{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:46:33Z","timestamp":1787003193274,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Recurrent urinary tract infections are recalcitrant and difficult-to-treat bacterial infections that primarily affect women. Here we combine phage therapy with faecal microbiota transplantation to decolonize the urinary and intestinal reservoirs of patients with recurrent urinary tract infections. Three women received oral and intravesical phage therapy for 8 days, and two underwent subsequent faecal microbiota transplantation. Treatments were well tolerated, and although\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in follow-up samples, patients experienced none or fewer and less severe episodes of urinary tract infection 24 months post-treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-026-02409-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:08:54Z","timestamp":1785402534000},"page":"2112-2118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combined phage therapy and faecal microbiota transplantation to treat recurrent urinary tract infection: a case series"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4277-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawna","family":"McCallin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika Y.","family":"Classen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone C.","family":"Lieberknecht-Jouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Abdula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Dugas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Koliwer-Brandl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swenja","family":"Lassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8900-9789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Scheidegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2329-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Kahles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Eigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fedja","family":"Farowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8677-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Milek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana","family":"Chemych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1246-6508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiemin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-2631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin J.","family":"Loessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J. 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Unnecessary antibiotic prescribing in US ambulatory care settings, 2010\u20132015. Clin. Infect. Dis. 72, 133\u2013137 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2409_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.10.018","volume":"31","author":"S McCallin","year":"2023","unstructured":"McCallin, S., Drulis-Kawa, Z., Ferry, T., Pirnay, J. P. & Nir-Paz, R. ESGNTA \u2013 ESCMID study group for non-traditional antibacterials. Phages and phage-borne enzymes as new antibacterial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 31, 910\u2013921 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"2409_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.07.022","volume":"31","author":"N Cassir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cassir, N. et al. Nonantimicrobial therapies for recurrent urinary tract infection in women: is there a place for faecal microbiota transfer? Clin. Microbiol. 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Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of LBP-EC01, a CRISPR-Cas3-enhanced bacteriophage cocktail, in uncomplicated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli (ELIMINATE): the randomised, open-label, first part of a two-part phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, 1319\u20131332 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2409_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab549","volume":"73","author":"S Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson, S. et al. Clinical practice guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 focused update guidelines on management of Clostridioides difficile infection in adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 73, e1029\u2013e1044 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. 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McCallin, L.M.B. and A.Y.C. declare receipt of funding and\/or hold unpaid roles (advisory, committee or board memberships) in non-governmental organizations. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}