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Here we use air-sampling devices to continuously sample infectious influenza viruses expelled by experimentally infected ferrets. The resulting quantitative virus shedding kinetics data resembled ferret-to-ferret transmission studies and indicated that the absence of transmission observed for earlier A(H5N1) viruses was due to a lack of infectious virus shedding in the air, rather than the absence of necessary mammalian adaptation mutations. Whereas infectious human A(H1N1\n                    <jats:sub>pdm<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) virus was efficiently shed in the air, infectious 2005 zoonotic and 2024 bovine A(H5N1) viruses were not detected in the air. By contrast, shedding of infectious virus was observed for 1 out of 4 ferrets infected with a 2022 European polecat A(H5N1) virus and a 2024 A(H5N1) virus isolated from a dairy farm worker.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01885-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T05:02:04Z","timestamp":1733115724000},"page":"14-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Influenza A(H5N1) shedding in air corresponds to transmissibility in mammals"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ilona I.","family":"Tosheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Filaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willemijn F.","family":"Rijnink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"de Meulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"van Kekem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo M.","family":"Bestebroer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7830-9989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathis","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique I.","family":"Spronken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8508-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infections in pinnipeds and seabirds in Uruguay: implications for bird\u2013mammal transmission in South America. Virus Evol. 10, veae031 (2024).","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"1885_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300001","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.3.2300001","volume":"28","author":"M Ag\u00fcero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ag\u00fcero, M. et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in farmed minks, Spain, October 2022. Eurosurveillance 28, 2300001 (2023).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"1885_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300400","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.31.2300400","volume":"28","author":"E Lindh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lindh, E. et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection on multiple fur farms in the South and Central Ostrobothnia regions of Finland, July 2023. Eurosurveillance 28, 2300400 (2023).","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"1885_CR5","unstructured":"HPAI confirmed cases in livestock. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/livestock-poultry-disease\/avian\/avian-influenza\/hpai-detections\/hpai-confirmed-cases-livestock (2024)."},{"key":"1885_CR6","unstructured":"How CDC is monitoring influenza data among people to better understand the current avian influenza A (H5N1) situation. CDC https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/bird-flu\/h5-monitoring\/index.html#cdc_data_surveillance_section_4-monitoring-for-novel-influenza-a-virus-infections-among-people-including-influenza-a-h5n1 (2024)."},{"key":"1885_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177127","volume":"325","author":"VJ Munster","year":"2009","unstructured":"Munster, V. J. et al. Pathogenesis and transmission of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus in ferrets. 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