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Salivary DunedinPACE-pace of aging, a DNA-methylation predictor of healthy lifespan, and Epigenetic-\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a DNA-methylation biomarker of cognition, were preregistered as secondary outcomes (clinical trial identifier\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03593356\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">NCT03593356<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ). As hypothesized, high-cash compared with low-cash gifts caused a \u22120.17\u2009s.d. (95% confidence interval \u22120.32 to \u22120.01,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.037) difference in children\u2019s DunedinPACE. We found no evidence supporting our hypothesis that higher cash gifts increased children\u2019s Epigenetic-\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    , although it did correlate with children\u2019s brain activity. There was no evidence that the cash gift had an impact on these epigenetic indices in mothers. These findings show a detectable impact of monthly unconditional cash received through early childhood on epigenetic indices of 4-year-old children in families with low income. Whether this epigenetic effect persists and how it may relate to behavioural and health outcomes remains unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-026-02568-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T09:02:28Z","timestamp":1788858148000},"page":"2002-2015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of a randomized controlled trial of unconditional cash transfers on epigenetic measures of ageing and cognition in children and mothers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurel","family":"Raffington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yayouk E.","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica F.","family":"Sperber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9825-4469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sepideh","family":"Zarandooz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly A.","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8809-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Notterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-1199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colter","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5599-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliot M.","family":"Tucker-Drob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9869-6311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg J.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan A.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4639-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Gennetian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1140-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Magnuson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya V.","family":"Troller-Renfree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7088-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth B.","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1557-6737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. 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