{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:10:10Z","timestamp":1789463410131,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Cancer"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-026-00977-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:10:21Z","timestamp":1789459821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Viral mimicry escape as a necessary feature of malignant transformation"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8609-0542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aobo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5vard T.","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel D.","family":"De Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-040620-022145","volume":"54","author":"JN Wells","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wells, J. N. & Feschotte, C. A field guide to eukaryotic transposable elements. Annu. Rev. Genet. 54, 539\u2013561 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"977_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabk3112","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abk3112","volume":"376","author":"SJ Hoyt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoyt, S. J. et al. From telomere to telomere: the transcriptional and epigenetic state of human repeat elements. Science 376, eabk3112 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"977_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.09.001","volume":"9","author":"HT Lindholm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lindholm, H. T., Chen, R. & De Carvalho, D. D. Endogenous retroelements as alarms for disruptions to cellular homeostasis. Trends Cancer 9, 55\u201368 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"977_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.011","volume":"162","author":"KB Chiappinelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiappinelli, K. B. et al. Inhibiting DNA methylation causes an interferon response in cancer via dsRNA including endogenous retroviruses. Cell 162, 974\u2013986 (2015). Together with Roulois et al. (2015), this study was the first to determine that inhibiting DNA methylation could lead to cell death through upregulation of endogenous dsRNA.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.056","volume":"162","author":"D Roulois","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roulois, D. et al. DNA-demethylating agents target colorectal cancer cells by inducing viral mimicry by endogenous transcripts. Cell 162, 961\u2013973 (2015). This study identified activation of antiviral pathways by endogenous cytosolic dsRNA as viral mimicry.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0506","volume":"11","author":"R Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, R., Ishak, C. A. & De Carvalho, D. D. Endogenous retroelements and the viral mimicry response in cancer therapy and cellular homeostasis. Cancer Discov. 11, 2707\u20132725 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.052","volume":"174","author":"W Sheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sheng, W. et al. LSD1 ablation stimulates anti-tumor immunity and enables checkpoint blockade. Cell 174, 549\u2013563.e19 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.031","volume":"184","author":"EA Bowling","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bowling, E. A. et al. Spliceosome-targeted therapies trigger an antiviral immune response in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell 184, 384\u2013403.e21 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2844-1","volume":"588","author":"P Mehdipour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehdipour, P. et al. Epigenetic therapy induces transcription of inverted SINEs and ADAR1 dependency. Nature 588, 169\u2013173 (2020). This article first described IR-Alus as the trigger for viral mimicry from epigenetic therapy and describes how A-to-I editing of RNA can regulate viral mimicry activation.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21904-y","volume":"12","author":"W Qiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiu, W. et al. N6-Methyladenosine RNA modification suppresses antiviral innate sensing pathways via reshaping double-stranded RNA. Nat. Commun. 12, 1582 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0488","volume":"4","author":"KA Cottrell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cottrell, K. A. et al. Induction of viral mimicry upon loss of DHX9 and ADAR1 in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. Commun. 4, 986\u20131003 (2024).","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-0486","volume":"14","author":"T Murayama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Murayama, T. et al. Targeting DHX9 triggers tumor-intrinsic interferon response and replication stress in small cell lung cancer. Cancer Discov. 14, 468\u2013491 (2024).","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113684","volume":"43","author":"A Hosseini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hosseini, A. et al. Retroelement decay by the exonuclease XRN1 is a viral mimicry dependency in cancer. Cell Rep. 43, 113684 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113600","volume":"43","author":"T Zou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zou, T. et al. XRN1 deletion induces PKR-dependent cell lethality in interferon-activated cancer cells. Cell Rep. 43, 113600 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-0094","volume":"15","author":"CA Ishak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ishak, C. A. et al. Chronic viral mimicry induction following p53 loss promotes immune evasion. Cancer Discov. 15, 793\u2013817 (2025). This paper establishes that p53 regulates the presence of endogenous dsRNA in cells and associated activation of viral mimicry, emphasizing the clear connection between cancer progression, viral mimicry activation and the need for viral mimicry escape.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13035-2","volume":"10","author":"Y Kong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kong, Y. et al. Transposable element expression in tumors is associated with immune infiltration and increased antigenicity. Nat. Commun. 10, 5228 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadj9283","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adj9283","volume":"16","author":"AV Annapragada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Annapragada, A. V. et al. Genome-wide repeat landscapes in cancer and cell-free DNA. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadj9283 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"977_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-0313","volume":"13","author":"MS Taylor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taylor, M. S. et al. Ultrasensitive detection of circulating LINE-1 ORF1p as a specific multicancer biomarker. Cancer Discov. 13, 2532\u20132547 (2023). LINE1 ORF1p is described as a promising biomarker for multiple cancers, emphasizing how repeat expression is directly connected to cancer development.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2024.06.006","volume":"35","author":"J Rehwinkel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rehwinkel, J. & Mehdipour, P. ADAR1: from basic mechanisms to inhibitors. Trends Cell Biol. 35, 59\u201373 (2025).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"977_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.08.080","volume":"13","author":"N Paz-Yaacov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paz-Yaacov, N. et al. Elevated RNA editing activity is a major contributor to transcriptomic diversity in tumors. Cell Rep. 13, 267\u2013276 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02264-1","volume":"10","author":"R Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, R. et al. Pattern recognition receptors: function, regulation and therapeutic potential. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 10, 216 (2025).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"977_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0784-9","volume":"566","author":"M De Cecco","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Cecco, M. et al. L1 drives IFN in senescent cells and promotes age-associated inflammation. Nature 566, 73\u201378 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.016","volume":"172","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmad, S. et al. Breaching self-tolerance to Alu duplex RNA underlies MDA5-mediated inflammation. Cell 172, 797\u2013810.e13 (2018). This article invented the MDA5 protection assay and provided direct evidence for IR-Alus activating MDA5.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.07.029","volume":"71","author":"Y Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, Y. et al. PKR senses nuclear and mitochondrial signals by interacting with endogenous double-stranded RNAs. Mol. Cell 71, 1051\u20131063.e6 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"977_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58433-x","volume":"16","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmad, S. et al. PACT prevents aberrant activation of PKR by endogenous dsRNA without sequestration. Nat. Commun. 16, 3325 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2025.101011","volume":"5","author":"P \u0160ulc","year":"2025","unstructured":"\u0160ulc, P. et al. Repeats mimic pathogen-associated patterns across a vast evolutionary landscape. Cell Genomics 5, 101011 (2025). This paper develops a statistical model to test whether specific molecular features are over-represented in genomes, thereby inferring selective pressures, and apply it to the human genome where they find positive selection favouring dsRNA-forming sequences and CpG motifs.","journal-title":"Cell Genomics"},{"key":"977_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0363-0","volume":"560","author":"A Dhir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhir, A. et al. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA triggers antiviral signalling in humans. Nature 560, 238\u2013242 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8764","DOI":"10.1021\/bi301226h","volume":"51","author":"B Husain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Husain, B., Mukerji, I. & Cole, J. L. Analysis of high-affinity binding of protein kinase R to double-stranded RNA. Biochemistry 51, 8764\u20138770 (2012).","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"977_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04974-w","volume":"607","author":"R de Reuver","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Reuver, R. et al. ADAR1 prevents autoinflammation by suppressing spontaneous ZBP1 activation. Nature 607, 784\u2013789 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04896-7","volume":"607","author":"NW Hubbard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hubbard, N. W. et al. ADAR1 mutation causes ZBP1-dependent immunopathology. Nature 607, 769\u2013775 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04878-9","volume":"607","author":"H Jiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiao, H. et al. ADAR1 averts fatal type I interferon induction by ZBP1. Nature 607, 776\u2013783 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04753-7","volume":"606","author":"T Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, T. et al. ADAR1 masks the cancer immunotherapeutic promise of ZBP1-driven necroptosis. Nature 606, 594\u2013602 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2129-8","volume":"580","author":"H Jiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiao, H. et al. Z-nucleic-acid sensing triggers ZBP1-dependent necroptosis and inflammation. Nature 580, 391\u2013395 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05545-9","volume":"613","author":"MP Crossley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crossley, M. P. et al. R-loop-derived cytoplasmic RNA\u2013DNA hybrids activate an immune response. Nature 613, 187\u2013194 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.09.029","volume":"82","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, W. & Pyle, A. M. The RIG-I receptor adopts two different conformations for distinguishing host from viral RNA ligands. Mol. Cell 82, 4131\u20134144.e6 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"977_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","volume":"339","author":"L Sun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sun, L., Wu, J., Du, F., Chen, X. & Chen, Z. J. Cyclic GMP\u2013AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway. Science 339, 786\u2013791 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"977_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229963","volume":"339","author":"J Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, J. et al. Cyclic GMP\u2013AMP is an endogenous second messenger in innate immune signaling by cytosolic DNA. Science 339, 826\u2013830 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"977_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06947-z","volume":"626","author":"ET Baldwin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baldwin, E. T. et al. Structures, functions and adaptations of the human LINE-1 ORF2 protein. Nature 626, 194\u2013206 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344127","volume":"44","author":"N Bhat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhat, N. & Fitzgerald, K. A. Recognition of cytosolic DNA by cGAS and other STING-dependent sensors. Eur. J. Immunol. 44, 634\u2013640 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.03.003","volume":"348","author":"SL Martin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martin, S. L. et al. LINE-1 retrotransposition requires the nucleic acid chaperone activity of the ORF1 protein. J. Mol. Biol. 348, 549\u2013561 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1722352","volume":"254","author":"SL Mathias","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mathias, S. L., Scott, A. F., Kazazian, H. H., Boeke, J. D. & Gabriel, A. Reverse transcriptase encoded by a human transposable element. Science 254, 1808\u20131810 (1991).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"977_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81997-2","volume":"87","author":"Q Feng","year":"1996","unstructured":"Feng, Q., Moran, J. V., Kazazian, H. H. & Boeke, J. D. Human L1 retrotransposon encodes a conserved endonuclease required for retrotransposition. Cell 87, 905\u2013916 (1996).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.10.012","volume":"60","author":"AJ Doucet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doucet, A. J., Wilusz, J. E., Miyoshi, T., Liu, Y. & Moran, J. V. A 3\u2019 poly(A) tract is required for LINE-1 retrotransposition. Mol. Cell 60, 728\u2013741 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"977_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2023-0134","volume":"102","author":"S Mathavarajah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathavarajah, S. & Dellaire, G. LINE-1: an emerging initiator of cGAS\u2013STING signalling and inflammation that is dysregulated in disease. Biochem. Cell Biol. Biochim. Biol. Cell. 102, 38\u201346 (2024).","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol. Biochim. Biol. Cell."},{"key":"977_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.02.014","volume":"29","author":"M Simon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simon, M. et al. LINE1 derepression in aged wild-type and SIRT6-deficient mice drives inflammation. Cell Metab. 29, 871\u2013885.e5 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"977_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadl6173","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl6173","volume":"385","author":"M-J Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, M.-J. et al. Mutant IDH1 inhibition induces dsDNA sensing to activate tumor immunity. Science 385, eadl6173 (2024).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"977_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.2365-2375.1999","volume":"73","author":"B Berkhout","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berkhout, B., Jebbink, M. & Zs\u00edros, J. Identification of an active reverse transcriptase enzyme encoded by a human endogenous HERV-K retrovirus. J. Virol. 73, 2365\u20132375 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"977_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23449","volume":"548","author":"KJ Mackenzie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mackenzie, K. J. et al. cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity. Nature 548, 461\u2013465 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53515-8","volume":"15","author":"S Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng, S. et al. Inhibiting EZH2 targets atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor by triggering viral mimicry via both RNA and DNA sensing pathways. Nat. Commun. 15, 9321 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202302424","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202302424","volume":"7","author":"Y Sato","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sato, Y. & Hayashi, M. T. Micronucleus is not a potent inducer of the cGAS\/STING pathway. Life Sci. Alliance 7, e202302424 (2024).","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"977_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2103585118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2103585118","volume":"118","author":"PJ Flynn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flynn, P. J., Koch, P. D. & Mitchison, T. J. Chromatin bridges, not micronuclei, activate cGAS after drug-induced mitotic errors in human cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2103585118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"977_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13631","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250477397","volume":"97","author":"CH Yang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yang, C. H. et al. IFNalpha\/beta promotes cell survival by activating NF-kB. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 13631\u201313636 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"977_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092818-015756","volume":"6","author":"JW Schoggins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schoggins, J. W. Interferon-stimulated genes: what do they all do? Annu. Rev. Virol. 6, 567\u2013584 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"977_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.06.041","volume":"146","author":"F Hou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hou, F. et al. MAVS forms functional prion-like aggregates to activate and propagate antiviral innate immune response. Cell 146, 448\u2013461 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081315","volume":"300","author":"S Sharma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sharma, S. et al. Triggering the interferon antiviral response through an IKK-related pathway. Science 300, 1148\u20131151 (2003).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"977_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8555","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.21.8555","volume":"87","author":"XY Fu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fu, X. Y., Kessler, D. S., Veals, S. A., Levy, D. E. & Darnell, J. E. ISGF3, the transcriptional activator induced by interferon alpha, consists of multiple interacting polypeptide chains. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 8555\u20138559 (1990).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"977_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8929","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.23.8929","volume":"83","author":"D Levy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Levy, D., Larner, A., Chaudhuri, A., Babiss, L. E. & Darnell, J. E. Interferon-stimulated transcription: isolation of an inducible gene and identification of its regulatory region. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8929\u20138933 (1986).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"977_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6394","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.18.6394","volume":"84","author":"N Reich","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reich, N. et al. Interferon-induced transcription of a gene encoding a 15-kDa protein depends on an upstream enhancer element. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 84, 6394\u20136398 (1987).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"977_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1112","volume":"48","author":"M Csumita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Csumita, M. et al. Specific enhancer selection by IRF3, IRF5 and IRF9 is determined by ISRE half-sites, 5\u2019 and 3\u2019 flanking bases, collaborating transcription factors and the chromatin environment in a combinatorial fashion. Nucleic Acids Res. 48, 589\u2013604 (2020).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"977_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42013","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.165936","volume":"285","author":"S Schmid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schmid, S., Mordstein, M., Kochs, G., Garc\u00eda-Sastre, A. & Tenoever, B. R. Transcription factor redundancy ensures induction of the antiviral state. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 42013\u201342022 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"977_CR61","first-page":"1821","volume":"7","author":"M Chawla-Sarkar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chawla-Sarkar, M., Leaman, D. W. & Borden, E. C. Preferential induction of apoptosis by interferon (IFN)-\u03b2 compared with IFN-\u03b12: correlation with TRAIL\/Apo2L induction in melanoma cell lines. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 1821\u20131831 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7257","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.207068","volume":"286","author":"M Stawowczyk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stawowczyk, M., Van Scoy, S., Kumar, K. P. & Reich, N. C. The interferon stimulated gene 54 promotes apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 7257\u20137266 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"977_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5662","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.16.5662-5668.2002","volume":"22","author":"J ten Hoeve","year":"2002","unstructured":"ten Hoeve, J. et al. Identification of a nuclear Stat1 protein tyrosine phosphatase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 5662\u20135668 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90374-N","volume":"62","author":"E Meurs","year":"1990","unstructured":"Meurs, E. et al. Molecular cloning and characterization of the human double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induced by interferon. Cell 62, 379\u2013390 (1990).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90087-6","volume":"1","author":"AS Dighe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dighe, A. S., Richards, E., Old, L. J. & Schreiber, R. D. Enhanced in vivo growth and resistance to rejection of tumor cells expressing dominant negative IFN gamma receptors. Immunity 1, 447\u2013456 (1994).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"977_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0116-5","volume":"24","author":"I Ca\u00f1adas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1adas, I. et al. Tumor innate immunity primed by specific interferon-stimulated endogenous retroviruses. Nat. Med. 24, 1143\u20131150 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"977_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41620","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103674200","volume":"276","author":"X Saelens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saelens, X., Kalai, M. & Vandenabeele, P. Translation inhibition in apoptosis: caspase-dependent PKR activation and eIF2-\u03b1 phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 41620\u201341628 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"977_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4532","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.13.4532-4542.2000","volume":"20","author":"MC Bonnet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bonnet, M. C., Weil, R., Dam, E., Hovanessian, A. G. & Meurs, E. F. PKR stimulates NF-kB irrespective of its kinase function by interacting with the IkB kinase complex. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 4532\u20134542 (2000).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aag2045","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aag2045","volume":"1","author":"T Kuriakose","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuriakose, T. et al. ZBP1\/DAI is an innate sensor of influenza virus triggering the NLRP3 inflammasome and programmed cell death pathways. Sci. Immunol. 1, aag2045 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.01.016","volume":"11","author":"JW Upton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Upton, J. W., Kaiser, W. J. & Mocarski, E. S. DAI\/ZBP1\/DLM-1 complexes with RIP3 to mediate virus-induced programmed necrosis that is targeted by murine cytomegalovirus vIRA. Cell Host Microbe 11, 290\u2013297 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"977_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6427","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.6427","volume":"181","author":"WJ Kaiser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaiser, W. J., Upton, J. W. & Mocarski, E. S. Receptor-interacting protein homotypic interaction motif-dependent control of NF-kappa B activation via the DNA-dependent activator of IFN regulatory factors. J. Immunol. 181, 6427\u20136434 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2009.109","volume":"10","author":"M Rebsamen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rebsamen, M. et al. DAI\/ZBP1 recruits RIP1 and RIP3 through RIP homotypic interaction motifs to activate NF-kB. EMBO Rep. 10, 916\u2013922 (2009).","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"977_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01757-9","volume":"9","author":"Q Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, Q. et al. NF-\u03baB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 9, 53 (2024).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"977_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06013","volume":"448","author":"A Takaoka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takaoka, A. et al. DAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature 448, 501\u2013505 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116314","volume":"44","author":"Q Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. ZBP1 pathway promotes tumor immunogenicity in the combination of anti-HER2 therapy and epigenetic therapy. Cell Rep. 44, 116314 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.14","volume":"16","author":"BS Parker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parker, B. S., Rautela, J. & Hertzog, P. J. Antitumour actions of interferons: implications for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 16, 131\u2013144 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"977_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7540","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.12.7540","volume":"178","author":"JB Swann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Swann, J. B. et al. Type I IFN contributes to NK cell homeostasis, activation, and antitumor function. J. Immunol. 178, 7540\u20137549 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000900","volume":"185","author":"SL Ellis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ellis, S. L. et al. The cell-specific induction of CXC chemokine ligand 9 mediated by IFN-\u03b3 in microglia of the central nervous system is determined by the myeloid transcription factor PU.1. J. Immunol. 185, 1864\u20131877 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050821","volume":"202","author":"GA Kolumam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kolumam, G. A., Thomas, S., Thompson, L. J., Sprent, J. & Murali-Krishna, K. Type I interferons act directly on CD8 T cells to allow clonal expansion and memory formation in response to viral infection. J. Exp. Med. 202, 637\u2013650 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"977_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.05.002","volume":"37","author":"A Nishiyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nishiyama, A. & Nakanishi, M. Navigating the DNA methylation landscape of cancer. Trends Genet. 37, 1012\u20131027 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"977_CR81","first-page":"3225","volume":"61","author":"M Esteller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Esteller, M., Corn, P. G., Baylin, S. B. & Herman, J. G. A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer. Cancer Res. 61, 3225\u20133229 (2001).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00286709","volume":"83","author":"V Greger","year":"1989","unstructured":"Greger, V., Passarge, E., H\u00f6pping, W., Messmer, E. & Horsthemke, B. Epigenetic changes may contribute to the formation and spontaneous regression of retinoblastoma. Hum. Genet. 83, 155\u2013158 (1989).","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"977_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9700","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.9700","volume":"91","author":"JG Herman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Herman, J. G. et al. Silencing of the VHL tumor-suppressor gene by DNA methylation in renal carcinoma. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9700\u20139704 (1994).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"977_CR84","first-page":"4525","volume":"55","author":"JG Herman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Herman, J. G. et al. Inactivation of the CDKN2\/p16\/MTS1 gene is frequently associated with aberrant DNA methylation in all common human cancers. Cancer Res. 55, 4525\u20134530 (1995).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/11.19.6883","volume":"11","author":"MA Gama-Sosa","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gama-Sosa, M. A. et al. The 5-methylcytosine content of DNA from human tumors. Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 6883\u20136894 (1983).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"977_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3889","volume":"49","author":"D Brocks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brocks, D. et al. DNMT and HDAC inhibitors induce cryptic transcription start sites encoded in long terminal repeats. Nat. Genet. 49, 1052\u20131060 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"977_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.4362006","volume":"16","author":"RA Rollins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rollins, R. A. et al. Large-scale structure of genomic methylation patterns. Genome Res. 16, 157\u2013163 (2006).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"977_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13100-025-00366-9","volume":"16","author":"A Chaaban","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chaaban, A., Sleem, R., Santina, J., Rima, M. & Ibrahim, J.-N. Exploring transposable elements: new horizons in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Mob. DNA 16, 28 (2025).","journal-title":"Mob. DNA"},{"key":"977_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-3485","volume":"83","author":"T Kanholm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kanholm, T. et al. Oncogenic transformation drives DNA methylation loss and transcriptional activation at transposable element loci. Cancer Res. 83, 2584\u20132599 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00213-9","volume":"2","author":"M Scheller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scheller, M. et al. Hotspot DNMT3A mutations in clonal hematopoiesis and acute myeloid leukemia sensitize cells to azacytidine via viral mimicry response. Nat. Cancer 2, 527\u2013544 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"977_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-014-0031-6","volume":"5","author":"DM Roy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roy, D. M., Walsh, L. A. & Chan, T. A. Driver mutations of cancer epigenomes. Protein Cell 5, 265\u2013296 (2014).","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"977_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.244848.114","volume":"28","author":"S Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Setdb1 is required for germline development and silencing of H3K9me3-marked endogenous retroviruses in primordial germ cells. Genes. Dev. 28, 2041\u20132055 (2014).","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"977_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.10.021","volume":"64","author":"CA Ishak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ishak, C. A. et al. An RB\u2013EZH2 complex mediates silencing of repetitive DNA sequences. Mol. Cell 64, 1074\u20131087 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"977_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03520-4","volume":"595","author":"GK Griffin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Griffin, G. K. et al. Epigenetic silencing by SETDB1 suppresses tumour intrinsic immunogenicity. Nature 595, 309\u2013314 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201612160","volume":"216","author":"TL Cuellar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cuellar, T. L. et al. Silencing of retrotransposons by SETDB1 inhibits the interferon response in acute myeloid leukemia. J. Cell Biol. 216, 3535\u20133549 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"977_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP106249","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.106249","volume":"14","author":"L Lau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lau, L. et al. KDM5 demethylases suppress R-loop-mediated \u2018viral mimicry\u2019 and DNA damage in breast cancer cells. eLife 14, RP106249 (2025).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"977_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1531","volume":"37","author":"MF Fraga","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fraga, M. F. et al. Loss of acetylation at Lys16 and trimethylation at Lys20 of histone H4 is a common hallmark of human cancer. Nat. Genet. 37, 391\u2013400 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"977_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202201832","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201832","volume":"6","author":"H Lindehell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lindehell, H., Schwartz, Y. B. & Larsson, J. Methylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 is required to control transposon activities in somatic cells. Life Sci. Alliance 6, e202201832 (2023).","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"977_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a026468","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a026468","volume":"7","author":"CC Fahey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fahey, C. C. & Davis, I. J. Setting the stage for cancer development: SETD2 and the consequences of lost methylation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 7, a026468 (2017).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"977_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1038-1","volume":"567","author":"BA Nacev","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nacev, B. A. et al. The expanding landscape of \u2018oncohistone\u2019 mutations in human cancers. Nature 567, 473\u2013478 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11185","volume":"7","author":"H Nikbakht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nikbakht, H. et al. Spatial and temporal homogeneity of driver mutations in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Nat. Commun. 7, 11185 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232245","volume":"340","author":"PW Lewis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lewis, P. W. et al. Inhibition of PRC2 activity by a gain-of-function H3 mutation found in pediatric glioblastoma. Science 340, 857\u2013861 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"977_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.04.004","volume":"35","author":"B Krug","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krug, B. et al. Pervasive H3K27 acetylation leads to ERV expression and a therapeutic vulnerability in H3K27M gliomas. Cancer Cell 35, 782\u2013797.e8 (2019).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"977_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2012.00114","volume":"2","author":"KF Ginn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ginn, K. F. & Gajjar, A. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor: current therapy and future directions. Front. Oncol. 2, 114 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"977_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.07.001","volume":"34","author":"A Kahles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kahles, A. et al. Comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing across tumors from 8,705 patients. Cancer Cell 34, 211\u2013224.e6 (2018).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"977_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-015-0168-9","volume":"7","author":"H Dvinge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dvinge, H. & Bradley, R. K. Widespread intron retention diversifies most cancer transcriptomes. Genome Med. 7, 45 (2015).","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"977_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00541-7","volume":"23","author":"RK Bradley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bradley, R. K. & Anczuk\u00f3w, O. RNA splicing dysregulation and the hallmarks of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 23, 135\u2013155 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"977_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.10.005","volume":"30","author":"L Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Transcriptomic characterization of SF3B1 mutation reveals its pleiotropic effects in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Cell 30, 750\u2013763 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"977_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00549-2","volume":"19","author":"R Dhanasekaran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dhanasekaran, R. et al. The MYC oncogene \u2014 the grand orchestrator of cancer growth and immune evasion. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 19, 23\u201336 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"977_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14985","volume":"525","author":"TY-T Hsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hsu, T. Y.-T. et al. The spliceosome is a therapeutic vulnerability in MYC-driven cancer. Nature 525, 384\u2013388 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-12-236","volume":"12","author":"P Deininger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deininger, P. Alu elements: know the SINEs. Genome Biol. 12, 236 (2011).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"977_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.004","volume":"53","author":"SM McWhirter","year":"2020","unstructured":"McWhirter, S. M. & Jefferies, C. A. Nucleic acid sensors as therapeutic targets for human disease. Immunity 53, 78\u201397 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"977_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01024-4","volume":"18","author":"Q Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, Q. et al. PRMT inhibition induces a viral mimicry response in triple-negative breast cancer. Nat. Chem. Biol. 18, 821\u2013830 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2025.03.023","volume":"85","author":"Z-H Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, Z.-H. et al. ZBP1 senses splicing aberration through Z-RNA to promote cell death. Mol. Cell 85, 1775\u20131789.e5 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"977_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116384","volume":"44","author":"X Jiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jiang, X. et al. Spliceosome inhibition induces Z-RNA and ZBP1-driven cell death in small cell lung cancer. Cell Rep. 44, 116384 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.03.025","volume":"188","author":"A Baluapuri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baluapuri, A. et al. Integrator loss leads to dsRNA formation that triggers the integrated stress response. Cell 188, 3184\u20133201.e21 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado4370","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ado4370","volume":"17","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. The mRNA export pathway licenses viral mimicry response and antitumor immunity by actively exporting nuclear retroelement transcripts. Sci. Transl. Med. 17, eado4370 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"977_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68850-1","volume":"17","author":"F Larsen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Larsen, F. et al. Viral mimicry acts as a tumor suppressor in colitis. Nat. Commun. 17, 1313 (2026). This is one of the few articles describing how viral mimicry activation is an important bottleneck in early cancer evolution.","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19107","volume":"204","author":"FA De Castro","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Castro, F. A. et al. Ratio of stemness to interferon signalling as a biomarker and therapeutic target of myeloproliferative neoplasm progression to acute myeloid leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 204, 206\u2013220 (2024).","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"977_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-1493","volume":"10","author":"G Deblois","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deblois, G. et al. Epigenetic switch-induced viral mimicry evasion in chemotherapy-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Discov. 10, 1312\u20131329 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112016","volume":"42","author":"H-T Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, H.-T. et al. RNA mis-splicing drives viral mimicry response after DNMTi therapy in SETD2-mutant kidney cancer. Cell Rep. 42, 112016 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-023-01114-y","volume":"25","author":"R Weigert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weigert, R. et al. Dynamic antagonism between key repressive pathways maintains the placental epigenome. Nat. Cell Biol. 25, 579\u2013591 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"977_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e183745","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI183745","volume":"135","author":"D Seetharam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seetharam, D. et al. Activating antiviral immune responses potentiates immune checkpoint inhibition in glioblastoma models. J. Clin. Invest. 135, e183745 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"977_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658241","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.658241","volume":"12","author":"Y Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Zhang, Y. & Sun, Y. Comprehensive analysis of the expression characteristics of the enhancer of the Zeste Homolog 2 gene in pan-cancer. Front. Genet. 12, 658241 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"977_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887385","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.887385","volume":"10","author":"Y Duan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Du, Y., Gu, Z., Zheng, X. & Wang, C. Expression, prognostic value, and functional mechanism of the KDM5 family in pancreatic cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 887385 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR126","first-page":"1","volume":"2021","author":"L Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, L., Wang, Y., Mou, Y., Wu, H. & Qin, Y. KDM1A identified as a potential oncogenic driver and prognostic biomarker via multi-omics analysis. Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol. 2021, 1\u201318 (2021).","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"977_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5754","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3953","volume":"78","author":"M Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, M. et al. Dual inhibition of DNA and histone methyltransferases increases viral mimicry in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Res. 78, 5754\u20135766 (2018).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadk4423","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk4423","volume":"10","author":"AA Chomiak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chomiak, A. A. et al. Select EZH2 inhibitors enhance viral mimicry effects of DNMT inhibition through a mechanism involving NFAT:AP-1 signaling. Sci. Adv. 10, eadk4423 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"977_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215899","volume":"548","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. DNMT and EZH2 inhibitors synergize to activate therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 548, 215899 (2022).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"977_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07214-1","volume":"7","author":"D Hidaoui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hidaoui, D. et al. Targeting heterochromatin eliminates chronic myelomonocytic leukemia malignant stem cells through reactivation of retroelements and immune pathways. Commun. Biol. 7, 1555 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf8627","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf8627","volume":"8","author":"AM Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen, A. M. et al. H3K9 dimethylation safeguards cancer cells against activation of the interferon pathway. Sci. Adv. 8, eabf8627 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"977_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113704","volume":"43","author":"M Rivera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rivera, M. et al. Malignant A-to-I RNA editing by ADAR1 drives T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse via attenuating dsRNA sensing. Cell Rep. 43, 113704 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.10.015","volume":"57","author":"S Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, S. et al. Cancer cells restrict immunogenicity of retrotransposon expression via distinct mechanisms. Immunity 57, 2879\u20132894.e11 (2024). This article emphasises the importance of viral mimicry escape for cancer cell survival by describing how tumours can both use A-to-I editing or expression of LINE1 ORF1p protein to escape immune stress from dsRNA.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"977_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.09.018","volume":"83","author":"S-B Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu, S.-B. et al. ADAR1p150 prevents MDA5 and PKR activation via distinct mechanisms to avert fatal autoinflammation. Mol. Cell 83, 3869\u20133884.e7 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"977_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.038","volume":"172","author":"H Chung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chung, H. et al. Human ADAR1 prevents endogenous RNA from triggering translational shutdown. Cell 172, 811\u2013824.e14 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0168-5","volume":"20","author":"S Zaccara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zaccara, S., Ries, R. J. & Jaffrey, S. R. Reading, writing and erasing mRNA methylation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 608\u2013624 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"977_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3001292","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001292","volume":"19","author":"H Terajima","year":"2021","unstructured":"Terajima, H. et al. N6-Methyladenosine promotes induction of ADAR1-mediated A-to-I RNA editing to suppress aberrant antiviral innate immune responses. PLoS Biol. 19, e3001292 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"977_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0275-z","volume":"20","author":"R Winkler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winkler, R. et al. m6A modification controls the innate immune response to infection by targeting type I interferons. Nat. Immunol. 20, 173\u2013182 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03135-1","volume":"591","author":"T Chelmicki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chelmicki, T. et al. m6A RNA methylation regulates the fate of endogenous retroviruses. Nature 591, 312\u2013316 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.003","volume":"52","author":"Y Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, Y. et al. m6A modification prevents formation of endogenous double-stranded RNAs and deleterious innate immune responses during hematopoietic development. Immunity 52, 1007\u20131021.e8 (2020).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"977_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-73211-z","volume":"17","author":"Y Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. m6A modification suppresses innate anti-tumour immunity in colorectal cancer by limiting Alu-derived dsRNA accumulation. Nat. Commun. 17, 6428 (2026).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-0007","volume":"13","author":"AA Guirguis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guirguis, A. A. et al. Inhibition of METTL3 results in a cell-intrinsic interferon response that enhances antitumor immunity. Cancer Discov. 13, 2228\u20132247 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-023-00829-2","volume":"46","author":"L Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu, L. et al. METTL3 suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression through activating endogenous dsRNA-induced anti-tumor immunity. Cell. Oncol. 46, 1529\u20131541 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"977_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21715","volume":"544","author":"T Akta\u015f","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akta\u015f, T. et al. DHX9 suppresses RNA processing defects originating from the Alu invasion of the human genome. Nature 544, 115\u2013119 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009549","volume":"17","author":"TC Montavon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montavon, T. C. et al. Human DICER helicase domain recruits PKR and modulates its antiviral activity. PLoS Pathog. 17, e1009549 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"977_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11668","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad839","volume":"51","author":"B Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, B. et al. ADAR1 links R-loop homeostasis to ATR activation in replication stress response. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, 11668\u201311687 (2023).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"977_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-1317","volume":"15","author":"E You","year":"2025","unstructured":"You, E. et al. LINE-1 ORF1p mimics viral innate immune evasion mechanisms in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov. 15, 1063\u20131082 (2025). This article describes how the repeat protein, LINE1 ORF1p, contributes to viral mimicry escape from endogenous dsRNA, emphasizing the complicated relationship between repeats and viral mimicry activation.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153067","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1153067","volume":"14","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. A pan-cancer analysis of the expression and molecular mechanism of DHX9 in human cancers. Front. Pharmacol. 14, 1153067 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"977_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-3052","volume":"83","author":"X-B Ran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ran, X.-B. et al. Targeting RNA exonuclease XRN1 potentiates efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 83, 922\u2013938 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1109","volume":"3","author":"CI Jones","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jones, C. I., Zabolotskaya, M. V. & Newbury, S. F. The 5\u2032\u2009\u2192\u20093\u2032 exoribonuclease XRN1\/Pacman and its functions in cellular processes and development. WIREs RNA 3, 455\u2013468 (2012).","journal-title":"WIREs RNA"},{"key":"977_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm8780","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm8780","volume":"8","author":"E Mugarza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mugarza, E. et al. Therapeutic KRASG12C inhibition drives effective interferon-mediated antitumor immunity in immunogenic lung cancers. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm8780 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"977_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado8758","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ado8758","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Oncogenic KRAS drives immunosuppression of colorectal cancer by impairing DDX60-mediated dsRNA accumulation and viral mimicry. Sci. Immunol. 9, eado8758 (2024). This paper presents evidence that oncogenic KRAS mutations drive viral mimicry escape in CRC, leading to immunosuppression, and further suggests DDX60 overexpression could make immunologically cold tumours hot and improve response to immune checkpoint inhibition therapy.","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-025-01639-y","volume":"47","author":"Y Tu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tu, Y. et al. DNMT inhibition epigenetically restores the cGAS\u2013STING pathway and activates RIG\u2013I\/MDA5\u2013MAVS to enhance antitumor immunity. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 47, 197\u2013208 (2026).","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"977_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-017-0120-0","volume":"37","author":"H Konno","year":"2018","unstructured":"Konno, H. et al. Suppression of STING signaling through epigenetic silencing and missense mutation impedes DNA damage mediated cytokine production. Oncogene 37, 2037\u20132051 (2018).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"977_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01812","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01812-19","volume":"94","author":"I Lo Cigno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lo Cigno, I. et al. Human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein subverts host innate immunity via SUV39H1-mediated epigenetic silencing of immune sensor genes. J. Virol. 94, e01812\u2013e01819 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"977_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2006134","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006134","volume":"16","author":"L Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, L. et al. KDM5 histone demethylases repress immune response via suppression of STING. PLoS Biol. 16, e2006134 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"977_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114033","volume":"157","author":"H Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng, H. et al. Epigenetically suppressed tumor cell intrinsic STING promotes tumor immune escape. Biomed. Pharmacother. 157, 114033 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"977_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.102230","volume":"51","author":"T Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, T. et al. m6A methyltransferase METTL3 promotes non-small-cell lung carcinoma progression by inhibiting the RIG-I\u2013MAVS innate immune pathway. Transl. Oncol. 51, 102230 (2025).","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"977_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EMBJ2022112408","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112408","volume":"42","author":"J Yi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yi, J. et al. CircPVT1 promotes ER-positive breast tumorigenesis and drug resistance by targeting ESR1 and MAVS. EMBO J. 42, EMBJ2022112408 (2023).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"977_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114618","volume":"43","author":"K Sinigaglia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sinigaglia, K. et al. An ADAR1 dsRBD3\u2013PKR kinase domain interaction on dsRNA inhibits PKR activation. Cell Rep. 43, 114618 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109858","volume":"37","author":"R Karki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karki, R. et al. ADAR1 restricts ZBP1-mediated immune response and PANoptosis to promote tumorigenesis. Cell Rep. 37, 109858 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"977_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58412-2","volume":"16","author":"L Manjunath","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manjunath, L. et al. Cooperative role of PACT and ADAR1 in preventing aberrant PKR activation by self-derived double-stranded RNA. Nat. Commun. 16, 3246 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.038","volume":"164","author":"S Jain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jain, S. et al. ATPase-modulated stress granules contain a diverse proteome and substructure. Cell 164, 487\u2013498 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"977_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.03.010","volume":"83","author":"M Paget","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paget, M. et al. Stress granules are shock absorbers that prevent excessive innate immune responses to dsRNA. Mol. Cell 83, 1180\u20131196.e8 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"977_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3378","volume":"24","author":"K Arimoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arimoto, K. et al. STAT2 is an essential adaptor in USP18-mediated suppression of type I interferon signaling. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 24, 279\u2013289 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109593","volume":"27","author":"V Jov\u00e9","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jov\u00e9, V. et al. Type I interferon regulation by USP18 is a key vulnerability in cancer. iScience 27, 109593 (2024).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"977_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35348-5","volume":"14","author":"K Arimoto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arimoto, K. et al. Expansion of interferon inducible gene pool via USP18 inhibition promotes cancer cell pyroptosis. Nat. Commun. 14, 251 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(82)90395-3","volume":"162","author":"SM Taylor","year":"1982","unstructured":"Taylor, S. M. & Jones, P. A. Mechanism of action of eukaryotic DNA methyltransferase. J. Mol. Biol. 162, 679\u2013692 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.10-3-176","volume":"10","author":"E Kaminskas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaminskas, E., Farrell, A. T., Wang, Y.-C., Sridhara, R. & Pazdur, R. FDA drug approval summary: azacitidine (5-azacytidine, Vidaza) for injectable suspension. Oncologist 10, 176\u2013182 (2005).","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"977_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-4498","volume":"28","author":"N Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, N. et al. FDA approval summary: decitabine and cedazuridine tablets for myelodysplastic syndromes. Clin. Cancer Res. 28, 3411\u20133416 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-1696","volume":"80","author":"H Ohtani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ohtani, H. et al. Activation of a subset of evolutionarily young transposable elements and innate immunity are linked to clinical responses to 5-azacytidine. Cancer Res. 80, 2441\u20132450 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00185-w","volume":"2","author":"KL Morel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morel, K. L. et al. EZH2 inhibition activates a dsRNA\u2013STING\u2013interferon stress axis that potentiates response to PD-1 checkpoint blockade in prostate cancer. Nat. Cancer 2, 444\u2013456 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"977_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011650","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-011650","volume":"13","author":"D Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu, D. et al. EZH2 inhibition and 5-azacytidine enhance antitumor immunity in PTEN-deficient glioblastoma by activation viral mimicry response. J. Immunother. Cancer 13, e011650 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"977_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04132-9","volume":"9","author":"M Kato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kato, M., Takemoto, K. & Shinkai, Y. A somatic role for the histone methyltransferase Setdb1 in endogenous retrovirus silencing. Nat. Commun. 9, 1683 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03994-2","volume":"598","author":"S-M Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, S.-M. et al. KDM5B promotes immune evasion by recruiting SETDB1 to silence retroelements. Nature 598, 682\u2013687 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-3523","volume":"82","author":"D Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan, D. et al. SETDB1 restrains endogenous retrovirus expression and antitumor immunity during radiotherapy. Cancer Res. 82, 2748\u20132760 (2022).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2025.05.007","volume":"281","author":"H Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Epigenetically targeting PRMT5 promotes antitumor immunity by inducing endogenous retroviruses expression and triggering viral mimicry response. Transl. Res. 281, 55\u201368 (2025).","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"977_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23465","volume":"548","author":"S Goel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goel, S. et al. CDK4\/6 inhibition triggers anti-tumour immunity. Nature 548, 471\u2013475 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"977_CR179","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06654037 (2026)."},{"key":"977_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.01.008","volume":"30","author":"LA Crews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Crews, L. A. et al. Reversal of malignant ADAR1 splice isoform switching with rebecsinib. Cell Stem Cell 30, 250\u2013263.e6 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"977_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08005-y","volume":"8","author":"GJ Lockbaum","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lockbaum, G. J. et al. Characterization of exoribonuclease XRN1 as a cancer target and identification of adenosine-3\u2019,5\u2019-bisphosphate as a potent enzyme inhibitor. Commun. Biol. 8, 589 (2025).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.07.006","volume":"29","author":"H Loo Yau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loo Yau, H., Ettayebi, I. & De Carvalho, D. D. The cancer epigenome: exploiting its vulnerabilities for immunotherapy. Trends Cell Biol. 29, 31\u201343 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"977_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0306-5","volume":"20","author":"AD Waldman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waldman, A. D., Fritz, J. M. & Lenardo, M. J. A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20, 651\u2013668 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.01.038","volume":"81","author":"H Loo Yau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loo Yau, H. et al. DNA hypomethylating agents increase activation and cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells. Mol. Cell 81, 1469\u20131483.e8 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"977_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39943-y","volume":"14","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Loss of PHF8 induces a viral mimicry response by activating endogenous retrotransposons. Nat. Commun. 14, 4225 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"977_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fischl, H. et al. Inhibition of METTL3 by STC-15 induces RNA misprocessing that results in dsRNA formation and activates innate immunity. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2025.12.05.692335 (2025).","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.05.692335"},{"key":"977_CR187","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05584111 (2025)."},{"key":"977_CR188","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06975293 (2025)."},{"key":"977_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00768-0","volume":"6","author":"R Tao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tao, R. et al. Sintilimab for relapsed\/refractory extranodal NK\/T cell lymphoma: a multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 trial (ORIENT-4). Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 6, 365 (2021).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"977_CR190","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03228836 (2026)."},{"key":"977_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-25-0587","volume":"15","author":"C Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, C. et al. Priming with DNMT inhibitors potentiates PD-1 immunotherapy by triggering viral mimicry in relapsed\/refractory NK\/T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Discov. 15, 2450\u20132467 (2025). This article describes one of the first cancer trials showing that inducing viral mimicry with DNMT inhibiting drugs could augment anti-PD1 immunotherapy.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1989.054.01.003","volume":"54","author":"CA Janeway","year":"1989","unstructured":"Janeway, C. A. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 54, 1\u201313 (1989).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"977_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.005015","volume":"12","author":"P Matzinger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Matzinger, P. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 991\u20131045 (1994).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01027-3","volume":"24","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Jiang, W. & Zhou, R. DAMP sensing and sterile inflammation: intracellular, intercellular and inter-organ pathways. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 24, 703\u2013719 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-1202","volume":"11","author":"E Espinet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Espinet, E. et al. Aggressive PDACs show hypomethylation of repetitive elements and the execution of an intrinsic IFN program linked to a ductal cell of origin. Cancer Discov. 11, 638\u2013659 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"977_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.09.003","volume":"9","author":"H Cheon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheon, H., Wang, Y., Wightman, S. M., Jackson, M. W. & Stark, G. R. How cancer cells make and respond to interferon-I. Trends Cancer 9, 83\u201392 (2023).","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"977_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.05.005","volume":"38","author":"LM Snell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Snell, L. M., McGaha, T. L. & Brooks, D. G. Type I interferon in chronic virus infection and cancer. Trends Immunol. 38, 542\u2013557 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"977_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.203","volume":"32","author":"H Cheon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheon, H. et al. IFN\u03b2-dependent increases in STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 mediate resistance to viruses and DNA damage. EMBO J. 32, 2751\u20132763 (2013).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"977_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-4191","volume":"27","author":"C De Angelis","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Angelis, C. et al. Activation of the IFN signaling pathway is associated with resistance to CDK4\/6 inhibitors and immune checkpoint activation in ER-positive breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 27, 4870\u20134882 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"977_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0224-x","volume":"29","author":"N Jacquelot","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacquelot, N. et al. Sustained type I interferon signaling as a mechanism of resistance to PD-1 blockade. Cell Res. 29, 846\u2013861 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"977_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809242105","volume":"105","author":"RR Weichselbaum","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weichselbaum, R. R. et al. An interferon-related gene signature for DNA damage resistance is a predictive marker for chemotherapy and radiation for breast cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 18490\u201318495 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"977_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127ra37","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003689","volume":"4","author":"JM Taube","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taube, J. M. et al. Colocalization of inflammatory response with B7-H1 expression in human melanocytic lesions supports an adaptive resistance mechanism of immune escape. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 127ra37 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"977_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2528281123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2528281123","volume":"123","author":"AT Milcarek","year":"2026","unstructured":"Milcarek, A. T. et al. Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA fuels pancreatic cancer growth via RIG-I\/TLR3 inflammation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 123, e2528281123 (2026).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41568-026-00977-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41568-026-00977-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41568-026-00977-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:10:26Z","timestamp":1789459826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41568-026-00977-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":203,"alternative-id":["977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41568-026-00977-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1474-175X","1474-1768"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1474-175X","type":"print"},{"value":"1474-1768","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 August 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"D.D.D.C. previously received research funding from Pfizer and is a shareholder, co-founder and CSO of Adela. The other authors declare no competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}