{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:59:48Z","timestamp":1790762388972,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Mater."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Next-generation artificial vision systems must integrate rapid temporal-contrast detection with dynamic sensory-gain modulation to prioritize task-relevant stimuli. Conventional semiconductor photosensors lack intrinsic mechanisms for spike generation with tunable amplitude, requiring complex multitransistor architectures and limiting efficiency. Here we report an event-driven organic photosensor that integrates temporal-contrast detection and amplitude modulation within a single active layer by coupling ionic and electronic transport in an organic mixed ionic\u2013electronic conductor. In a bulk heterojunction with a non-fullerene acceptor, fast electron extraction generates excitatory photocurrent spikes, whereas ion-compensated hole accumulation in the organic mixed ionic\u2013electronic conductor donor provides voltage-tunable inhibitory control over spike amplitude\u2014functionally analogous to attentional gain modulation in biological vision. This enables in-sensor amplitude\u2013temporal coding, preserving motion-relevant contrast in bias-weighted optical events and reducing redundant read-out. These results establish ionic\u2013electronic coupling in organic mixed ionic\u2013electronic conductors as a materials strategy for adaptive, low-power neuromorphic vision hardware.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-026-02747-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:02:40Z","timestamp":1790758960000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amplitude-controllable event-driven organic photosensors based on ionic-mediated inhibition"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9916-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxing","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5832-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3762-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qunping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7239-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2747_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.12.009","volume":"65","author":"T Gollisch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gollisch, T. & Meister, M. Eye smarter than scientists believed: neural computations in circuits of the retina. Neuron 65, 150\u2013164 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2747_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00237-3","volume":"11","author":"SB Laughlin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Laughlin, S. B. Energy as a constraint on the coding and processing of sensory information. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 475\u2013480 (2001).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2747_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1677-2","volume":"575","author":"K Roy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roy, K., Jaiswal, A. & Panda, P. Towards spike-based machine intelligence with neuromorphic computing. Nature 575, 607\u2013617 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2747_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.03.007","volume":"20","author":"SC Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, S. C. & Delbruck, T. Neuromorphic sensory systems. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 288\u2013295 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2747_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-021-00615-8","volume":"4","author":"Z He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He, Z. et al. An organic transistor with light intensity-dependent active photoadaptation. Nat. Electron. 4, 522\u2013529 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2747_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416033","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202416033","volume":"37","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, Z. et al. Bias-switchable photodetection and photosynapse dual-functional devices based on 2D perovskite\/organic heterojunction for imaging-to-recognition conversion. Adv. Mater. 37, 2416033 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2747_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00713-1","volume":"5","author":"F Liao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liao, F. et al. Bioinspired in-sensor visual adaptation for accurate perception. Nat. Electron. 5, 84\u201391 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2747_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0403-6","volume":"22","author":"B James","year":"2019","unstructured":"James, B. et al. An amplitude code transmits information at a visual synapse. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 1140\u20131147 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2747_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3783","volume":"15","author":"T Euler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Euler, T. et al. Retinal bipolar cells: elementary building blocks of vision. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15, 507\u2013519 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2747_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203134","volume":"68","author":"JH van Hateren","year":"1992","unstructured":"van Hateren, J. H. A theory of maximizing sensory information. Biol. Cybern. 68, 23\u201329 (1992).","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"2747_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1119055","volume":"311","author":"H Alle","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alle, H. & Geiger, J. R. Combined analog and action potential coding in hippocampal mossy fibers. Science 311, 1290\u20131293 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2747_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2346153","volume":"102","author":"C Posch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Posch, C. et al. Retinomorphic event-based vision sensors: bioinspired cameras with spiking output. Proc. IEEE 102, 1470\u20131484 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"2747_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, F., Zhou, F. & Chai, Y. Neuromorphic vision sensors: principle, progress and perspectives. J. Semicond. 42, 013105 (2021).","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/42\/1\/013105"},{"key":"2747_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3008413","volume":"44","author":"G Gallego","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gallego, G. et al. Event-based vision: a survey. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 44, 154\u2013180 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2747_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-01055-2","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Computational event-driven vision sensors for in-sensor spiking neural networks. Nat. Electron. 6, 870\u2013878 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2747_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60006-x","volume":"16","author":"Z Xiong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiong, Z. et al. Parallelizing analog in-sensor visual processing with arrays of gate-tunable silicon photodetectors. Nat. Commun. 16, 4728 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2747_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417675","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202417675","volume":"37","author":"S Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng, S. et al. A charge-coupled phototransistor enabling synchronous dynamic and static image detection. Adv. Mater. 37, 2417675 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2747_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2406607","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202406607","volume":"37","author":"M Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, M., Park, H. & Seo, H. A single-pixel event photoactive device for real-time, in-sensor spatiotemporal optical information processing. Adv. Mater. 37, 2406607 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2747_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08911","volume":"5","author":"N Martino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martino, N. et al. Photothermal cellular stimulation in functional bio-polymer interfaces. Sci. Rep. 5, 8911 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2747_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Q. et al. Event-driven retinomorphic photodiode with bio-plausible temporal dynamics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 20, 1213\u20131220 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01973-6"},{"key":"2747_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22680-5","volume":"12","author":"X Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji, X. et al. Mimicking associative learning using an ion-trapping non-volatile synaptic organic electrochemical transistor. Nat. Commun. 12, 2480 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2747_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-023-00622-5","volume":"9","author":"P Gkoupidenis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gkoupidenis, P. et al. Organic mixed conductors for bioinspired electronics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 9, 134\u2013149 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2747_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-00950-y","volume":"6","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. An organic electrochemical transistor for multi-modal sensing, memory and processing. Nat. Electron. 6, 281\u2013291 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2747_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. A high-frequency artificial nerve based on homogeneously integrated organic electrochemical transistors. Nat. Electron. 8, 254\u2013266 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-025-01357-7"},{"key":"2747_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00859-y","volume":"5","author":"T Sarkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarkar, T. et al. An organic artificial spiking neuron for in situ neuromorphic sensing and biointerfacing. Nat. Electron. 5, 774\u2013783 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2747_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59587-4","volume":"16","author":"J Ji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ji, J. et al. Single-transistor organic electrochemical neurons. Nat. Commun. 16, 4334 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2747_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01232-x","volume":"17","author":"K Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, K. et al. Organic optoelectronic synapse based on photon-modulated electrochemical doping. Nat. Photon. 17, 629\u2013637 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2747_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41313-7","volume":"14","author":"V Druet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Druet, V. et al. A single n-type semiconducting polymer-based photo-electrochemical transistor. Nat. Commun. 14, 5481 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2747_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7982","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TC05444B","volume":"11","author":"N Turetta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turetta, N. et al. A photo-responsive organic electrochemical transistor. J. Mater. Chem. C 11, 7982\u20137988 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"2747_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56814-w","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. An optoelectrochemical synapse based on a single-component n-type mixed conductor. Nat. Commun. 16, 1615 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2747_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211479","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202211479","volume":"33","author":"Y Zhong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhong, Y. et al. An organic electrochemical transistor integrated photodetector for high quality photoplethysmogram signal acquisition. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2211479 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2747_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010116","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202010116","volume":"31","author":"T Paltrinieri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paltrinieri, T. et al. Understanding photocapacitive and photofaradaic processes in organic semiconductor photoelectrodes for optobioelectronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2010116 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2747_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.86.035320","volume":"86","author":"ML Tietze","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tietze, M. L. et al. Fermi level shift and doping efficiency in p-doped small molecule organic semiconductors: a photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study. Phys. Rev. B 86, 035320 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2747_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302880","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302880","volume":"10","author":"Y Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cui, Y. et al. Eliminating the imbalanced mobility bottlenecks via reshaping internal potential distribution in organic photovoltaics. Adv. Sci. 10, 2302880 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2747_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.72.085205","volume":"72","author":"LJA Koster","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koster, L. J. A. et al. Device model for the operation of polymer\/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Phys. Rev. B 72, 085205 (2005).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2747_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202204108","volume":"61","author":"C Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Charge separation by creating band bending in metal-organic frameworks for improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61, e202204108 (2022).","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"2747_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5520","DOI":"10.1021\/cr3000626","volume":"112","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. & Yates, J. T. Jr Band bending in semiconductors: chemical and physical consequences at surfaces and interfaces. Chem. Rev. 112, 5520\u20135551 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"2747_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.05.004","volume":"114","author":"TT Norton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Norton, T. T. & Siegwart, J. T. Light levels, refractive development, and myopia\u2014a speculative review. Exp. Eye Res. 114, 48\u201357 (2013).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"2747_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.2c02259","volume":"56","author":"J Neu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neu, J. et al. Oligo(ethylene glycol) side chain architecture enables alcohol-processable conjugated polymers for organic solar cells. Macromolecules 56, 2092\u20132103 (2023).","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"2747_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05592-2","volume":"613","author":"W Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, W. et al. Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits. Nature 613, 496\u2013502 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2747_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2007.914337","volume":"43","author":"P Lichtsteiner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lichtsteiner, P., Posch, C. & Delbruck, T. A 128\u00d7128 120 dB 15 \u00b5s latency asynchronous temporal contrast vision sensor. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 43, 566\u2013576 (2008).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"2747_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2342715","volume":"49","author":"C Brandli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brandli, C. et al. A 240 \u00d7 180 130 dB 3 \u00b5s latency global shutter spatiotemporal vision sensor. IEEE J. Solid State Circuits 49, 2333\u20132341 (2014).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid State Circuits"},{"key":"2747_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. A 2T2R1C vision cell with 140 dB dynamic range and event-driven characteristics for in-sensor spiking neural network. In Proc. 2022 International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) 31.4.1\u201331.4.4 (IEEE, 2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM45625.2022.10019350"},{"key":"2747_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27727","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c10231","volume":"18","author":"Z Dang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dang, Z. et al. Object motion detection enabled by reconfigurable neuromorphic vision sensor under ferroelectric modulation. ACS Nano 18, 27727\u201327737 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2747_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417461","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202417461","volume":"12","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. Bioinspired adaptive neuron enabled by self-powered optoelectronic memristor and threshold switching memory for neuromorphic visual system. Adv. Sci. 12, 2417461 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"2747_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8015","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c02892","volume":"20","author":"Q Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, Q. et al. Spike encoding with optic sensory neurons enable a pulse coupled neural network for ultraviolet image segmentation. Nano Lett. 20, 8015\u20138023 (2020).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2747_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-018-9651-1","volume":"52","author":"T Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh, T. & Vishwakarma, D. K. Video benchmarks of human action datasets: a review. Artif. Intell. Rev. 52, 1107\u20131154 (2018).","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nature Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02747-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02747-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02747-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:02:42Z","timestamp":1790758962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41563-026-02747-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["2747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41563-026-02747-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-1122","1476-4660"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-1122","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4660","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}