{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:19:51Z","timestamp":1792581591279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0021196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0021196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0021196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0021196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0021124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0021124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0021196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0021196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0014664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0014664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-76SF00515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0021196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0021196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0018284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0018284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0018284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0018284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-026-02489-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:03:42Z","timestamp":1772445822000},"page":"964-971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Metal hybridization in dilute-alloy catalysts promotes sintering resistance by decreasing surface mobility"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4758-8740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Finzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0534-6921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Dannar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7677-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoutian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7682-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam S.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogita","family":"Soni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8246-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4932-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon R.","family":"Bare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-2084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. Charles H.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4898-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Christopher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2489_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartholomew, C. H. & Farrauto, R. J. Fundamentals of Industrial Catalytic Processes (John Wiley & Sons, 2005).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471730071"},{"key":"2489_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8597","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b03199","volume":"8","author":"SL Scott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott, S. L. A matter of life(time) and death. ACS Catal. 8, 8597\u20138599 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1002\/cctc.201200229","volume":"4","author":"K An","year":"2012","unstructured":"An, K. & Somorjai, G. A. Size and shape control of metal nanoparticles for reaction selectivity in catalysis. ChemCatChem 4, 1512\u20131524 (2012).","journal-title":"ChemCatChem"},{"key":"2489_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1021\/ja5128133","volume":"137","author":"JC Matsubu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matsubu, J. C., Yang, V. N. & Christopher, P. Isolated metal active site concentration and stability control catalytic CO2 reduction selectivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 3076\u20133084 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2489_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argyle, M. D. & Bartholomew, C. H. Heterogeneous catalyst deactivation and regeneration: a review. Catalysts 5, 145\u2013269 (2015).","DOI":"10.3390\/catal5010145"},{"key":"2489_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-860X(00)00842-5","volume":"212","author":"JA Moulijn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moulijn, J. A., van Diepen, A. E. & Kapteijn, F. Catalyst deactivation: is it predictable? What to do?. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 212, 3\u201316 (2001).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"2489_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1075094","volume":"298","author":"CT Campbell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Campbell, C. T., Parker, S. C. & Starr, D. E. The effect of size-dependent nanoparticle energetics on catalyst sintering. Science 298, 811\u2013814 (2002).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2489_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-013-0149-4","volume":"56","author":"F Behafarid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Behafarid, F. & Roldan Cuenya, B. Towards the understanding of sintering phenomena at the nanoscale: geometric and environmental effects. Top. Catal. 56, 1542\u20131559 (2013).","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi9828","volume":"374","author":"S Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, S. & Li, W.-X. Sabatier principle of metal-support interaction for design of ultrastable metal nanocatalysts. Science 374, 1360\u20131365 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2489_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1021\/ar3002427","volume":"46","author":"TW Hansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hansen, T. W., DeLaRiva, A. T., Challa, S. R. & Datye, A. K. Sintering of catalytic nanoparticles: particle migration or Ostwald ripening?. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 1720\u20131730 (2013).","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"2489_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR07960J","volume":"13","author":"ED Goodman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goodman, E. D. et al. Size-controlled nanocrystals reveal spatial dependence and severity of nanoparticle coalescence and Ostwald ripening in sintering phenomena. Nanoscale 13, 930\u2013938 (2021).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2489_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13499","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp00729c","volume":"12","author":"A Cao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cao, A., Lu, R. & Veser, G. Stabilizing metal nanoparticles for heterogeneous catalysis. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 13499\u201313510 (2010).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2489_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11973","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202100107","volume":"60","author":"B Zandkarimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zandkarimi, B., Poths, P. & Alexandrova, A. N. When fluxionality beats size selection: acceleration of Ostwald ripening of sub-nano clusters. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 11973\u201311982 (2021).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"2489_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2016.02.020","volume":"337","author":"S Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Revealing particle growth mechanisms by combining high-surface-area catalysts made with monodisperse particles and electron microscopy conducted at atmospheric pressure. J. Catal. 337, 240\u2013247 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4314","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00650K","volume":"47","author":"Y Dai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dai, Y., Lu, P., Cao, Z., Campbell, C. T. & Xia, Y. The physical chemistry and materials science behind sinter-resistant catalysts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47, 4314\u20134331 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2489_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191778","volume":"329","author":"JA Farmer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farmer, J. A. & Campbell, C. T. Ceria maintains smaller metal catalyst particles by strong metal-support bonding. Science 329, 933\u2013936 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2489_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07502","volume":"11","author":"SL Hemmingson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hemmingson, S. L. & Campbell, C. T. Trends in adhesion energies of metal nanoparticles on oxide surfaces: understanding support effects in catalysis and nanotechnology. ACS Nano 11, 1196\u20131203 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2489_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b05075","volume":"9","author":"S Hanukovich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hanukovich, S., Dang, A. & Christopher, P. Influence of metal oxide support acid sites on Cu-catalyzed nonoxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. ACS Catal. 9, 3537\u20133550 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41773","volume":"7","author":"J Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, J., Ji, Q., Imai, T., Ariga, K. & Abe, H. Sintering-resistant nanoparticles in wide-mouthed compartments for sustained catalytic performance. Sci. Rep. 7, 41773 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2489_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1021\/cs501862h","volume":"5","author":"BJ O\u2019Neill","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, B. J. et al. Catalyst design with atomic layer deposition. ACS Catal. 5, 1804\u20131825 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7156","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b01975","volume":"7","author":"ED Goodman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodman, E. D., Schwalbe, J. A. & Cargnello, M. Mechanistic understanding and the rational design of sinter-resistant heterogeneous catalysts. ACS Catal. 7, 7156\u20137173 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5636","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.8b01888","volume":"9","author":"MT Darby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Darby, M. T., Stamatakis, M., Michaelides, A. & Sykes, E. C. H. Lonely Atoms with special gifts: breaking linear scaling relationships in heterogeneous catalysis with single-atom alloys. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9, 5636\u20135646 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2489_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg8389","volume":"372","author":"RT Hannagan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hannagan, R. T. et al. First-principles design of a single-atom\u2013alloy propane dehydrogenation catalyst. Science 372, 1444\u20131447 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2489_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2016.12.045","volume":"205","author":"J Shan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shan, J. et al. Selective non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and hydrogen on highly dilute NiCu alloys. Appl. Catal. 205, 541\u2013550 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CY00848K","volume":"5","author":"A Karelovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karelovic, A. & Ruiz, P. The role of copper particle size in low pressure methanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation over Cu\/ZnO catalysts. Catal. Sci. Technol. 5, 869\u2013881 (2015).","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2489_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1039\/a904654b","volume":"1","author":"A Jentys","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jentys, A. Estimation of mean size and shape of small metal particles by EXAFS. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1, 4059\u20134063 (1999).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"2489_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergeret, G. & Gallezot, P. in Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis 738\u2013765 (Wiley-VCH, 2008).","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527610044.hetcat0038"},{"key":"2489_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.5b00833","volume":"5","author":"R van den Berg","year":"2015","unstructured":"van den Berg, R. et al. Support functionalization to retard Ostwald ripening in copper methanol synthesis catalysts. ACS Catal. 5, 4439\u20134448 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5729(98)00010-7","volume":"34","author":"H-C Jeong","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jeong, H.-C. & Williams, E. D. Steps on surfaces: experiment and theory. Surf. Sci. Rep. 34, 171\u2013294 (1999).","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2489_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125436","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.73.125436","volume":"73","author":"C Tao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tao, C., Stasevich, T. J., Einstein, T. L. & Williams, E. D. Step fluctuations on Ag(111) surfaces with C60. Phys. Rev. B 73, 125436 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2489_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18236","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.4c04711","volume":"128","author":"Z Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang, Z. et al. Atomic-scale visualization of surface segregation and ordering of Pt in a dilute Cu(Pt) alloy under a hydrogen atmosphere. J. Phys. Chem. C 128, 18236\u201318246 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"2489_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1021\/cs200055d","volume":"1","author":"LC Grabow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grabow, L. C. & Mavrikakis, M. Mechanism of methanol synthesis on Cu through CO2 and CO hydrogenation. ACS Catal. 1, 365\u2013384 (2011).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L591","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6028(90)90722-K","volume":"240","author":"NC Bartelt","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bartelt, N. C., Einstein, T. L. & Williams, E. D. The influence of step-step interactions on step wandering. Surf. Sci. 240, L591\u2013L598 (1990).","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2489_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.71.045426","volume":"71","author":"O Bondarchuk","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bondarchuk, O. et al. Correlation time for step structural fluctuations. Phys. Rev. B 71, 14\u201316 (2005).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2489_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9495","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/6\/45\/004","volume":"6","author":"P Stoltze","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stoltze, P. Simulation of surface defects. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 6, 9495\u20139517 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"2489_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245405","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.87.245405","volume":"87","author":"PD Lane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lane, P. D., Martin, D. S., Hesp, D., Isted, G. E. & Cole, R. J. Effects of steps and ordered defects on Cu(110) surface states. Phys. Rev. B 87, 245405 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2489_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04022-0","volume":"9","author":"S Dobbersch\u00fctz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dobbersch\u00fctz, S. et al. The mechanisms of crystal growth inhibition by organic and inorganic inhibitors. Nat. Commun. 9, 1578 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2489_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.2c01051","volume":"23","author":"T Mazal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazal, T. & Doherty, M. F. Modeling impurity-mediated crystal growth and morphologies of centrosymmetric molecules. Cryst. Growth Des. 23, 369\u2013379 (2023).","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"2489_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41586","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05536","volume":"7","author":"G-C Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, G.-C., Qiu, Y. & Liu, C.-G. A Systematic theoretical study on electronic interaction in Cu-based single-atom alloys. ACS Omega 7, 41586\u201341593 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2489_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-018-0125-5","volume":"10","author":"MT Greiner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greiner, M. T. et al. Free-atom-like d states in single-atom alloy catalysts. Nat. Chem. 10, 1008\u20131015 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"2489_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11897","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c04234","volume":"143","author":"TD Spivey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spivey, T. D. & Holewinski, A. Selective interactions between free-atom-like d-states in single-atom alloy catalysts and near-frontier molecular orbitals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 11897\u201311902 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2489_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8617","DOI":"10.1021\/j100135a014","volume":"97","author":"R Dronskowski","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dronskowski, R. & Bloechl, P. E. Crystal orbital Hamilton populations (COHP): energy-resolved visualization of chemical bonding in solids based on density-functional calculations. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 8617\u20138624 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2489_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-020-01267-2","volume":"63","author":"KK Rao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rao, K. K., Do, Q. K., Pham, K., Maiti, D. & Grabow, L. C. Extendable machine learning model for the stability of single atom alloys. Top. Catal. 63, 728\u2013741 (2020).","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-017-0883-0","volume":"61","author":"G Giannakakis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giannakakis, G. et al. NiAu single atom alloys for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and hydrogen. Top. Catal. 61, 475\u2013486 (2018).","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8039","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c01322","volume":"4","author":"O Hussein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussein, O., Alghalayini, M., Dillon, S. J. & Abdeljawad, F. Unraveling the role of grain boundary anisotropy in sintering: implications for nanoscale manufacturing. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 4, 8039\u20138049 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"2489_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6786(75)90013-8","volume":"9","author":"P Wynblatt","year":"1975","unstructured":"Wynblatt, P. & Gjostein, N. A. Supported metal crystallites. Prog. Solid State Chem. 9, 21\u201358 (1975).","journal-title":"Prog. Solid State Chem."},{"key":"2489_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2006.09.028","volume":"601","author":"R Meyer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meyer, R. et al. An ab initio analysis of adsorption and diffusion of silver atoms on alumina surfaces. Surf. Sci. 601, 134\u2013145 (2007).","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2489_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.7b00115","volume":"7","author":"CT Campbell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Campbell, C. T. The degree of rate control: a powerful tool for catalysis research. ACS Catal. 7, 2770\u20132779 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-007-0309-5","volume":"46","author":"RS Goeke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goeke, R. S. & Datye, A. K. Model oxide supports for studies of catalyst sintering at elevated temperatures. Top. Catal. 46, 3\u20139 (2007).","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"2489_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add0089","volume":"380","author":"L Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, L. et al. Formation of active sites on transition metals through reaction-driven migration of surface atoms. Science 380, 70\u201376 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2489_CR51","unstructured":"Dannar, A. Exploring the Structure and Dynamics of Cu under Reducing and Oxidizing Conditions. PhD thesis, Tufts Univ. (2024)."},{"key":"2489_CR52","unstructured":"Finzel, J. P. Characterization of Dynamic Catalyst Structures and Impacts on Reactivity. PhD thesis, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara (2024)."},{"key":"2489_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b03339","volume":"138","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Tackling CO poisoning with single-atom alloy catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138, 6396\u20136399 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"2489_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultramic.2025.114116","volume":"271","author":"A Genc","year":"2025","unstructured":"Genc, A. et al. A versatile machine learning workflow for high-throughput analysis of supported metal catalyst particles. Ultramicroscopy 271, 114116 (2025).","journal-title":"Ultramicroscopy"},{"key":"2489_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.47.558","volume":"47","author":"G Kresse","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kresse, G. & Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular dynamics for liquid metals. Phys. Rev. B 47, 558\u2013561 (1993).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2489_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14251","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.49.14251","volume":"49","author":"G Kresse","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kresse, G. & Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal\u2013amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium. Phys. Rev. B 49, 14251\u201314269 (1994).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2489_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.11169","volume":"54","author":"G Kresse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kresse, G. & Furthm\u00fcller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169\u201311186 (1996).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2489_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17953","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.50.17953","volume":"50","author":"PE Bl\u00f6chl","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bl\u00f6chl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 50, 17953\u201317979 (1994).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2489_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"063020","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aac7f0","volume":"20","author":"G-X Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, G.-X., Reilly, A. M., Tkatchenko, A. & Scheffler, M. Performance of various density-functional approximations for cohesive properties of 64 bulk solids. New J. Phys. 20, 063020 (2018).","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"2489_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.26353","volume":"41","author":"R Nelson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nelson, R. et al. LOBSTER: local orbital projections, atomic charges, and chemical-bonding analysis from projector-augmented-wave-based density-functional theory. J. Comput. Chem. 41, 1931\u20131940 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"2489_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.23424","volume":"34","author":"S Maintz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maintz, S., Deringer, V. L., Tchougr\u00e9eff, A. L. & Dronskowski, R. Analytic projection from plane-wave and PAW wavefunctions and application to chemical-bonding analysis in solids. J. Comput. Chem. 34, 2557\u20132567 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"2489_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.24300","volume":"37","author":"S Maintz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maintz, S., Deringer, V. L., Tchougr\u00e9eff, A. L. & Dronskowski, R. LOBSTER: a tool to extract chemical bonding from plane-wave based DFT. J. Comput. Chem. 37, 1030\u20131035 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"2489_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5461","DOI":"10.1021\/jp202489s","volume":"115","author":"VL Deringer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deringer, V. L., Tchougr\u00e9eff, A. L. & Dronskowski, R. Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population (COHP) analysis as projected from plane-wave basis sets. J. Phys. Chem. A 115, 5461\u20135466 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"2489_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2013.05.016","volume":"617","author":"W Sun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sun, W. & Ceder, G. Efficient creation and convergence of surface slabs. Surf. Sci. 617, 53\u201359 (2013).","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"2489_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889811038970","volume":"44","author":"K Momma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Momma, K. & Izumi, F. VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 44, 1272\u20131276 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."}],"container-title":["Nature Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02489-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02489-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02489-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:02:36Z","timestamp":1780563756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02489-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41563-026-02489-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-1122","1476-4660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-1122","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}