol. 16, e1007594 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2047_CR20","first-page":"36706","volume":"35","author":"S Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, S., \u00c9lteto, N., Dasgupta, I. & Schulz, E. Learning structure from the ground up\u2014hierarchical representation learning by chunking. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 35, 36706\u201336721 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"key":"2047_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, H. L. H. & Maybery, M. T. Grouping in short-term verbal memory: is position coded temporally? Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 55, 391\u2013424 (2002).","DOI":"10.1080\/02724980143000343"},{"key":"2047_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/14640746908400206","volume":"21","author":"J Ryan","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ryan, J. Grouping and short-term memory: different means and patterns of grouping. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 21, 137\u2013147 (1969).","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/14640746908400207","volume":"21","author":"J Ryan","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ryan, J. Temporal grouping, rehearsal and short-term memory. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 21, 148\u2013155 (1969).","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, G. D. A., Preece, T. & Hulme, C. Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychol. Rev. 107, 127\u2013181 (2000).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.107.1.127"},{"key":"2047_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2016.05.001","volume":"87","author":"T Hartley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hartley, T., Hurlstone, M. J. & Hitch, G. J. Effects of rhythm on memory for spoken sequences: a model and tests of its stimulus-driven mechanism. Cogn. Psychol. 87, 135\u2013178 (2016).","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1998.0685","volume":"36","author":"RNA Henson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Henson, R. N. A. Short-term memory for serial order: the start-end model. Cogn. Psychol. 36, 73\u2013137 (1998).","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C. L. & Estes, W. K. Item and order information in short-term memory: evidence for multilevel perturbation processes. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Learn. Mem. 7, 149\u2013169 (1981).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278-7393.7.3.149"},{"key":"2047_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2018.1495235","volume":"27","author":"MJ Hurlstone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hurlstone, M. J. Functional similarities and differences between the coding of positional information in verbal and spatial short-term order memory. Memory 27, 147\u2013162 (2019).","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"2047_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.002","volume":"100","author":"TEJ Behrens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Behrens, T. E. J. et al. What is a cognitive map? Organizing knowledge for flexible behavior. Neuron 100, 490\u2013509 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2047_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittington, J. C. R. et al. The Tolman-Eichenbaum machine: unifying space and relational memory through generalization in the hippocampal formation. Cell 183, 1249\u20131263.e23 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.024"},{"key":"2047_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitch, G. J. Temporal grouping effects in immediate recall: a working memory analysis. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 49, 116\u2013139 (1996).","DOI":"10.1080\/027249896392829"},{"key":"2047_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.08.005","volume":"55","author":"N Burgess","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burgess, N. & Hitch, G. J. A revised model of short-term memory and long-term learning of verbal sequences. J. Mem. Lang. 55, 627\u2013652 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"2047_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Dolan, R. J., Kurth-Nelson, Z. & Behrens, T. E. J. Human replay spontaneously reorganizes experience. Cell 178, 640\u2013652.e14 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.012"},{"key":"2047_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.018","volume":"101","author":"K Kornysheva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kornysheva, K. et al. Neural competitive queuing of ordinal structure underlies skilled sequential action. Neuron 101, 1166\u20131180 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2047_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.04.009","volume":"119","author":"G Guidali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guidali, G., Pisoni, A., Bolognini, N. & Papagno, C. Keeping order in the brain: the supramarginal gyrus and serial order in short-term memory. Cortex 119, 89\u201399 (2019).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2047_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03061-2","volume":"590","author":"J Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, J. et al. Evolving schema representations in orbitofrontal ensembles during learning. Nature 590, 606\u2013611 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2047_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0204","volume":"375","author":"Y Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie, Y. et al. Geometry of sequence working memory in macaque prefrontal cortex. Science 375, 632\u2013639 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2047_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6290","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0320-21.2021","volume":"41","author":"Y Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Han, Q., Guo, S. & Luo, H. Distinct neural representations of content and ordinal structure in auditory sequence memory. J. Neurosci. 41, 6290\u20136303 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5924","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac471","volume":"33","author":"Y Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan, Y. & Luo, H. Reactivating ordinal position information from auditory sequence memory in human brains. Cereb. Cortex 33, 5924\u20135936 (2023).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"2047_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34326-1","volume":"13","author":"L Gwilliams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gwilliams, L., King, J.-R., Marantz, A. & Poeppel, D. Neural dynamics of phoneme sequences reveal position-invariant code for content and order. Nat. Commun. 13, 6606 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2047_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01026-4","volume":"25","author":"A Goldstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goldstein, A. et al. Shared computational principles for language processing in humans and deep language models. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 369\u2013380 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03390-w","volume":"592","author":"MF Panichello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Panichello, M. F. & Buschman, T. J. Shared mechanisms underlie the control of working memory and attention. Nature 592, 601\u2013605 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2047_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00821-9","volume":"24","author":"A Libby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Libby, A. & Buschman, T. J. Rotational dynamics reduce interference between sensory and memory representations. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 715\u2013726 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220523120","volume":"120","author":"J Weber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weber, J. et al. Subspace partitioning in the human prefrontal cortex resolves cognitive interference. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2220523120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2047_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90012-3","volume":"9","author":"D Navon","year":"1977","unstructured":"Navon, D. Forest before trees: the precedence of global features in visual perception. Cogn. Psychol. 9, 353\u2013383 (1977).","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.010","volume":"45","author":"LD Sanders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sanders, L. D. & Poeppel, D. Local and global auditory processing: behavioral and ERP evidence. Neuropsychologia 45, 1172\u20131186 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2047_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12406","volume":"1316","author":"WT Fitch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fitch, W. T. & Martins, M. D. Hierarchical processing in music, language, and action: Lashley revisited. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1316, 87\u2013104 (2014).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2047_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.04.006","volume":"19","author":"U Hasson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hasson, U., Chen, J. & Honey, C. J. Hierarchical process memory: memory as an integral component of information processing. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19, 304\u2013313 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2047_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanna, A. R. et al. Single-neuronal elements of speech production in humans. Nature 626, 603\u2013610 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06982-w"},{"key":"2047_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4186","volume":"19","author":"N Ding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding, N., Melloni, L., Zhang, H., Tian, X. & Poeppel, D. Cortical tracking of hierarchical linguistic structures in connected speech. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 158\u2013164 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc4530","volume":"7","author":"S Henin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henin, S. et al. Learning hierarchical sequence representations across human cortex and hippocampus. Sci. Adv. 7, eabc4530 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2047_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.02.004","volume":"12","author":"D Badre","year":"2008","unstructured":"Badre, D. Cognitive control, hierarchy, and the rostro\u2013caudal organization of the frontal lobes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 193\u2013200 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2047_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008598","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008598","volume":"17","author":"S Planton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Planton, S. et al. A theory of memory for binary sequences: evidence for a mental compression algorithm in humans. PLoS Comput. Biol. 17, e1008598 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2047_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015031","volume":"66","author":"M D\u2019Esposito","year":"2015","unstructured":"D\u2019Esposito, M. & Postle, B. R. The cognitive neuroscience of working memory. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 66, 115\u2013142 (2015).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(85)90024-5","volume":"24","author":"C Frankish","year":"1985","unstructured":"Frankish, C. Modality-specific grouping effects in short-term memory. J. Mem. Lang. 24, 200\u2013209 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"key":"2047_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankish, C. Perceptual organization and precategorical acoustic storage. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 15, 469\u2013479 (1989).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278-7393.15.3.469"},{"key":"2047_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198544","volume":"27","author":"RNA Henson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Henson, R. N. A. Positional information in short-term memory: relative or absolute? Mem. Cogn. 27, 915\u2013927 (1999).","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"2047_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.017","volume":"103","author":"A Yokoi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yokoi, A. & Diedrichsen, J. Neural organization of hierarchical motor sequence representations in the human neocortex. Neuron 103, 1178\u20131190 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2047_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38550","volume":"7","author":"A Kikumoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kikumoto, A. & Mayr, U. Decoding hierarchical control of sequential behavior in oscillatory EEG activity. eLife 7, e38550 (2018).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2047_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.01.005","volume":"110","author":"T Flesch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Flesch, T., Juechems, K., Dumbalska, T., Saxe, A. & Summerfield, C. Orthogonal representations for robust context-dependent task performance in brains and neural networks. Neuron 110, 1258\u20131270 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2047_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12990","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1892-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"AC Riggall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riggall, A. C. & Postle, B. R. The relationship between working memory storage and elevated activity as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 32, 12990\u201312998 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.10.073","volume":"28","author":"HF \u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir, H. F., Bush, D. & Barry, C. The role of hippocampal replay in memory and planning. Curr. Biol. 28, R37\u2013R50 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2047_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00920-7","volume":"24","author":"AD Grosmark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grosmark, A. D., Sparks, F. T., Davis, M. J. & Losonczy, A. Reactivation predicts the consolidation of unbiased long-term cognitive maps. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 1574\u20131585 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00570-z","volume":"23","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Nour, M. M., Schuck, N. W., Behrens, T. E. J. & Dolan, R. J. Decoding cognition from spontaneous neural activity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 204\u2013214 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Son, J.-Y., Vives, M.-L., Bhandari, A. & FeldmanHall, O. Replay shapes abstract cognitive maps for efficient social navigation. Nat. Hum. Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-024-01990-w (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-024-01990-w"},{"key":"2047_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nassar, M. R., Helmers, J. C. & Frank, M. J. Chunking as a rational strategy for lossy data compression in visual working memory. Psychol. Rev. 125, 486\u2013511 (2018).","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000101"},{"key":"2047_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3843","volume":"70","author":"AM Graybiel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Graybiel, A. M. The basal ganglia and chunking of action repertoires. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 70, 119\u2013136 (1998).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"2047_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Servan-Schreiber, E. & Anderson, J. R. Learning artificial grammars with competitive chunking. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 16, 592\u2013608 (1990).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278-7393.16.4.592"},{"key":"2047_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2020.104534","volume":"208","author":"D Norris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Norris, D. & Kalm, K. Chunking and data compression in verbal short-term memory. Cognition 208, 104534 (2021).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2047_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90004-2","volume":"4","author":"WG Chase","year":"1973","unstructured":"Chase, W. G. & Simon, H. A. Perception in chess. Cogn. Psychol. 4, 55\u201381 (1973).","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, G. A. The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol. Rev. 63, 81\u201397 (1956).","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158"},{"key":"2047_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4374","volume":"19","author":"AC Heusser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heusser, A. C., Poeppel, D., Ezzyat, Y. & Davachi, L. Episodic sequence memory is supported by a theta\u2013gamma phase code. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1374\u20131380 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberauer, K. Removing irrelevant information from working memory: a cognitive aging study with the modified Sternberg task. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 27, 948\u2013957 (2001).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278-7393.27.4.948"},{"key":"2047_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberauer, K. Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 28, 411\u2013421 (2002).","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0278-7393.28.3.411"},{"key":"2047_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.05.004","volume":"19","author":"MG Stokes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stokes, M. G. \u2018Activity-silent\u2019 working memory in prefrontal cortex: a dynamic coding framework. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19, 394\u2013405 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2047_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120156","volume":"274","author":"G Kandemir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kandemir, G. & Aky\u00fcrek, E. G. Impulse perturbation reveals cross-modal access to sensory working memory through learned associations. NeuroImage 274, 120156 (2023).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2047_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4546","volume":"20","author":"MJ Wolff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wolff, M. J., Jochim, J., Aky\u00fcrek, E. G. & Stokes, M. G. Dynamic hidden states underlying working-memory-guided behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 864\u2013871 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.001","volume":"18","author":"KK Sreenivasan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sreenivasan, K. K., Curtis, C. E. & D\u2019Esposito, M. Revisiting the role of persistent neural activity during working memory. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18, 82\u201389 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2047_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7013","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2485-17.2018","volume":"38","author":"M Lundqvist","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lundqvist, M., Herman, P. & Miller, E. K. Working memory: delay activity, yes! Persistent activity? Maybe not. J. Neurosci. 38, 7013\u20137019 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.02.014","volume":"111","author":"S Nelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nelli, S., Braun, L., Dumbalska, T., Saxe, A. & Summerfield, C. Neural knowledge assembly in humans and neural networks. Neuron 111, 1504\u20131516 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2047_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1006\/jmps.2001.1388","volume":"46","author":"MW Howard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Howard, M. W. & Kahana, M. J. A distributed representation of temporal context. J. Math. Psychol. 46, 269\u2013299 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Math. Psychol."},{"key":"2047_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.10.010","volume":"12","author":"SM Polyn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Polyn, S. M. & Kahana, M. J. Memory search and the neural representation of context. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 24\u201330 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2047_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162485599","volume":"99","author":"BB Averbeck","year":"2002","unstructured":"Averbeck, B. B., Chafee, M. V., Crowe, D. A. & Georgopoulos, A. P. Parallel processing of serial movements in prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 13172\u201313177 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2047_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i88","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm102","volume":"17","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watanabe, K. & Funahashi, S. Prefrontal delay-period activity reflects the decision process of a saccade direction during a free-choice ODR task. Cereb. Cortex 17, i88\u2013i100 (2007).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"2047_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0335-6","volume":"22","author":"F Van Ede","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Ede, F., Chekroud, S. R., Stokes, M. G. & Nobre, A. C. Concurrent visual and motor selection during visual working memory guided action. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 477\u2013483 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR86","unstructured":"Kleiner, M., Brainard, D. & Pelli, D. What\u2019s new in Psychtoolbox-3? Perception 36, 1\u201316 (2007)."},{"key":"2047_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","volume":"2011","author":"R Oostenveld","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oostenveld, R., Fries, P., Maris, E. & Schoffelen, J.-M. FieldTrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2011, 156869 (2011).","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267","volume":"7","author":"A Gramfort","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gramfort, A. et al. MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python. Front. Neurosci. 7, 267 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01068","volume":"29","author":"T Grootswagers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grootswagers, T., Wardle, S. G. & Carlson, T. A. Decoding dynamic brain patterns from evoked responses: a tutorial on multivariate pattern analysis applied to time series neuroimaging data. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 29, 677\u2013697 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1194-19.2019","volume":"40","author":"MJ Wolff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wolff, M. J., Kandemir, G., Stokes, M. G. & Aky\u00fcrek, E. G. Unimodal and bimodal access to sensory working memories by auditory and visual impulses. J. Neurosci. 40, 671\u2013681 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2047_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maris, E. & Oostenveld, R. Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data. J. Neurosci. Methods 164, 177\u2013190 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"2047_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","volume":"28","author":"A Schaefer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schaefer, A. et al. Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Cereb. Cortex 28, 3095\u20133114 (2018).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"}],"container-title":["Nature Human Behaviour"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-024-02047-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-024-02047-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-024-02047-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T08:46:16Z","timestamp":1740473176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-024-02047-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-024-02047-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2397-3374"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2397-3374","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}