{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T15:30:27Z","timestamp":1794411027956,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat. Nanotechnol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-026-02264-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:03:05Z","timestamp":1788944585000},"page":"1518-1530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How nanophotonics can drive optical computing toward practical applications"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4207-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yitong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1856-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0870-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3479-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiamin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7043-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qionghai","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2264_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09422-z","volume":"645","author":"D Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo, D. et al. DeepSeek-R1 incentivizes reasoning in LLMs through reinforcement learning. Nature 645, 633\u2013638 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-01137-0","volume":"7","author":"C Xiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiao, C. et al. Densing law of LLMs. Nat. Mach. Intell. 7, 1823\u20131833 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2264_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07409-w","volume":"629","author":"D Gehrig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gehrig, D. & Scaramuzza, D. Low-latency automotive vision with event cameras. Nature 629, 1034\u20131040 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-022-00460-x","volume":"7","author":"HC Ates","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ates, H. C. et al. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7, 887\u2013907 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2264_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04362-w","volume":"604","author":"A Mehonic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehonic, A. & Kenyon, A. J. Brain-inspired computing needs a master plan. Nature 604, 255\u2013260 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01590-3","volume":"13","author":"T Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu, T. et al. Optical neural networks: progress and challenges. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 263 (2024).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00717-8","volume":"11","author":"H Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, H. et al. Photonic matrix multiplication lights up photonic accelerator and beyond. Light Sci. Appl. 11, 30 (2022). A review article on comprehensive implementation methods for optical matrix multiplication, including free-space and waveguide-based methods.","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00897-3","volume":"11","author":"C He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, C., Shen, Y. & Forbes, A. Towards higher-dimensional structured light. Light Sci. Appl. 11, 205 (2022).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34106","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.468078","volume":"30","author":"Y-W Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng, Y.-W., Wang, D., Li, Y.-L., Li, N.-N. & Wang, Q.-H. Holographic near-eye display system with large viewing area based on liquid crystal axicon. Opt. Express 30, 34106\u201334116 (2022).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65356-0","volume":"16","author":"T Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, T., Jiang, Y., Xu, Z., Xue, Z. & Fang, L. Hundred-layer photonic deep learning. Nat. Commun. 16, 10382 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42984-y","volume":"14","author":"X Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan, X., Wang, Y., Xu, Z., Zhou, T. & Fang, L. Training large-scale optoelectronic neural networks with dual-neuron optical-artificial learning. Nat. Commun. 14, 7110 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06558-8","volume":"623","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. All-analog photoelectronic chip for high-speed vision tasks. Nature 623, 48\u201357 (2023). A paper on a chip-level demonstration of high system-level performance in optical computing with efficient photoelectronic interfaces and eliminating ADCs.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08786-6","volume":"640","author":"S Hua","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hua, S. et al. An integrated large-scale photonic accelerator with ultralow latency. Nature 640, 361\u2013367 (2025). A paper on corporate-developed integrated photonic accelerator for ultralow-latency scientific computing with advanced packaging solutions.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08854-x","volume":"640","author":"SR Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed, S. R. et al. Universal photonic artificial intelligence acceleration. Nature 640, 368\u2013374 (2025). A paper on a universal photonic processor for extensive AI workloads from commercial enterprises with near-electronic precision.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adv7434","volume":"390","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. All-optical synthesis chip for large-scale intelligent semantic vision generation. Science 390, 1259\u20131265 (2025). A paper on an all-optical chip for large-scale cutting-edge generative AI, such as high-resolution semantic generation, with millions of integrated optical neurons.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.68","volume":"10","author":"T Inagaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inagaki, T. et al. Large-scale Ising spin network based on degenerate optical parametric oscillators. Nat. Photon. 10, 415\u2013419 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-020-0376-5","volume":"3","author":"S Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Zhang, H. & Huang, Y.-P. Large-scale Ising emulation with four body interaction and all-to-all connections. Commun. Phys. 3, 108 (2020).","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"2264_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54776-z","volume":"15","author":"L Tong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tong, L. et al. Programmable nonlinear optical neuromorphic computing with bare 2D material MoS2. Nat. Commun. 15, 10290 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-022-00024-5","volume":"1","author":"K Sozos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sozos, K. et al. High-speed photonic neuromorphic computing using recurrent optical spectrum slicing neural networks. Commun. Eng. 1, 24 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Eng."},{"key":"2264_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09430-z","volume":"645","author":"KP Kalinin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kalinin, K. P. et al. Analog optical computer for AI inference and combinatorial optimization. Nature 645, 354\u2013361 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50677-3","volume":"15","author":"J Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng, J. et al. Multimodal deep learning using on-chip diffractive optics with in situ training capability. Nat. Commun. 15, 6189 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-023-00135-7","volume":"2","author":"M Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan, M. et al. Photonic signal processor based on a Kerr microcomb for real-time video image processing. Commun. Eng. 2, 94 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Eng."},{"key":"2264_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37257","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.572515","volume":"33","author":"S Yi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yi, S. et al. 32-bit photonic processor beyond noise limitation based on parallelized bit-slicing. Opt. Express 33, 37257\u201337266 (2025).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2764-0","volume":"586","author":"W Bogaerts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bogaerts, W. et al. Programmable photonic circuits. Nature 586, 207\u2013216 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl1203","volume":"384","author":"Z Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, Z. et al. Large-scale photonic chiplet Taichi empowers 160-TOPS\/W artificial general intelligence. Science 384, 202\u2013209 (2024).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.182","volume":"9","author":"C R\u00edos","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00edos, C. et al. Integrated all-photonic non-volatile multi-level memory. Nat. Photon. 9, 725\u2013732 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01153-w","volume":"17","author":"Z Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang, Z. et al. Ultra-low-energy programmable non-volatile silicon photonics based on phase-change materials with graphene heaters. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 842\u2013848 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00882-8","volume":"16","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Electrical tuning of phase-change antennas and metasurfaces. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 667\u2013672 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00881-9","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Electrically reconfigurable non-volatile metasurface using low-loss optical phase-change material. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 661\u2013666 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.247","volume":"10","author":"Q Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Optically reconfigurable metasurfaces and photonic devices based on phase change materials. Nat. Photon. 10, 60\u201365 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw6747","volume":"364","author":"S-Q Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, S.-Q. et al. Phase-only transmissive spatial light modulator based on tunable dielectric metasurface. Science 364, 1087\u20131090 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf6644","volume":"352","author":"M Khorasaninejad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khorasaninejad, M. et al. Metalenses at visible wavelengths: diffraction-limited focusing and subwavelength resolution imaging. Science 352, 1190\u20131194 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9120\/35\/1\/308","volume":"35","author":"KP Zetie","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zetie, K. P., Adams, S. F. & Tocknell, R. M. How does a Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer work? Phys. Educ. 35, 46\u201348 (2000).","journal-title":"Phys. Educ."},{"key":"2264_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03569","volume":"435","author":"Q Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Schmidt, B., Pradhan, S. & Lipson, M. Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator. Nature 435, 325\u2013327 (2005).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-00794-z","volume":"16","author":"JA Tomko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tomko, J. A. et al. Long-lived modulation of plasmonic absorption by ballistic thermal injection. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 47\u201351 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0031-4","volume":"556","author":"C Haffner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haffner, C. et al. Low-loss plasmon-assisted electro-optic modulator. Nature 556, 483\u2013486 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan5953","volume":"358","author":"M Ayata","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ayata, M. et al. High-speed plasmonic modulator in a single metal layer. Science 358, 630\u2013632 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.2.000001","volume":"2","author":"JW Goodman","year":"1978","unstructured":"Goodman, J. W., Dias, A. R. & Woody, L. M. Fully parallel, high-speed incoherent optical method for performing discrete Fourier transforms. Opt. Lett. 2, 1\u20133 (1978).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"2264_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27774-8","volume":"13","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. An optical neural network using less than 1 photon per multiplication. Nat. Commun. 13, 123 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55220-y","volume":"16","author":"S-Y Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma, S.-Y., Wang, T., Laydevant, J., Wright, L. G. & McMahon, P. L. Quantum-limited stochastic optical neural networks operating at a few quanta per activation. Nat. Commun. 16, 359 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00666-8","volume":"10","author":"S Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, S. et al. Optical coherent dot-product chip for sophisticated deep learning regression. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 221 (2021).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.93","volume":"11","author":"Y Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen, Y. et al. Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits. Nat. Photon. 11, 441\u2013446 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.001460","volume":"3","author":"WR Clements","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clements, W. R., Humphreys, P. C., Metcalf, B. J., Kolthammer, W. S. & Walmsley, I. A. Optimal design for universal multiport interferometers. Optica 3, 1460\u20131465 (2016).","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"2264_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03070-1","volume":"589","author":"J Feldmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feldmann, J. et al. Parallel convolutional processing using an integrated photonic tensor core. Nature 589, 52\u201358 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat8084","volume":"361","author":"X Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, X. et al. All-optical machine learning using diffractive deep neural networks. Science 361, 1004\u20131008 (2018).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00623-5","volume":"10","author":"O Kulce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kulce, O., Mengu, D., Rivenson, Y. & Ozcan, A. All-optical synthesis of an arbitrary linear transformation using diffractive surfaces. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 196 (2021).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-00439-9","volume":"10","author":"O Kulce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kulce, O., Mengu, D., Rivenson, Y. & Ozcan, A. All-optical information-processing capacity of diffractive surfaces. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 25 (2021).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35772-7","volume":"14","author":"T Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu, T. et al. Photonic machine learning with on-chip diffractive optics. Nat. Commun. 14, 70 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01567-z","volume":"18","author":"S Bandyopadhyay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay, S. et al. Single-chip photonic deep neural network with forward-only training. Nat. Photon. 18, 1335\u20131343 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade8450","volume":"380","author":"S Pai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pai, S. et al. Experimentally realized in situ backpropagation for deep learning in photonic neural networks. Science 380, 398\u2013404 (2023).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1364\/PRJ.7.000823","volume":"7","author":"E Khoram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khoram, E. et al. Nanophotonic media for artificial neural inference. Photon. Res. 7, 823\u2013827 (2019).","journal-title":"Photon. Res."},{"key":"2264_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01205-0","volume":"17","author":"T Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, T., Menarini, M., Gao, Z. & Feng, L. Lithography-free reconfigurable integrated photonic processor. Nat. Photon. 17, 710\u2013716 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01394-2","volume":"18","author":"V Nikkhah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nikkhah, V. et al. Inverse-designed low-index-contrast structures on a silicon photonics platform for vector\u2013matrix multiplication. Nat. Photon. 18, 501\u2013508 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30619-y","volume":"8","author":"J Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang, J., Sitzmann, V., Dun, X., Heidrich, W. & Wetzstein, G. Hybrid optical-electronic convolutional neural networks with optimized diffractive optics for image classification. Sci. Rep. 8, 12324 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2264_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023901","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.023901","volume":"123","author":"T Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan, T. et al. Fourier-space diffractive deep neural network. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 023901 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2264_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28702-0","volume":"13","author":"HH Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, H. H. et al. Space-efficient optical computing with an integrated chip diffractive neural network. Nat. Commun. 13, 1044 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056007","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.7.5.056007","volume":"7","author":"H Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, H. et al. Near-energy-free photonic Fourier transformation for convolution operation acceleration. Adv. Photon. 7, 056007 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22291-0","volume":"12","author":"H Sadeghzadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sadeghzadeh, H. & Koohi, S. Translation-invariant optical neural network for image classification. Sci. Rep. 12, 17232 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2264_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00809-5","volume":"11","author":"W Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, W. et al. LOEN: lensless opto-electronic neural network empowered machine vision. Light Sci. Appl. 11, 121 (2022).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55139-4","volume":"15","author":"A Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song, A., Murty Kottapalli, S. N., Goyal, R., Sch\u00f6lkopf, B. & Fischer, P. Low-power scalable multilayer optoelectronic neural networks enabled with incoherent light. Nat. Commun. 15, 10692 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3431","volume":"11","author":"NI Zheludev","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zheludev, N. I. & Kivshar, Y. S. From metamaterials to metadevices. Nat. Mater. 11, 917\u2013924 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2264_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2017.10.006","volume":"42","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Yang, L. T., Chen, Z. & Li, P. A survey on deep learning for big data. Inf. Fusion 42, 146\u2013157 (2018).","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"2264_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01706-9","volume":"14","author":"X Meng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meng, X. et al. High-integrated photonic tensor core utilizing high-dimensional lightwave and microwave multidomain multiplexing. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 27 (2025).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03063-0","volume":"589","author":"X Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. 11 TOPS photonic convolutional accelerator for optical neural networks. Nature 589, 44\u201351 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232009","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232009","volume":"339","author":"AV Kildishev","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kildishev, A. V., Boltasseva, A. & Shalaev, V. M. Planar photonics with metasurfaces. Science 339, 1232009 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-01971-2","volume":"14","author":"C-Y Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen, C.-Y. et al. Broadband unidirectional visible imaging using wafer-scale nano-fabrication of multi-layer diffractive optical processors. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 267 (2025).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01116-3","volume":"12","author":"B Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai, B. et al. All-optical image classification through unknown random diffusers using a single-pixel diffractive network. Light Sci. Appl. 12, 69 (2023).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adf8437","volume":"9","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Photonic unsupervised learning variational autoencoder for high-throughput and low-latency image transmission. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf8437 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2264_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24394","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.458610","volume":"30","author":"M Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song, M. et al. Single image dehazing algorithm based on optical diffraction deep neural networks. Opt. Express 30, 24394\u201324406 (2022).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01385-6","volume":"13","author":"\u00c7 I\u015f\u0131l","year":"2024","unstructured":"I\u015f\u0131l, \u00c7 et al. All-optical image denoising using a diffractive visual processor. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 43 (2024).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00844-2","volume":"11","author":"X Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, X. et al. Metasurface-enabled on-chip multiplexed diffractive neural networks in the visible. Light Sci. Appl. 11, 158 (2022).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00849-x","volume":"11","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, J., Hung, Y.-C., Kulce, O., Mengu, D. & Ozcan, A. Polarization multiplexed diffractive computing: all-optical implementation of a group of linear transformations through a polarization-encoded diffractive network. Light Sci. Appl. 11, 153 (2022).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01557-2","volume":"19","author":"H Zheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zheng, H. et al. Multichannel meta-imagers for accelerating machine vision. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 471\u2013478 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5392","volume":"358","author":"RC Devlin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Devlin, R. C., Ambrosio, A., Rubin, N. A., Mueller, J. P. B. & Capasso, F. Arbitrary spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion of light. Science 358, 896\u2013901 (2017).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00552-3","volume":"10","author":"M Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, M. et al. Multifunctional metasurfaces enabled by simultaneous and independent control of phase and amplitude for orthogonal polarization states. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 107 (2021).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s43593-025-00088-8","volume":"5","author":"X Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu, X. et al. Parallel optical computing capable of 100-wavelength multiplexing. eLight 5, 10 (2025).","journal-title":"eLight"},{"key":"2264_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01395-4","volume":"13","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. Photonic neuromorphic architecture for tens-of-task lifelong learning. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 56 (2024).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0615","volume":"12","author":"Z Duan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duan, Z., Chen, H. & Lin, X. Optical multi-task learning using multi-wavelength diffractive deep neural networks. Nanophotonics 12, 893\u2013903 (2023).","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"2264_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-021-00796-w","volume":"15","author":"T Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, T. et al. Large-scale neuromorphic optoelectronic computing with a reconfigurable diffractive processing unit. Nat. Photon. 15, 367\u2013373 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00719-9","volume":"5","author":"C Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. A programmable diffractive deep neural network based on a digital-coding metasurface array. Nat. Electron. 5, 113\u2013122 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2264_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-00951-x","volume":"6","author":"X Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, X. et al. Programmable surface plasmonic neural networks for microwave detection and processing. Nat. Electron. 6, 319\u2013328 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2264_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907105","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201907105","volume":"32","author":"X Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo, X. et al. Efficient all-optical plasmonic modulators with atomically thin van der Waals heterostructures. Adv. Mater. 32, 1907105 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2264_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800143","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.201800143","volume":"6","author":"H Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai, H. et al. All-optical and ultrafast tuning of terahertz plasmonic metasurfaces. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6, 1800143 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"2264_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17806-0","volume":"11","author":"M Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, M. et al. High-performance coherent optical modulators based on thin-film lithium niobate platform. Nat. Commun. 11, 3911 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"096101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5115243","volume":"4","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, X., Weigel, P. O., Zhao, J., Ruesing, M. & Mookherjea, S. Achieving beyond-100-GHz large-signal modulation bandwidth in hybrid silicon photonics Mach Zehnder modulators using thin film lithium niobate. APL Photon. 4, 096101 (2019).","journal-title":"APL Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33877-7","volume":"13","author":"Y Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, Y. et al. Nonlinear germanium-silicon photodiode for activation and monitoring in photonic neuromorphic networks. Nat. Commun. 13, 6048 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08969-6","volume":"10","author":"C Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Monolithic lithium niobate photonic circuits for Kerr frequency comb generation and modulation. Nat. Commun. 10, 978 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32894","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.405343","volume":"28","author":"W Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, W. et al. Ultrahigh-Q AlGaAs-on-insulator microresonators for integrated nonlinear photonics. Opt. Express 28, 32894\u201332906 (2020).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00491-x","volume":"8","author":"S Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, S. et al. Dispersion engineering and frequency comb generation in thin silicon nitride concentric microresonators. Nat. Commun. 8, 372 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00749-4","volume":"8","author":"A S\u00e4yn\u00e4tjoki","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e4yn\u00e4tjoki, A. et al. Ultra-strong nonlinear optical processes and trigonal warping in MoS2 layers. Nat. Commun. 8, 893 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-021-08904-w","volume":"50","author":"V Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, V. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of graphene: a review. J. Electron. Mater. 50, 3773\u20133799 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"2264_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42357","volume":"7","author":"J Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du, J. et al. Phosphorene quantum dot saturable absorbers for ultrafast fiber lasers. Sci. Rep. 7, 42357 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2264_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09620-9","volume":"649","author":"R Yanagimoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yanagimoto, R. et al. Programmable on-chip nonlinear photonics. Nature 649, 330\u2013337 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53371-6","volume":"15","author":"C Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, C. et al. Ultra-broadband all-optical nonlinear activation function enabled by MoTe2\/optical waveguide integrated devices. Nat. Commun. 15, 9047 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-025-00866-x","volume":"5","author":"T Yan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yan, T. et al. A complete photonic integrated neuron for nonlinear all-optical computing. Nat. Comput. Sci. 5, 1202\u20131213 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"2264_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-02029-z","volume":"14","author":"B Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, B. et al. Scaling up for end-to-end on-chip photonic neural network inference. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 328 (2025).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01493-0","volume":"18","author":"F Xia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia, F. et al. Nonlinear optical encoding enabled by recurrent linear scattering. Nat. Photon. 18, 1067\u20131075 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01529-8","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, J. & Ozcan, A. Nonlinear encoding in diffractive information processing using linear optical materials. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 173 (2024).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198","volume":"3","author":"W Shi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shi, W., Cao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, Y. & Xu, L. Edge computing: vision and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J. 3, 637\u2013646 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"2264_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65151-x","volume":"16","author":"S Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Photonic edge intelligence chip for multi-modal sensing, inference and learning. Nat. Commun. 16, 10136 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado8516","volume":"10","author":"Z Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. Pre-sensor computing with compact multilayer optical neural network. Sci. Adv. 10, eado8516 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2264_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq8271","volume":"378","author":"A Sludds","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sludds, A. et al. Delocalized photonic deep learning on the internet\u2019s edge. Science 378, 270\u2013276 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3061","volume":"4","author":"Z Gan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gan, Z., Cao, Y., Evans, R. A. & Gu, M. Three-dimensional deep sub-diffraction optical beam lithography with 9-nm feature size. Nat. Commun. 4, 2061 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00483-z","volume":"10","author":"E Goi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goi, E. et al. Nanoprinted high-neuron-density optical linear perceptrons performing near-infrared inference on a CMOS chip. Light Sci. Appl. 10, 40 (2021).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-025-01621-4","volume":"19","author":"H Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu, H. et al. All-optical image transportation through a multimode fibre using a miniaturized diffractive neural network on the distal facet. Nat. Photon. 19, 486\u2013493 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61338-4","volume":"16","author":"M Choi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Choi, M. et al. Transferable polychromatic optical encoder for neural networks. Nat. Commun. 16, 5623 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp0391","volume":"10","author":"K Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei, K. et al. Spatially varying nanophotonic neural networks. Sci. Adv. 10, eadp0391 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2264_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn2031","volume":"10","author":"T Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan, T. et al. Nanowatt all-optical 3D perception for mobile robotics. Sci. Adv. 10, eadn2031 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2264_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s43593-025-00106-9","volume":"5","author":"Y Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Bai, Y., Zhang, Q., Luan, H. & Gu, M. High-throughput optical neuromorphic graphic processing at millions of images per second. eLight 5, 29 (2025).","journal-title":"eLight"},{"key":"2264_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0437","volume":"12","author":"M Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu, M., Dong, Y., Yu, H., Luan, H. & Zhang, Q. Perspective on 3D vertically-integrated photonic neural networks based on VCSEL arrays. Nanophotonics 12, 827\u2013832 (2023).","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"2264_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-024-01603-y","volume":"19","author":"K Liao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liao, K. et al. Hetero-integrated perovskite\/Si3N4 on-chip photonic system. Nat. Photon. 19, 358\u2013368 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2017.209","volume":"12","author":"Y-Q Bie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bie, Y.-Q. et al. A MoTe2-based light-emitting diode and photodetector for silicon photonic integrated circuits. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 1124\u20131129 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2253","volume":"7","author":"F Qian","year":"2008","unstructured":"Qian, F. et al. Multi-quantum-well nanowire heterostructures for wavelength-controlled lasers. Nat. Mater. 7, 701\u2013706 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2264_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01298-w","volume":"12","author":"L Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi, L., Li, P., Zhang, X., Wong, K. M. & Lau, K. M. Monolithic full-color active-matrix micro-LED micro-display using InGaN\/AlGaInP heterogeneous integration. Light Sci. Appl. 12, 258 (2023).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-024-01561-8","volume":"13","author":"G Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan, G. et al. Harnessing the capabilities of VCSELs: unlocking the potential for advanced integrated photonic devices and systems. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 229 (2024).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-023-01233-w","volume":"17","author":"Z Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. Deep learning with coherent VCSEL neural networks. Nat. Photon. 17, 723\u2013730 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-019-0602-z","volume":"15","author":"N Fl\u00f6ry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fl\u00f6ry, N. et al. Waveguide-integrated van der Waals heterostructure photodetector at telecom wavelengths with high speed and high responsivity. Nat. Nanotechnol. 15, 118\u2013124 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01831-x","volume":"20","author":"B Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim, B. et al. Ultrahigh-gain colloidal quantum dot infrared avalanche photodetectors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 20, 237\u2013245 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-022-00755-5","volume":"5","author":"W Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Graphene charge-injection photodetectors. Nat. Electron. 5, 281\u2013288 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2264_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01593-y","volume":"19","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, F. et al. Multidimensional detection enabled by twisted black arsenic\u2013phosphorus homojunctions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 455\u2013462 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51599-w","volume":"15","author":"SM Koepfli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koepfli, S. M. et al. Controlling photothermoelectric directional photocurrents in graphene with over 400-GHz bandwidth. Nat. Commun. 15, 7351 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29026\/oes.2022.220010","volume":"1","author":"S Jiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiao, S. et al. All-optical logic gate computing for high-speed parallel information processing. Opto-Electron. Sci. 1, 220010 (2022).","journal-title":"Opto-Electron. Sci."},{"key":"2264_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4243","volume":"354","author":"T Inagaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Inagaki, T. et al. A coherent Ising machine for 2000-node optimization problems. Science 354, 603\u2013606 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2498","volume":"363","author":"NM Estakhri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Estakhri, N. M., Edwards, B. & Engheta, N. Inverse-designed metastructures that solve equations. Science 363, 1333\u20131338 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.557867","volume":"12","author":"W Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Photonic logic tensor computing beyond Tbit\/s per core. Optica 12, 1252\u20131260 (2025).","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"2264_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.473410","volume":"62","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Shi, M., Yu, A. & Xia, L. Design of multifunctional all-optical logic gates based on photonic crystal waveguides. Appl. Opt. 62, 774\u2013781 (2023).","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"2264_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802435","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201802435","volume":"30","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng, Z. et al. Device-level photonic memories and logic applications using phase-change materials. Adv. Mater. 30, 1802435 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2264_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17919-6","volume":"11","author":"Y Okawachi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okawachi, Y. et al. Demonstration of chip-based coupled degenerate optical parametric oscillators for realizing a nanophotonic spin-glass. Nat. Commun. 11, 4119 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59537-0","volume":"16","author":"B Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, B. et al. A monolithically integrated optical Ising machine. Nat. Commun. 16, 4296 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabh0952","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh0952","volume":"7","author":"T Honjo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Honjo, T. et al. 100,000-spin coherent Ising machine. Sci. Adv. 7, eabh0952 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2264_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213902","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.213902","volume":"122","author":"D Pierangeli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pierangeli, D., Marcucci, G. & Conti, C. Large-scale photonic Ising machine by spatial light modulation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 213902 (2019).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2264_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043902","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.127.043902","volume":"127","author":"Y Fang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Huang, J. & Ruan, Z. Experimental observation of phase transitions in spatial photonic Ising machine. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 043902 (2021).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2264_CR133","unstructured":"Goodman, J. W. Introduction to Fourier Optics 3rd edn (Roberts & Co., 2005)."},{"key":"2264_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242818","volume":"343","author":"A Silva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silva, A. et al. Performing mathematical operations with metamaterials. Science 343, 160\u2013163 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2264_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2024-0540","volume":"14","author":"C Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Wang, Y. & Huang, L. All-optical analog differential operation and information processing empowered by meta-devices. Nanophotonics 14, 1021\u20131044 (2025).","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"2264_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01297-9","volume":"18","author":"A Cordaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cordaro, A. et al. Solving integral equations in free space with inverse-designed ultrathin optical metagratings. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 365\u2013372 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.007008","volume":"21","author":"S Tan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tan, S. et al. All-optical computation system for solving differential equations based on optical intensity differentiator. Opt. Express 21, 7008\u20137013 (2013).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.003735","volume":"38","author":"S Tan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tan, S. et al. High-order all-optical differential equation solver based on microring resonators. Opt. Lett. 38, 3735\u20133738 (2013).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"2264_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59847-3","volume":"16","author":"Y Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang, Y. et al. Optical neural engine for solving scientific partial differential equations. Nat. Commun. 16, 4603 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016007","DOI":"10.1117\/1.AP.7.1.016007","volume":"7","author":"H Yuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuan, H. et al. Microcomb-driven photonic chip for solving partial differential equations. Adv. Photon. 7, 016007 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14474","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.014474","volume":"18","author":"P Dong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dong, P. et al. Low loss shallow-ridge silicon waveguides. Opt. Express 18, 14474\u201314479 (2010).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1876","volume":"3","author":"H Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, H., Chen, T., Li, J., Painter, O. & Vahala, K. J. Ultra-low-loss optical delay line on a silicon chip. Nat. Commun. 3, 867 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21973-z","volume":"12","author":"J Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. High-yield, wafer-scale fabrication of ultralow-loss, dispersion-engineered silicon nitride photonic circuits. Nat. Commun. 12, 2236 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27205-8","volume":"12","author":"E Lomonte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lomonte, E. et al. Single-photon detection and cryogenic reconfigurability in lithium niobate nanophotonic circuits. Nat. Commun. 12, 6847 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40502-8","volume":"14","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. High density lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Nat. Commun. 14, 4856 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38473-x","volume":"14","author":"W Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, W. et al. In-memory photonic dot-product engine with electrically programmable weight banks. Nat. Commun. 14, 2887 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg4391","volume":"9","author":"T Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, T., Wu, W., Zhang, J., Yu, S. & Fang, L. Ultrafast dynamic machine vision with spatiotemporal photonic computing. Sci. Adv. 9, eadg4391 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2264_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.536535","volume":"33","author":"F Ashtiani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashtiani, F. Programmable photonic latch memory. Opt. Express 33, 3501\u20133510 (2025).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-0325-9","volume":"9","author":"T Alexoudi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexoudi, T., Kanellos, G. T. & Pleros, N. Optical RAM and integrated optical memories: a survey. Light Sci. Appl. 9, 91 (2020).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2264_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01506-3","volume":"8","author":"J Feldmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feldmann, J. et al. Calculating with light using a chip-scale all-optical abacus. Nat. Commun. 8, 1256 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.126","volume":"11","author":"M Wuttig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wuttig, M., Bhaskaran, H. & Taubner, T. Phase-change materials for non-volatile photonic applications. Nat. Photon. 11, 465\u2013476 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39180-3","volume":"14","author":"R Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, R. et al. Non-volatile electrically programmable integrated photonics with a 5-bit operation. Nat. Commun. 14, 3465 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c00976","volume":"9","author":"R Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, R. et al. Opportunities and challenges for large-scale phase-change material integrated electro-photonics. ACS Photon. 9, 3181\u20133195 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09446-5","volume":"644","author":"S Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, S., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, H. & Ozcan, A. Optical generative models. Nature 644, 903\u2013911 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3066203","volume":"39","author":"SY Siew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siew, S. Y. et al. Review of silicon photonics technology and platform development. J. Light. Technol. 39, 4374\u20134389 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"2264_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2022.3200604","volume":"29","author":"MS Nezami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nezami, M. S. et al. Packaging and interconnect considerations in neuromorphic photonic accelerators. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 29, 1\u201311 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"2264_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023002","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7647\/ae60d5","volume":"8","author":"SM Popoff","year":"2026","unstructured":"Popoff, S. M. et al. A practical guide to digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs) for wavefront shaping. J. Phys. Photon. 8, 023002 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24614","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.429992","volume":"29","author":"M Pivnenko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pivnenko, M., Li, K. & Chu, D. Sub-millisecond switching of multi-level liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulators for increased information bandwidth. Opt. Express 29, 24614\u201324628 (2021).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-015-0866-7","volume":"10","author":"S Luo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luo, S., Wang, Y., Tong, X. & Wang, Z. Graphene-based optical modulators. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10, 199 (2015).","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"2264_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s44310-025-00075-4","volume":"2","author":"D P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2025","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, D. & Torrijos-Mor\u00e1n, L. Large-scale photonic processors and their applications. Npj Nanophoton 2, 32 (2025).","journal-title":"Npj Nanophoton"},{"key":"2264_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15533","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR01332H","volume":"16","author":"I Giannopoulos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Giannopoulos, I., Mochi, I., Vockenhuber, M., Ekinci, Y. & Kazazis, D. Extreme ultraviolet lithography reaches 5\u2009nm resolution. Nanoscale 16, 15533\u201315543 (2024).","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2264_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17075","DOI":"10.1038\/micronano.2017.75","volume":"3","author":"SV Sreenivasan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sreenivasan, S. V. Nanoimprint lithography steppers for volume fabrication of leading-edge semiconductor integrated circuits. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 3, 17075 (2017).","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"2264_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202101435","volume":"6","author":"L Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia, L. et al. Fabrication technologies for the on-chip integration of 2D materials. Small Methods 6, 2101435 (2022).","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"2264_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27552","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.526141","volume":"32","author":"U Adya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adya, U. et al. Post-processing of phase change material in a zero-change commercial silicon photonic process. Opt. Express 32, 27552\u201327562 (2024).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"2264_CR165","unstructured":"Yang, A. et al. Qwen2 Technical Report. Preprint at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.10671 (2024)."},{"key":"2264_CR166","unstructured":"Dosovitskiy, A. et al. An image is worth 16\u2009\u00d7\u200916 words: transformers for image recognition at scale. In Proc. International Conference on Learning Representations https:\/\/go.nature.com\/4y4eiTL (ICLR, 2021)."},{"key":"2264_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"De Marinis, L., Liboiron-Ladouceur, O. & Andriolli, N. Characterization and ENOB analysis of a reconfigurable linear optical processor. In Proc. OSA Advanced Photonics Congress (AP) 2020 (eds Caspani, L., Tauke-Pedretti, A., Leo, F. & Yang, B.) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364\/PSC.2020.PsW1F.4 (Optica Publishing Group, 2020).","DOI":"10.1364\/PSC.2020.PsW1F.4"},{"key":"2264_CR168","unstructured":"Lightmatter. Envise. https:\/\/lightmatter.co\/blog\/a-new-kind-of-computer\/ (2025)."},{"key":"2264_CR169","unstructured":"Neurophos. White paper Neurophos. https:\/\/11549dc2-0dc9-4363-9a47-d257d2a497cc.filesusr.com\/ugd\/79aa3c_85cd1a5477d44f4fa0e423c03ad0746c.pdf?index=true (2025)."},{"key":"2264_CR170","unstructured":"Lightstandard. Product. https:\/\/www.lightstandard.co\/gsxw\/93.html (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR171","unstructured":"Lightelligence. PACE2. https:\/\/lightelligence.ai\/index.php\/product\/PACE2.html (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR172","unstructured":"Neurophos. TULKAS. https:\/\/www.neurophos.com\/product (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR173","unstructured":"Lightelligence. Lightelligence. https:\/\/www.lightelligence.ai\/ (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10164","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3435937","volume":"46","author":"L Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. End-to-end autonomous driving: challenges and frontiers. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 46, 10164\u201310183 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"2264_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1145\/3717059","volume":"57","author":"H Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, H., Guo, D. & Cangelosi, A. Embodied intelligence: a synergy of morphology, action, perception and learning. ACM Comput. Surv. 57, 186 (2025).","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"2264_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28487-2","volume":"13","author":"C Bartolozzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bartolozzi, C., Indiveri, G. & Donati, E. Embodied neuromorphic intelligence. Nat. Commun. 13, 1024 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35746-9","volume":"14","author":"EF Perez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perez, E. F. et al. High-performance Kerr microresonator optical parametric oscillator on a silicon chip. Nat. Commun. 14, 242 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36639-1","volume":"14","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. A sub-wavelength Si LED integrated in a CMOS platform. Nat. Commun. 14, 882 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"080802","DOI":"10.1088\/0256-307X\/42\/8\/080802","volume":"42","author":"Y Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu, Y. et al. Artificial intelligence in nanophotonics: from design to optical computing. Chin. Phys. Lett. 42, 080802 (2025).","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2264_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0246-9","volume":"12","author":"S Molesky","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molesky, S. et al. Inverse design in nanophotonics. Nat. Photon. 12, 659\u2013670 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-0685-y","volume":"15","author":"W Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, W. et al. Deep learning for the design of photonic structures. Nat. Photon. 15, 77\u201390 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Photon."},{"key":"2264_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-024-01449-6","volume":"10","author":"WF Reinhart","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reinhart, W. F. & Statt, A. Large language models design sequence-defined macromolecules via evolutionary optimization. NPJ Comput. Mater. 10, 262 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Comput. Mater."},{"key":"2264_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09384-2","volume":"645","author":"A Momeni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Momeni, A. et al. Training of physical neural networks. Nature 645, 53\u201361 (2025). A review paper on training strategies for physical neural networks, including backpropagation-based and backpropagation-free approaches.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2264_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35506-9","volume":"14","author":"B Bai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai, B. et al. Microcomb-based integrated photonic processing unit. Nat. Commun. 14, 66 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021332","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0191977","volume":"11","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Diffractive deep neural networks: theories, optimization and applications. Appl. Phys. Rev. 11, 021332 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"2264_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39047-7","volume":"14","author":"M Churaev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Churaev, M. et al. A heterogeneously integrated lithium niobate-on-silicon nitride photonic platform. Nat. Commun. 14, 3499 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31405-1","volume":"13","author":"C Mackin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mackin, C. et al. Optimised weight programming for analogue memory-based deep neural networks. Nat. Commun. 13, 3765 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0059-3","volume":"1","author":"X Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Scaling for edge inference of deep neural networks. Nat. Electron. 1, 216\u2013222 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"2264_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01665-7","volume":"19","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wan, T., Ma, S. & Chai, Y. Multidimensional vision sensors for information processing. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 919\u2013930 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2264_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19608-w","volume":"11","author":"D P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, D., L\u00f3pez, A., DasMahapatra, P. & Capmany, J. Multipurpose self-configuration of programmable photonic circuits. Nat. Commun. 11, 6359 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2264_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-022-00370-6","volume":"2","author":"H-C Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, H.-C., Wang, Z. & Hsu, C. W. Fast multi-source nanophotonic simulations using augmented partial factorization. Nat. Comput. Sci. 2, 815\u2013822 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"2264_CR192","unstructured":"NVIDIA Corporation. NVIDIA DGX B300. https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/en-us\/data-center\/hgx\/ (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR193","unstructured":"NVIDIA Corporation. NVIDIA GeForce RTX 5090. https:\/\/images.nvidia.com\/aem-dam\/Solutions\/geforce\/blackwell\/nvidia-rtx-blackwell-gpu-architecture.pdf (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR194","unstructured":"NVIDIA Corporation. NVIDIA Jetson Xavier. https:\/\/info.nvidia.com\/rs\/156-OFN-742\/images\/Jetson_AGX_Xavier_New_Era_Autonomous_Machines.pdf (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR195","unstructured":"Lightmatter. l200. https:\/\/lightmatter.co\/products\/l200\/ (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR196","unstructured":"Lightmatter. Passage-M1000-EVK. https:\/\/lightmatter.co\/products\/passage-m1000-evk\/ (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR197","unstructured":"Lightelligence. PACE. https:\/\/lightelligence.ai\/index.php\/product\/pace-photonic-arithmetic-computing-engine-ai.html (2026)."},{"key":"2264_CR198","unstructured":"LightOn. LightOn. https:\/\/hc33.hotchips.org\/assets\/program\/posters\/HotChips_LigthOn_Aug2021.pdf (2021)."}],"container-title":["Nature Nanotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-026-02264-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-026-02264-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-026-02264-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T15:03:33Z","timestamp":1794409413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41565-026-02264-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41565-026-02264-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-3387","1748-3395"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-3387","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-3395","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}