{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T01:38:59Z","timestamp":1777081139996,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Genomics, combined with population mobility data, used to map importation and spatial spread of SARS-CoV-2 in high-income countries has enabled the implementation of local control measures. Here, to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Bangladesh at the national level, we analysed outbreak trajectory and variant emergence using genomics, Facebook \u2018Data for Good\u2019 and data from three mobile phone operators. We sequenced the complete genomes of 67 SARS-CoV-2 samples (collected by the IEDCR in Bangladesh between March and July 2020) and combined these data with 324 publicly available Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh at that time. We found that most (85%) of the sequenced isolates were Pango lineage B.1.1.25 (58%), B.1.1 (19%) or B.1.36 (8%) in early-mid 2020. Bayesian time-scaled phylogenetic analysis predicted that SARS-CoV-2 first emerged during mid-February in Bangladesh, from abroad, with the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported on 8 March 2020. At the end of March 2020, three discrete lineages expanded and spread clonally across Bangladesh. The shifting pattern of viral diversity in Bangladesh, combined with the mobility data, revealed that the mass migration of people from cities to rural areas at the end of March, followed by frequent travel between Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh) and the rest of the country, disseminated three dominant viral lineages. Further analysis of an additional 85 genomes (November 2020 to April 2021) found that importation of variant of concern Beta (B.1.351) had occurred and that Beta had become dominant in Dhaka. Our interpretation that population mobility out of Dhaka, and travel from urban hotspots to rural areas, disseminated lineages in Bangladesh in the first wave continues to inform government policies to control national case numbers by limiting within-country travel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00955-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T06:02:46Z","timestamp":1631080966000},"page":"1271-1278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Genomics, social media and mobile phone data enable mapping of SARS-CoV-2 lineages to inform health policy in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Cowley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9627-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mokibul Hassan","family":"Afrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadia Isfat Ara","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7123-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Mahfuz Al","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ziaur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mallick Masum","family":"Billah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manjur Hossain","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharmin","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tilovatul","family":"Khondaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"Banik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Nawsher","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiissar","family":"Mannoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayera","family":"Banu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anir","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meerjady Sabrina","family":"Flora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4432-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline O.","family":"Buckee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tahmina","family":"Shirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"955_CR1","unstructured":"Rural population (% of total population)\u2014Bangladesh (World Bank, accessed 26 October 2020); https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations=BD"},{"key":"955_CR2","unstructured":"Poverty data: Bangladesh (Asian Development Bank, accessed 26 October 2020); https:\/\/www.adb.org\/countries\/bangladesh\/poverty"},{"key":"955_CR3","unstructured":"WHO Bangladesh COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Update No. 72, July 12 (WHO, 2021); https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/searo\/bangladesh\/covid-19-who-bangladesh-situation-reports\/who_covid-19-update_72_20210712.pdf"},{"key":"955_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0770-5","volume":"5","author":"A Rambault","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rambault, A. et al. A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology. Nat Microbiol. 5, 1403\u20131407 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"955_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8169","volume":"370","author":"M Worobey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Worobey, M. et al. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and North America. Science 370, 564\u2013570 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"955_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20235-8","volume":"11","author":"J Geoghegan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Geoghegan, J. et al. Genomic epidemiology reveals transmission patterns and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Aotearoa New Zealand. Nat. Commun 11, 6351 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. 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Genome sequence of a SARS-CoV-2 strain from Bangladesh that is nearly identical to United Kingdom SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7. Microbiol. Resour. Announc. 10, e00100-21 (2021).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"955_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006012","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006012","volume":"6","author":"S Saha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saha, S. et al. COVID-19 rise in Bangladesh correlates with increasing detection of B.1.351 variant. BMJ Glob. Health 6, e006012 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"955_CR11","unstructured":"Buckee, C. O. & Eng\u00f8-Monsen, K. Mobile phone data for public health: towards data-sharing solutions that protect individual privacy and national security. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1606.00864 (2016)."},{"key":"955_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30553-3","volume":"20","author":"HS Badr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Badr, H. 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