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All grants were paid to the institution. T.H.H.C. declares no competing interests. L.L. declares no competing interests. The laboratory of J.L.R. is supported by a Future Leaders Fellowship award from the UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council (UKRI MRC grant number MR\/W011786\/1), a Cancer Research UK (CRUK) early detection project award (CRUK; EDDPJT-Nov22\/100042), a CRUK Biology to prevention award (PRCBTP-Nov23\/100012), a CRUK City of London PhD studentship (CANCTA-2022\/100001), National Institute For Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR UCL BRC; BRC907\/CN\/JR\/101330) and project (BRC1232\/HI\/JR\/101440) awards, a consortium award from the International Alliance for Cancer Early Detection in Immunology (CRUK ACED; ACEPGM-2022\/10000) and Interception (ACEPGM-2024\/100004), an MRC-DTP PhD studentship (MR\/N013867\/1), and ACED PhD studentships. J.L.R. is lead co-inventor on a patent filed to harness T cell differentiation to detect pre-invasive and early invasive human neoplasia (nos. WO2024068614A1 and WO2024068606A1). J.L.R. is a member of the Cancer Research UK Population Prevention Research Funding Committee, the EMC UK Cancer Prevention Trials Network steering committee and the INSERM, Pre-neoplasia Funding Committee. S.S. reports personal fees from Agence nationale de la recherche (France), Krebsliga Schweiz (Switzerland), KWF Kankerbestrijding (Netherlands), Fonds de la recherche scientifique (Belgium), Austrian Research Funding, Belgian Foundation against Cancer, and serving as an Associate Editor for\n                      Oncogenesis\n                      (Springer Nature, London, UK), and consultant for Essoras co. E.S. declares no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}