{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:05:44Z","timestamp":1792811144862,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Nanotechnol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-026-02193-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:05:55Z","timestamp":1784797555000},"page":"1090-1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Magnetic brightening and nanoscale imaging of spin-polarized helical edge modes in ZrTe5"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-5538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Haeuser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4244-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard H. J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin-Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4960-9266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Koschny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genda","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall K.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joong-Mok","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2040-3598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Mootz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-4832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6159-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jigang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2193_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.82.3045","volume":"82","author":"MZ Hasan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hasan, M. Z. & Kane, C. L. Colloquium: topological insulators. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 3045\u20133067 (2010).","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"2193_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.1057","volume":"83","author":"X-L Qi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Qi, X.-L. & Zhang, S.-C. Topological insulators and superconductors. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 1057\u20131110 (2011).","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"2193_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176803","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.176803","volume":"116","author":"X-B Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, X.-B. et al. Experimental observation of topological edge states at the surface step edge of the topological insulator ZrTe5. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 176803 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2193_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8252","volume":"6","author":"EY Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma, E. Y. et al. Unexpected edge conduction in mercury telluride quantum wells under broken time-reversal symmetry. Nat. Commun. 6, 7252 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2193_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8799","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat8799","volume":"5","author":"Y Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi, Y. et al. Imaging quantum spin Hall edges in monolayer WTe2. Sci. Adv. 5, 8799 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2193_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053701","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0138831","volume":"94","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang, Z. et al. Implementing microwave impedance microscopy in a dilution refrigerator. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 94, 053701 (2023).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2193_CR7","first-page":"021013","volume":"10","author":"C Vaswani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaswani, C. et al. Light-driven Raman coherence as a nonthermal route to ultrafast topology switching in a Dirac semimetal. Phys. Rev. X 10, 021013 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"2193_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00882-4","volume":"20","author":"L Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo, L. et al. A light-induced phononic symmetry switch and giant dissipationless topological photocurrent in ZrTe5. Nat. Mater. 20, 329\u2013334 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2193_CR9","first-page":"4698","volume":"112","author":"Z-G Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, Z.-G. et al. Spectroscopic evidence for bulk-band inversion and three-dimensional massive Dirac fermions in ZrTe5. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 4698\u20134702 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2193_CR10","first-page":"021017","volume":"6","author":"R Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, R. et al. Evidence for topological edge states in a large energy gap near the step edges on the surface of ZrTe5. Phys. Rev. X 6, 021017 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"2193_CR11","first-page":"011002","volume":"4","author":"H Weng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weng, H., Dai, X. & Fang, Z. Transition-metal pentatelluride ZrTe5 and HfTe5: a paradigm for large-gap quantum spin Hall insulators. Phys. Rev. X 4, 011002 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. X"},{"key":"2193_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41535-020-00280-8","volume":"5","author":"T Konstantinova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Konstantinova, T. et al. Photoinduced Dirac semimetal in ZrTe5. npj Quantum Mater. 5, 80 (2020).","journal-title":"npj Quantum Mater."},{"key":"2193_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c00216","volume":"8","author":"RHJ Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, R. H. J. et al. Terahertz nano-imaging of electronic strip heterogeneity in a Dirac semimetal. ACS Photonics 8, 1873\u20131880 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"2193_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043702","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0130680","volume":"94","author":"RHJ Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, R. H. J., Park, J.-M., Haeuser, S. J., Luo, L. & Wang, J. A sub-2\u2009kelvin cryogenic magneto-terahertz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (cm-THz-sSNOM). Rev. Sci. Instrum. 94, 043702 (2023).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"2193_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164303","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0310548","volume":"139","author":"RHJ Kim","year":"2026","unstructured":"Kim, R. H. J. et al. Terahertz magneto-nanoscopy of encapsulated monolayer graphene. J. Appl. Phys. 139, 164303 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2193_CR16","unstructured":"Haeuser, S. et al. Terahertz-nanoscale visualization of the microscopic spin-charge architecture of colossal magnetoresistive switching. Adv. Sci. (in the press)."},{"key":"2193_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.266802","volume":"110","author":"H Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Stabilization of the quantum spin Hall effect by designed removal of time-reversal symmetry of edge states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 266802 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2193_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1616668","volume":"83","author":"H-T Chen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chen, H.-T., Kersting, R. & Cho, G. C. Terahertz imaging with nanometer resolution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3009\u20133011 (2003).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2193_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.225","volume":"8","author":"M Eisele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eisele, M. et al. Ultrafast multi-terahertz nano-spectroscopy with sub-cycle temporal resolution. Nat. Photonics 8, 841\u2013845 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2193_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00761-3","volume":"10","author":"R Hillenbrand","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hillenbrand, R., Abate, Y., Liu, M., Chen, X. & Basov, D. N. Visible-to-THz near-field nanoscopy. Nat. Rev. Mater. 10, 285\u2013310 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2193_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114002","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0284028","volume":"127","author":"RHJ Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim, R. H. J. et al. Terahertz near-field imaging of sidewall losses in superconducting qubits. Appl. Phys. Lett. 127, 114002 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2193_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c00861","volume":"9","author":"RHJ Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, R. H. J. et al. Terahertz nanoimaging of perovskite solar cell materials. ACS Photonics 9, 3550\u20133556 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"2193_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-023-01259-0","volume":"6","author":"RHJ Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, R. H. J. et al. Visualizing heterogeneous dipole fields by terahertz light coupling in individual nano-junctions. Commun. Phys. 6, 147 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"2193_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, R. H. J. et al. Nano-compositional imaging of the lanthanum silicide system at THz wavelengths. Opt. Express 32, 2356\u20132363 (2024).","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.507414"},{"key":"2193_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11253","volume":"487","author":"Z Fei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fei, Z. et al. Gate-tuning of graphene plasmons revealed by infrared nano-imaging. Nature 487, 82\u201385 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2193_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00899","volume":"418","author":"R Hillenbrand","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hillenbrand, R., Taubner, R. & Keilmann, F. Phonon-enhanced light\u2013matter interaction at the nanometre scale. Nature 418, 159\u2013162 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2193_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.003430","volume":"16","author":"H-G Ribbeck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ribbeck, H.-G. et al. Spectroscopic THz near-field microscope. Opt. Express 16, 3430\u20133438 (2008).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2193_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023113","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4905507","volume":"106","author":"S Mastel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mastel, S., Govyadinov, A. A., Oliveira, T. V. A. G., Amenabar, I. & Hillenbrand, R. Nanoscale-resolved chemical identification of thin organic films using infrared near-field spectroscopy and standard Fourier transform infrared references. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 023113 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2193_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01488-y","volume":"18","author":"M Dapolito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dapolito, M. et al. Infrared nano-imaging of Dirac magnetoexcitons in graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 1409\u20131415 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2193_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dapolito, M. et al. Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy with Akiyama piezo-probes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 013104 (2022).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0074804"},{"key":"2193_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14364","volume":"520","author":"L Ju","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ju, L. et al. Topological valley transport at bilayer graphene domain walls. Nature 520, 650\u2013655 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2193_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X. et al. Terahertz nanoscopy: advances, challenges, and the road ahead. Appl. Phys. Rev. 11, 021306 (2024).","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0189061"},{"key":"2193_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015005","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aa55a3","volume":"19","author":"H Chi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chi, H. et al. Lifshitz transition mediated electronic transport anomaly in bulk ZrTe5. New J. Phys. 19, 015005 (2017).","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"2193_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07355-7","volume":"629","author":"T Siday","year":"2024","unstructured":"Siday, T. et al. All-optical subcycle microscopy on atomic length scales. Nature 629, 329\u2013334 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2193_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0470-y","volume":"13","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Lightwave-driven gapless superconductivity and forbidden quantum beats by terahertz symmetry breaking. Nat. Photonics 13, 707\u2013710 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2193_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.207003","volume":"124","author":"C Vaswani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaswani, C. et al. Terahertz second harmonic generation from lightwave acceleration of symmetry-breaking nonlinear supercurrents. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 207003 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2193_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237601","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.237601","volume":"117","author":"G Manzoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manzoni, G. et al. Evidence for a strong topological insulator phase in ZrTe5. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 237601 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2193_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.187401","volume":"121","author":"B Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, B. et al. Temperature-driven topological phase transition and intermediate Dirac semimetal phase in ZrTe5. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 187401 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2193_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1180-9","volume":"569","author":"F Tang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tang, F. et al. Three-dimensional quantum Hall effect and metal\u2013insulator transition in ZrTe5. Nature 569, 537\u2013541 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2193_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9771","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav9771","volume":"5","author":"J Mutch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mutch, J. et al. Evidence for a strain-tuned topological phase transition in ZrTe5. Sci. Adv. 5, 9771 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2193_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3390\/instruments8010021","volume":"8","author":"S Haeuser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haeuser, S. et al. Analysis of near-field magnetic responses on ZrTe5 through cryogenic magneto-THz nano-imaging. Instruments 8, 21 (2024).","journal-title":"Instruments"},{"key":"2193_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4608\/14\/5\/016","volume":"14","author":"MPL Sancho","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sancho, M. P. L., Sancho, J. M. L. & Rubio, J. Quick iterative scheme for the calculation of transfer-matrices: application to Mo(100). J. Phys. F 14, 1205\u20131215 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Phys. F"},{"key":"2193_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4608\/15\/4\/009","volume":"15","author":"MPL Sancho","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sancho, M. P. L., Sancho, J. M. L. & Rubio, J. Highly convergent schemes for the calculation of bulk and surface green functions. J. Phys. F 15, 851\u2013858 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Phys. F"},{"key":"2193_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2017.09.033","volume":"224","author":"Q Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Zhang, S., Song, H.-F., Troyer, M. & Soluyanov, A. A. WannierTools: an open-source software package for novel topological materials. Comput. Phys. Commun. 224, 405\u2013416 (2018).","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."}],"container-title":["Nature Nanotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-026-02193-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-026-02193-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-026-02193-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T14:02:22Z","timestamp":1786543342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-026-02193-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-026-02193-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-3387","1748-3395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-3387","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-3395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}