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The West African\u2013South American (WASA) lineage of\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , responsible for the 1991\u20132001 Latin American cholera epidemic, is defined by two unique genetic signatures. Here we show that these signatures encode multiple distinct anti-phage defence systems. Firstly, the WASA-1 prophage encodes an abortive-infection system, WonAB, that renders the lineage resistant to the major predatory vibriophage ICP1, which, alongside other phages, is thought to restrict cholera epidemics. Secondly, a unique set of genes on the\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    seventh pandemic island II encodes an unusual modification-dependent restriction system targeting phages with modified genomes, and a previously undescribed member of the Shedu defence family that defends against vibriophage X29. We propose that these anti-phage defence systems likely contributed to the success of a major epidemic lineage of the ongoing seventh cholera pandemic.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02004-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T05:04:18Z","timestamp":1747890258000},"page":"1352-1365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["West African\u2013South American pandemic Vibrio cholerae encodes multiple distinct phage defence systems"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9644-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Jask\u00f3lska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-5526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lemopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Stutzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loriane","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7024-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Blokesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2004_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00934-x","volume":"21","author":"H Georjon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Georjon, H. & Bernheim, A. The highly diverse antiphage defence systems of bacteria. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 686\u2013700 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2004_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1910","volume":"272","author":"MK Waldor","year":"1996","unstructured":"Waldor, M. K. & Mekalanos, J. J. Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin. Science 272, 1910\u20131914 (1996).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2004_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22351","volume":"3","author":"SM Faruque","year":"2012","unstructured":"Faruque, S. M. & Mekalanos, J. J. Phage\u2013bacterial interactions in the evolution of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Virulence 3, 556\u2013565 (2012).","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2004_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adj3166","volume":"384","author":"N Madi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madi, N. et al. 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