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Here we used a pre-clinical model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), to identify microbial risk factors. Mice with different genotypes and complex microbiotas or six combinations of a synthetic human microbiota were analysed, resulting in varying probabilities of severe neuroinflammation. However, the presence or relative abundances of suspected microbial risk factors failed to predict disease severity.\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    , often associated with MS, exhibited variable associations with EAE severity depending on the background microbiota. Significant inter-individual disease course variations were observed among mice harbouring the same microbiota. Evaluation of microbial functional characteristics and host immune responses demonstrated that the immunoglobulin A coating index of certain bacteria before disease onset is a robust individualized predictor of disease development. Our study highlights the need to consider microbial community networks and host-specific bidirectional interactions when aiming to predict severity of neuroinflammation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01761-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T06:03:31Z","timestamp":1721023411000},"page":"2244-2261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Gut microbial factors predict disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Steimle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1121-1706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mareike","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7632-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica T.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Willieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"De Sciscio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Parrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-0103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Ollert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Miyauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9502-2509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoyoshi","family":"Soga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5161-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8776-9661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9223-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahesh S.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1761_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00727-y","volume":"23","author":"E Miyauchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miyauchi, E., Shimokawa, C., Steimle, A., Desai, M. 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