{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T09:25:36Z","timestamp":1794302736282,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Endocrinol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00690-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T07:03:08Z","timestamp":1654498988000},"page":"525-539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1140,"title":["The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2471-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dunya","family":"Tomic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9507-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianna J.","family":"Magliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"690_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/414782a","volume":"414","author":"P Zimmet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M. & Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 414, 782\u2013787 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"690_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.26.2.77","volume":"26","author":"MJ Fowler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fowler, M. J. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Clin. Diabetes 26, 77\u201382 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes"},{"key":"690_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70219-0","volume":"3","author":"AD Shah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shah, A. D. et al. Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1\u00b79 million people. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 3, 105\u2013113 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.3.699","volume":"27","author":"AG Bertoni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bertoni, A. G. et al. Heart failure prevalence, incidence, and mortality in the elderly with diabetes. Diabetes Care 27, 699\u2013703 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310799","volume":"370","author":"EW Gregg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gregg, E. W. et al. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990\u20132010. N. Engl. J. Med. 370, 1514\u20131523 (2014).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"690_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30010-9","volume":"4","author":"EW Gregg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gregg, E. W., Sattar, N. & Ali, M. K. The changing face of diabetes complications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 4, 537\u2013547 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30314-3","volume":"391","author":"EW Gregg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gregg, E. W. et al. Trends in cause-specific mortality among adults with and without diagnosed diabetes in the USA: an epidemiological analysis of linked national survey and vital statistics data. Lancet 391, 2430\u20132440 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"690_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2308","volume":"39","author":"JL Harding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harding, J. L., Shaw, J. E., Peeters, A., Davidson, S. & Magliano, D. J. Age-specific trends from 2000\u20132011 in all-cause and cause-specific mortality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study of more than one million people. Diabetes Care 39, 1018\u20131026 (2016).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30431-9","volume":"9","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard, J. et al. Trends in predominant causes of death in individuals with and without diabetes in England from 2001 to 2018: an epidemiological analysis of linked primary care records. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 9, 165\u2013173 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0728-6","volume":"17","author":"TR Einarson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Einarson, T. R., Acs, A., Ludwig, C. & Panton, U. H. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007\u20132017. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 17, 83 (2018).","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"690_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.001","volume":"50","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard, J., Buckley, J., Cicek, M. & Gregg, E. W. The changing nature of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 50, 357\u2013368 (2021).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"690_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00288-6","volume":"10","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard, J. et al. Trends in leading causes of hospitalisation of adults with diabetes in England from 2003 to 2018: an epidemiological analysis of linked primary care records. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10, 46\u201357 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00379-4","volume":"4","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard, J., Blundell, S., Harris, T., Cook, D. G. & Critchley, J. Diabetes and infection: assessing the association with glycaemic control in population-based studies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 4, 148\u2013158 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1539","volume":"30","author":"KG Tolman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tolman, K. G., Fonseca, V., Dalpiaz, A. & Tan, M. H. Spectrum of liver disease in type 2 diabetes and management of patients with diabetes and liver disease. Diabetes Care 30, 734\u2013743 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1588","volume":"39","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S. et al. Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for dementia in women compared with men: a pooled analysis of 2.3 million people comprising more than 100,000 cases of dementia. Diabetes Care 39, 300\u2013307 (2016).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g7607","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7607","volume":"350","author":"KK Tsilidis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsilidis, K. K., Kasimis, J. C., Lopez, D. S., Ntzani, E. E. & Ioannidis, J. P. Type 2 diabetes and cancer: umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMJ 350, g7607 (2015).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"690_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4711-2","volume":"62","author":"JL Harding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harding, J. L., Pavkov, M. E., Magliano, D. J., Shaw, J. E. & Gregg, E. W. Global trends in diabetes complications: a review of current evidence. Diabetologia 62, 3\u201316 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118498.35499.B2","volume":"109","author":"B Unal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Unal, B., Critchley, J. A. & Capewell, S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation 109, 1101\u20131107 (2004).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"690_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30222-1","volume":"4","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard, J., Ezzati, M. & Gregg, E. W. Multimorbidity \u2014 a defining challenge for health systems. Lancet Public. Health 4, e599\u2013e600 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Public. Health"},{"key":"690_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.31.3049","volume":"29","author":"L Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, L., Cheung, W. Y., Atkinson, E. & Krzyzanowska, M. K. Impact of comorbidity on chemotherapy use and outcomes in solid tumors: a systematic review. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 106\u2013117 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"690_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.5935","volume":"27","author":"TP Srokowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Srokowski, T. P., Fang, S., Hortobagyi, G. N. & Giordano, S. H. Impact of diabetes mellitus on complications and outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy in older patients with breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2170\u20132176 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"690_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22726","volume":"109","author":"CP Gross","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gross, C. P., McAvay, G. J., Guo, Z. & Tinetti, M. E. The impact of chronic illnesses on the use and effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. Cancer 109, 2410\u20132419 (2007).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27503","volume":"131","author":"JL Harding","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harding, J. L. et al. All-cause cancer mortality over 15 years in multi-ethnic Mauritius: the impact of diabetes and intermediate forms of glucose tolerance. Int. J. Cancer 131, 2385\u20132393 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26165","volume":"130","author":"C Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int. J. Cancer 130, 1639\u20131648 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.12.007","volume":"4","author":"HB El-Serag","year":"2006","unstructured":"El-Serag, H. B., Hampel, H. & Javadi, F. The association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 369\u2013380 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i9.1697","volume":"23","author":"AC Desbois","year":"2017","unstructured":"Desbois, A. C. & Cacoub, P. Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and hepatitis C virus infection: a contemporary review. World J. Gastroenterol. 23, 1697\u20131711 (2017).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"690_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602619","volume":"92","author":"R Huxley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huxley, R., Ansary-Moghaddam, A., Berrington De Gonz\u00e1lez, A., Barzi, F. & Woodward, M. Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Br. J. Cancer 92, 2076\u20132083 (2005).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407143310203","volume":"331","author":"L Gullo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gullo, L. et al. Diabetes and the risk of pancreatic cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 81\u201384 (1994).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"690_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1723","volume":"4","author":"L Gershell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gershell, L. Type 2 diabetes market. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4, 367\u2013368 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"690_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3884-9","volume":"59","author":"B Carstensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carstensen, B. et al. Cancer incidence in persons with type 1 diabetes: a five-country study of 9,000 cancers in type 1 diabetic individuals. Diabetologia 59, 980\u2013988 (2016).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9617-y","volume":"26","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 26, 863\u2013876 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"690_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9229","volume":"100","author":"KMJ De Bruijn","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Bruijn, K. M. J. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between diabetes mellitus and incidence and mortality in breast and colorectal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 100, 1421\u20131429 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"690_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2055-1","volume":"57","author":"L Deng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Deng, L., Gui, Z., Zhao, L., Wang, J. & Shen, L. Diabetes mellitus and the incidence of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 57, 1576\u20131585 (2012).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"690_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.07.095","volume":"135","author":"C Liao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liao, C., Zhang, D., Mungo, C., Andrew Tompkins, D. & Zeidan, A. M. Is diabetes mellitus associated with increased incidence and disease-specific mortality in endometrial cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Gynecol. Oncol. 135, 163\u2013171 (2014).","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"690_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5748-4","volume":"19","author":"L Saed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saed, L. et al. The effect of diabetes on the risk of endometrial cancer: an updated a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 19, 527 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0681-5","volume":"50","author":"E Friberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friberg, E., Orsini, N., Mantzoros, C. S. & Wolk, A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of endometrial cancer: A meta-analysis. Diabetologia 50, 1365\u20131374 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539513488795","volume":"25","author":"T Anothaisintawee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anothaisintawee, T. et al. Risk factors of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asia-Pac. J. Public Health 25, 368\u2013387 (2013).","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"690_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22717","volume":"121","author":"SC Larsson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Larsson, S. C., Mantzoros, C. S. & Wolk, A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer 121, 856\u2013862 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.414","volume":"107","author":"P Boyle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boyle, P. et al. Diabetes and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer 107, 1608\u20131617 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21730","volume":"118","author":"S Rinaldi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rinaldi, S. et al. Anthropometric measures, endogenous sex steroids and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: a study within the EPIC cohort. Int. J. Cancer 118, 2832\u20132839 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.6.1752","volume":"26","author":"KB Michels","year":"2003","unstructured":"Michels, K. B. et al. Type 2 diabetes and subsequent incidence of breast cancer in the nurses\u2019 health study. Diabetes Care 26, 1752\u20131758 (2003).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170084","volume":"12","author":"HK Bronsveld","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bronsveld, H. K. et al. Diabetes and breast cancer subtypes. PLoS ONE 12, e0170084 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"690_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.04.005","volume":"130","author":"D Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Li, N., Xi, Y., Zhao, Y. & Wang, T. Diabetes mellitus and risk of ovarian cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 130, 43\u201352 (2017).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"690_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006396","volume":"96","author":"L Weng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weng, L., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Wang, B. & Liu, H. Association between diabetes mellitus and subsequent ovarian cancer in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medicine 96, e6396 (2017).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"690_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040137","volume":"10","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, L., Zhong, L., Xu, B., Chen, M. & Huang, H. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. BMJ Open 10, e040137 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"690_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e31828189b2","volume":"23","author":"JY Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, J. Y. et al. Diabetes mellitus and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 23, 402\u2013412 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1415-6","volume":"47","author":"S Bonovas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bonovas, S., Filioussi, K. & Tsantes, A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia 47, 1071\u20131078 (2004).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12043","volume":"104","author":"K Shikata","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shikata, K., Ninomiya, T. & Kiyohara, Y. Diabetes mellitus and cancer risk: review of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Sci. 104, 9\u201314 (2013).","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"690_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4097","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.8.4097","volume":"13","author":"XJ Long","year":"2012","unstructured":"Long, X. J., Lin, S., Sun, Y. N. & Zheng, Z. F. Diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer risk in Asian countries: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Preven. 13, 4097\u20134100 (2012).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Preven."},{"key":"690_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2015.30.3.263","volume":"30","author":"EJ Rhee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rhee, E. J. Diabetes in Asians. Endocrinol. Metab. 30, 263\u2013269 (2015).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"690_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-013-0334-6","volume":"25","author":"L Bensimon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bensimon, L., Yin, H., Suissa, S., Pollak, M. N. & Azoulay, L. Type 2 diabetes and the risk of mortality among patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 25, 329\u2013338 (2014).","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"690_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2242-1","volume":"54","author":"JA Johnson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson, J. A., Bowker, S. L., Richardson, K. & Marra, C. A. Time-varying incidence of cancer after the onset of type 2 diabetes: evidence of potential detection bias. Diabetologia 54, 2263\u20132271 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2525-1","volume":"55","author":"JA Johnson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Johnson, J. A. et al. Diabetes and cancer (1): evaluating the temporal relationship between type 2 diabetes and cancer incidence. Diabetologia 55, 1607\u20131618 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1996","volume":"38","author":"JL Harding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harding, J. L., Shaw, J. E., Peeters, A., Cartensen, B. & Magliano, D. J. Cancer risk among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: disentangling true associations, detection bias, and reverse causation. Diabetes Care 38, 264\u2013270 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30150-5","volume":"6","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard, J. et al. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to diabetes and high body-mass index: a comparative risk assessment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, e6\u2013e15 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2051-6","volume":"54","author":"SC Larsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larsson, S. C. & Wolk, A. Diabetes mellitus and incidence of kidney cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia 54, 1013\u20131018 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058079","volume":"8","author":"X Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS ONE 8, e58079 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"690_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05338-7","volume":"64","author":"IY Gong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gong, I. Y. et al. Association between diabetes and haematological malignancies: a population-based study. Diabetologia 64, 540\u2013551 (2021).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0666","volume":"33","author":"E Giovannucci","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giovannucci, E. et al. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. Diabetes Care 33, 1674\u20131685 (2010).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.912","volume":"25","author":"D Weinstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weinstein, D., Simon, M., Yehezkel, E., Laron, Z. & Werner, H. Insulin analogues display IGF-I-like mitogenic and anti-apoptotic activities in cultured cancer cells. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 25, 41\u201349 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"690_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00048.2018","volume":"34","author":"SM Najjar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Najjar, S. M. & Perdomo, G. Hepatic insulin clearance: mechanism and physiology. Physiology 34, 198\u2013215 (2019).","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"690_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112295","volume":"77","author":"M Lorenzi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lorenzi, M., Montisano, D. F., Toledo, S. & Barrieux, A. High glucose induces DNA damage in cultured human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 77, 322\u2013325 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"690_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-007-0026-5","volume":"48","author":"R Robertson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Robertson, R., Zhou, H., Zhang, T. & Harmon, J. S. Chronic oxidative stress as a mechanism for glucose toxicity of the beta cell in type 2 diabetes. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 48, 139\u2013146 (2007).","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"690_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-7-96","volume":"7","author":"F Turturro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Turturro, F., Friday, E. & Welbourne, T. Hyperglycemia regulates thioredoxin-ROS activity through induction of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in metastatic breast cancer-derived cells MDA-MB-231. BMC Cancer 7, 96 (2007).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"690_CR65","first-page":"370","volume":"3","author":"Y Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Dong, Y. & Vadgama, J. Diabetes-associated dysregulated cytokines and cancer. Integr. Cancer Sci. Ther. 3, 370\u2013378 (2016).","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Sci. Ther."},{"key":"690_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134537","volume":"52","author":"K Inoki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Inoki, K., Kim, J. & Guan, K. L. AMPK and mTOR in cellular energy homeostasis and drug targets. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 52, 381\u2013400 (2012).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"690_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","volume":"14","author":"X Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, X., Liu, G., Guo, J. & Su, Z. Q. The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 14, 1483\u20131496 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"690_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1409714","volume":"34","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Metformin is associated with reduced cell proliferation in human endometrial cancer by inbibiting PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 34, 428\u2013432 (2018).","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000345107","volume":"59","author":"S Knapp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Knapp, S. Diabetes and infection: is there a link?-A mini-review. Gerontology 59, 99\u2013104 (2013).","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"690_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05522-3","volume":"64","author":"M Fang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fang, M. et al. Diabetes and the risk of hospitalisation for infection: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Diabetologia 64, 2458\u20132465 (2021).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91902-z","volume":"11","author":"C-H Tseng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tseng, C.-H. Metformin use is associated with a reduced risk of acute appendicitis in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci. Rep. 11, 12400 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"690_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05286-2","volume":"64","author":"AOY Luk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luk, A. O. Y. et al. Temporal trends in rates of infection-related hospitalisations in Hong Kong people with and without diabetes, 2001\u20132016: a retrospective study. Diabetologia 64, 109\u2013118 (2021).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2820","volume":"38","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Magliano, D. J. et al. Excess risk of dying from infectious causes in those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 38, 1274\u20131280 (2015).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.249","volume":"37","author":"ET Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin, E. T. et al. Diabetes and risk of surgical site infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 37, 88\u201399 (2016).","journal-title":"Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"690_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.07.024","volume":"196","author":"J Trussell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Trussell, J. et al. Impact of a patient care pathway protocol on surgical site infection rates in cardiothoracic surgery patients. Am. J. Surg. 196, 883\u2013889 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"690_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117.e111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.08.037","volume":"210","author":"JS Coleman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coleman, J. S. et al. Surgical site infections after hysterectomy among HIV-infected women in the HAART era: a single institution\u2019s experience from 1999\u20132012. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 210, 117.e111\u2013117.e117 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"690_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1086\/519864","volume":"28","author":"ND Friedman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friedman, N. D., Sexton, D. J., Connelly, S. M. & Kaye, K. S. Risk factors for surgical site infection complicating laminectomy. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 28, 1060\u20131065 (2007).","journal-title":"Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"690_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30238-2","volume":"8","author":"M Apicella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Apicella, M. et al. COVID-19 in people with diabetes: understanding the reasons for worse outcomes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8, 782\u2013792 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30405-8","volume":"9","author":"SJ McGurnaghan","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGurnaghan, S. J. et al. Risks of and risk factors for COVID-19 disease in people with diabetes: a cohort study of the total population of Scotland. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 9, 82\u201393 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100105","volume":"4","author":"A Rawshani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rawshani, A. et al. Severe COVID-19 in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Sweden: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 4, 100105 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"690_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.787","volume":"35","author":"JH You","year":"2020","unstructured":"You, J. H. et al. Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based study in Korea. Endocrinol. Metab. 35, 901\u2013908 (2020).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"690_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0141","volume":"44","author":"SJ Moon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moon, S. J. et al. Independent impact of diabetes on the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 in 5,307 patients in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. Diabetes Metab. J. 44, 737\u2013746 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"690_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009921","volume":"15","author":"JM Aranjani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aranjani, J. M., Manuel, A., Razack, H. I. A. & Mathew, S. T. Covid-19\u2013associated mucormycosis: evidence-based critical review of an emerging infection burden during the pandemic\u2019s second wave in India. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis. 15, e0009921 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"690_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010527","volume":"19","author":"S Crankson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Crankson, S., Pokhrel, S. & Anokye, N. K. Determinants of COVID-19-related length of hospital stays and long COVID in Ghana: a cross-sectional analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 527 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"690_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142","volume":"4","author":"M Bellan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bellan, M. et al. Respiratory and psychophysical sequelae among patients with covid-19 four months after hospital discharge. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e2036142 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"690_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.5801","volume":"176","author":"BL Gottesman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gottesman, B. L., Yu, J., Tanaka, C., Longhurst, C. A. & Kim, J. J. Incidence of new-onset type 1 diabetes among US children during the COVID-19 global pandemic. JAMA Pediatr. 176, 414\u2013415 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"690_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7102e2","volume":"71","author":"CE Barrett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barrett, C. E. et al. Risk for newly diagnosed diabetes <30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection among persons aged >18 years-United States, March 1, 2020-June 28, 2021. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 71, 59\u201365 (2022).","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"690_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0138","volume":"31","author":"JB Kornum","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kornum, J. B. et al. Diabetes, glycemic control, and risk of hospitalization with pneumonia: a population-based case-control study. Diabetes Care 31, 1541\u20131545 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3881-4","volume":"16","author":"R Matsuyama","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsuyama, R., Nishiura, H., Kutsuna, S., Hayakawa, K. & Ohmagari, N. Clinical determinants of the severity of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 16, 1203 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"690_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.06.015","volume":"49","author":"A Badawi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Badawi, A. & Ryoo, S. G. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 49, 129\u2013133 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"690_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2016.733","volume":"5","author":"A Badawi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Badawi, A. & Ryoo, S. G. Prevalence of diabetes in the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Public. Health Res. 5, 130\u2013138 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Public. Health Res."},{"key":"690_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01861.x","volume":"23","author":"JK Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang, J. K. et al. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabet. Med. 23, 623\u2013628 (2006).","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"690_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0880","volume":"33","author":"SF Ehrlich","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ehrlich, S. F., Quesenberry, C. P. Jr, Van Den Eeden, S. K., Shan, J. & Ferrara, A. Patients diagnosed with diabetes are at increased risk for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonia but not lung cancer. Diabetes Care 33, 55\u201360 (2010).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2201.151340","volume":"22","author":"BM Alraddadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alraddadi, B. M. et al. Risk factors for primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus illness in humans, Saudi Arabia, 2014. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 22, 49\u201355 (2016).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"690_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01397.x","volume":"26","author":"SE Geerlings","year":"1999","unstructured":"Geerlings, S. E. & Hoepelman, A. I. M. Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 26, 259\u2013265 (1999).","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"690_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01057","volume":"10","author":"L Velazquez-Salinas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Velazquez-Salinas, L., Verdugo-Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez, L. L. & Borca, M. V. The role of interleukin 6 during viral infections. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1057 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"690_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912163412507","volume":"341","author":"N Joshi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Joshi, N., Caputo, G. M., Weitekamp, M. R. & Karchmer, A. W. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 1906\u20131912 (1999).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"690_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.07.007","volume":"32","author":"AC Codo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Codo, A. C. et al. Elevated glucose levels favor SARS-CoV-2 infection and monocyte response through a HIF-1\u03b1\/Glycolysis-dependent axis. Cell Metab. 32, 437\u2013446.e435 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"690_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0772-3","volume":"42","author":"T Miyazawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miyazawa, T., Nakagawa, K., Shimasaki, S. & Nagai, R. Lipid glycation and protein glycation in diabetes and atherosclerosis. Amino Acids 42, 1163\u20131170 (2012).","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"690_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.682","volume":"23","author":"AY Peleg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peleg, A. Y., Weerarathna, T., McCarthy, J. S. & Davis, T. M. E. Common infections in diabetes: pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 23, 3\u201313 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"690_CR101","first-page":"1970","volume":"384","author":"N Barda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barda, N., Dagan, N. & Balicer, R. D. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. reply. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 1970 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"690_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.11.045","volume":"16","author":"G Cholankeril","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cholankeril, G. & Ahmed, A. Alcoholic liver disease replaces hepatitis C virus infection as the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 1356\u20131358 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR103","unstructured":"Fink, M. & Byrne, M. Australia and New Zealand Liver and Intestinal Transplant Registry Annual Report 2019 (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 2019)."},{"key":"690_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.04.011","volume":"71","author":"D Haldar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haldar, D. et al. Outcomes of liver transplantation for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a European liver transplant registry study. J. Hepatol. 71, 313\u2013322 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.06.021","volume":"71","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M. et al. The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hepatol. 71, 793\u2013801 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","volume":"64","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M. et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 64, 73\u201384 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"690_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30083","volume":"68","author":"Y Pang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pang, Y. et al. Diabetes, plasma glucose, and incidence of fatty liver, cirrhosis, and liver cancer: a prospective study of 0.5 million people. Hepatology 68, 1308\u20131318 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"690_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174291","volume":"12","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Bidirectional association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes in Chinese population: evidence from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study. PLoS ONE 12, e0174291 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"690_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.03.009","volume":"13","author":"F Mansour-Ghanaei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mansour-Ghanaei, F. et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-sectional study in north of Iran. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 13, 1591\u20131596 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"690_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01718.x","volume":"29","author":"NC Leite","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leite, N. C., Salles, G. F., Araujo, A. L., Villela-Nogueira, C. A. & Cardoso, C. R. Prevalence and associated factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Liver Int. 29, 113\u2013119 (2009).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"690_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2015.09.001","volume":"5","author":"SP Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh, S. P. et al. Risk factors associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Indians: a case-control study. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 5, 295\u2013302 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endmts.2021.100089","volume":"3","author":"J-F Dufour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dufour, J.-F. et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and associated risk factors\u2013a targeted literature review. Endocr. Metab. Sci. 3, 100089 (2021).","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Sci."},{"key":"690_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25772","volume":"56","author":"R Loomba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Loomba, R. et al. Association between diabetes, family history of diabetes, and risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Hepatology 56, 943\u2013951 (2012).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"690_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.41","volume":"10","author":"QM Anstee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anstee, Q. M., Targher, G. & Day, C. P. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 330\u2013344 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02755.x","volume":"17","author":"A Holstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Holstein, A., Hinze, S., Thie\u00dfen, E., Plaschke, A. & Egberts, E. H. Clinical implications of hepatogenous diabetes in liver cirrhosis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 677\u2013681 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(90)90093-9","volume":"8","author":"C Del Vecchio Blanco","year":"1990","unstructured":"Del Vecchio Blanco, C., Gentile, S., Marmo, R., Carbone, L. & Coltorti, M. Alterations of glucose metabolism in chronic liver disease. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 8, 29\u201336 (1990).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"690_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80065-3","volume":"32","author":"NN Zein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zein, N. N., Abdulkarim, A. S., Wiesner, R. H., Egan, K. S. & Persing, D. H. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C, alcohol, or cholestatic disease. J. Hepatol. 32, 209\u2013217 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198511143132004","volume":"313","author":"C Niederau","year":"1985","unstructured":"Niederau, C. et al. Survival and causes of death in cirrhotic and in noncirrhotic patients with primary hemochromatosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 313, 1256\u20131262 (1985).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"690_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.11.030","volume":"44","author":"CZ Larter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Larter, C. Z. & Farrell, G. C. Insulin resistance, adiponectin, cytokines in NASH: which is the best target to treat? J. Hepatol. 44, 253\u2013261 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"690_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00271-5","volume":"107","author":"G Marchesini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Marchesini, G. et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am. J. Med. 107, 450\u2013455 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"690_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011775","volume":"346","author":"P Angulo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Angulo, P. Medical progress: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1221\u20131231 (2002).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"690_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E526","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.092144","volume":"182","author":"L Porepa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Porepa, L., Ray, J. G., Sanchez-Romeu, P. & Booth, G. L. Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for serious liver disease. CMAJ 182, E526\u2013E531 (2010).","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"690_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30110-8","volume":"8","author":"N Stefan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stefan, N. Causes, consequences, and treatment of metabolically unhealthy fat distribution. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8, 616\u2013627 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30154-2","volume":"7","author":"N Stefan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stefan, N., H\u00e4ring, H. U. & Cusi, K. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: causes, diagnosis, cardiometabolic consequences, and treatment strategies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 7, 313\u2013324 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0123-4","volume":"12","author":"N Sattar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sattar, N. & Gill, J. M. R. Type 2 diabetes as a disease of ectopic fat? BMC Med. 12, 123 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"690_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14139","volume":"36","author":"KA Harding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harding, K. A. et al. Depression prevalence in type 2 diabetes is not related to diabetes\u2013depression symptom overlap but is related to symptom dimensions within patient self-report measures: a meta-analysis. Diabet. Med. 36, 1600\u20131611 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"690_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21243-x","volume":"8","author":"GY Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim, G. Y. et al. Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Sci. Rep. 8, 2861 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"690_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(12)70004-6","volume":"142","author":"T Roy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roy, T. & Lloyd, C. E. Epidemiology of depression and diabetes: a systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 142, S8\u2013S21 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"690_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.11.022","volume":"99","author":"F Rotella","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rotella, F. & Mannucci, E. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for depression. A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 99, 98\u2013104 (2013).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"690_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1874-x","volume":"53","author":"A Nouwen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nouwen, A. et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the onset of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 53, 2480\u20132486 (2010).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00417-8","volume":"53","author":"AB Grigsby","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grigsby, A. B., Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E. & Lustman, P. J. Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes a systematic review. J. Psychosom. Res. 53, 1053\u20131060 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"690_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.11.013","volume":"74","author":"KJ Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, K. J. et al. Association of diabetes with anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 74, 89\u201399 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"690_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03771.x","volume":"30","author":"V Young","year":"2013","unstructured":"Young, V. et al. Eating problems in adolescents with type1 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Diabet. Med. 30, 189\u2013198 (2013).","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"690_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-012-0001-0","volume":"6","author":"J Schabert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schabert, J., Browne, J. L., Mosely, K. & Speight, J. Social stigma in diabetes: a framework to understand a growing problem for an increasing epidemic. Patient 6, 1\u201310 (2013).","journal-title":"Patient"},{"key":"690_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1280","volume":"25","author":"KD Barnard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barnard, K. D., Speight, J. & Skinner, T. C. Quality of life and impact of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for children and their parents. Pract. Diabetes Int. 25, 278\u2013283 (2008).","journal-title":"Pract. Diabetes Int."},{"key":"690_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0694-2","volume":"16","author":"V Hagger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hagger, V., Hendrieckx, C., Sturt, J., Skinner, T. C. & Speight, J. Diabetes distress among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 16, 1\u201314 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"690_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108446","volume":"169","author":"S Abdoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdoli, S. et al. New insights into diabetes burnout and its distinction from diabetes distress and depressive symptoms: a qualitative study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 169, 108446 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"690_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051058","volume":"41","author":"JC Pickup","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pickup, J. C. & Crook, M. A. Is type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system? Diabetologia 41, 1241\u20131248 (1998).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","volume":"9","author":"R Dantzer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dantzer, R., O\u2019Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W. & Kelley, K. W. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 46\u201356 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"690_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-36684","volume":"71","author":"S Prestele","year":"2003","unstructured":"Prestele, S., Aldenhoff, J. & Reiff, J. [The HPA-axis as a possible link between depression, diabetes mellitus and cognitive dysfunction]. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. 71, 24\u201336 (2003).","journal-title":"Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"690_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.05.057","volume":"134","author":"J Cole","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cole, J., Costafreda, S. G., McGuffin, P. & Fu, C. H. Hippocampal atrophy in first episode depression: a meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. J. Affect. Disord. 134, 483\u2013487 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"690_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0602-7","volume":"50","author":"SM Gold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gold, S. M. et al. Hippocampal damage and memory impairments as possible early brain complications of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 50, 711\u2013719 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-014-9348-2","volume":"9","author":"CD Moulton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moulton, C. D., Costafreda, S. G., Horton, P., Ismail, K. & Fu, C. H. Y. Meta-analyses of structural regional cerebral effects in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Brain Imaging Behav. 9, 651\u2013662 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"690_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108035","volume":"161","author":"M Khalil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khalil, M., Power, N., Graham, E., Desch\u00eanes, S. S. & Schmitz, N. The association between sleep and diabetes outcomes \u2013 systematic review. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 161, 108035 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"690_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","volume":"34","author":"CV Senaratna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Senaratna, C. V. et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review. Sleep. Med. Rev. 34, 70\u201381 (2017).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med. Rev."},{"key":"690_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2004","volume":"42","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Subramanian, A. et al. Risk of incident obstructive sleep apnea among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 42, 954\u2013963 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0675","volume":"41","author":"T Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang, T. et al. A population-based study of the bidirectional association between obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes in three prospective U.S. Cohorts. Diabetes Care 41, 2111\u20132119 (2018).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.03.019","volume":"23","author":"S Reutrakul","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reutrakul, S. et al. Sleep characteristics in type 1 diabetes and associations with glycemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep. Med. 23, 26\u201345 (2016).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"690_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.05.009","volume":"25","author":"M Nagayoshi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nagayoshi, M. et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and incident type 2 diabetes. Sleep. Med. 25, 156\u2013161 (2016).","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"key":"690_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11010014","volume":"11","author":"JH Ficker","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ficker, J. H. et al. Obstructive sleep apnoea and diabetes mellitus: the role of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Eur. Respir. J. 11, 14\u201319 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"690_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00587.2005","volume":"99","author":"T Young","year":"2005","unstructured":"Young, T., Peppard, P. E. & Taheri, S. Excess weight and sleep-disordered breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 99, 1592\u20131599 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"690_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.5.2103001","volume":"165","author":"MSM Ip","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ip, M. S. M. et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165, 670\u2013676 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"690_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201511-2260OC","volume":"194","author":"JE Shaw","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shaw, J. E. et al. The effect of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 194, 486\u2013492 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"690_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004144","volume":"4","author":"FP Lu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lu, F. P., Lin, K. P. & Kuo, H. K. Diabetes and the risk of multi-system aging phenotypes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 4, e4144 (2009).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"690_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02758.x","volume":"42","author":"G Cheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheng, G., Huang, C., Deng, H. & Wang, H. Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Intern. Med. J. 42, 484\u2013491 (2012).","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"690_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205017666200103111253","volume":"16","author":"XY Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, X. Y. et al. Midlife modifiable risk factors for dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 prospective cohort studies. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 16, 1254\u20131268 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"690_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100944","volume":"55","author":"M Xue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xue, M. et al. Diabetes mellitus and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 144 prospective studies. Ageing Res. Rev. 55, 100944 (2019).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"690_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1581-3","volume":"53","author":"K Pal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pal, K., Mukadam, N., Petersen, I. & Cooper, C. Mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia in people with diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 53, 1149\u20131160 (2018).","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"690_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70284-2","volume":"5","author":"GJ Biessels","year":"2006","unstructured":"Biessels, G. J., Staekenborg, S., Brunner, E., Brayne, C. & Scheltens, P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 5, 64\u201374 (2006).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"690_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.4.1256","volume":"51","author":"R Peila","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peila, R., Rodriguez, B. L. & Launer, L. J. Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Diabetes 51, 1256\u20131262 (2002).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"690_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.12.006","volume":"12","author":"EL Abner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abner, E. L. et al. Diabetes is associated with cerebrovascular but not Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuropathology. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 12, 882\u2013889 (2016).","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"690_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642016dn11-040010","volume":"11","author":"MNPS Matioli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matioli, M. N. P. S. et al. Association between diabetes and causes of dementia: evidence from a clinicopathological study. Dement. Neuropsychol. 11, 406\u2013412 (2017).","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"690_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01648-9","volume":"58","author":"Y You","year":"2021","unstructured":"You, Y. et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol. 58, 671\u2013685 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"690_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13806","volume":"312","author":"KM Langa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Langa, K. M. & Levine, D. A. The diagnosis and management of mild cognitive impairment: a clinical review. JAMA 312, 2551\u20132561 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"690_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617718001042","volume":"25","author":"E Pelimanni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pelimanni, E. & Jehkonen, M. Type 2 diabetes and cognitive functions in middle age: a meta-analysis. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 25, 215\u2013229 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"690_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64349-x","volume":"10","author":"S Rom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rom, S. et al. Hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products disrupt BBB and promote occludin and claudin-5 protein secretion on extracellular microvesicles. Sci. Rep. 10, 7274 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"690_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688090","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.688090","volume":"15","author":"B Hussain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hussain, B., Fang, C. & Chang, J. Blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown: an emerging biomarker of cognitive impairment in normal aging and dementia. Front. Neurosci. 15, 688090 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"690_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0131-4","volume":"7","author":"KJ Anstey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anstey, K. J., Sargent-Cox, K., Eramudugolla, R., Magliano, D. J. & Shaw, J. E. Association of cognitive function with glucose tolerance and trajectories of glucose tolerance over 12 years in the AusDiab study. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 7, 48 (2015).","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"690_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-7107","volume":"7","author":"E Steen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Steen, E. et al. Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease - Is this type 3 diabetes? J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 7, 63\u201380 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"690_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69498-1","volume":"368","author":"M Leonardi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leonardi, M., Bickenbach, J., Ustun, T. B., Kostanjsek, N. & Chatterji, S. The definition of disability: what is in a name? Lancet 368, 1219\u20131221 (2006).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"690_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000138","volume":"16","author":"K Lisy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lisy, K., Campbell, J. M., Tufanaru, C., Moola, S. & Lockwood, C. The prevalence of disability among people with cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease and\/or diabetes: a systematic review. Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc. 16, 154\u2013166 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"key":"690_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw140","volume":"45","author":"Y Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Hu, X., Zhang, Q. & Zou, R. Diabetes mellitus and risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 45, 761\u2013767 (2016).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"690_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70046-9","volume":"1","author":"E Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong, E. et al. Diabetes and risk of physical disability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 1, 106\u2013114 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"690_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phr.2004.05.006","volume":"119","author":"SM Havercamp","year":"2004","unstructured":"Havercamp, S. M., Scandlin, D. & Roth, M. Health disparities among adults with developmental disabilities, adults with other disabilities, and adults not reporting disability in North Carolina. Public. Health Rep. 119, 418\u2013426 (2004).","journal-title":"Public. Health Rep."},{"key":"690_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2225","volume":"34","author":"E Herquelot","year":"2011","unstructured":"Herquelot, E., Gu\u00e9guen, A., Bonenfant, S. & Dray-Spira, R. Impact of diabetes on work cessation: data from the GAZEL cohort study. Diabetes Care 34, 1344\u20131349 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143184","volume":"10","author":"M Virtanen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Virtanen, M. et al. Work disability among employees with diabetes: latent class analysis of risk factors in three prospective cohort studies. PLoS ONE 10, e0143184 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"690_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","volume":"138","author":"NH Cho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cho, N. H. et al. IDF Diabetes atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 138, 271\u2013281 (2018).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"690_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2537","volume":"30","author":"WP Seok","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seok, W. P. et al. Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study. Diabetes Care 30, 1507\u20131512 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405","volume":"321","author":"IM Stratton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stratton, I. M. et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. Br. Med. J. 321, 405\u2013412 (2000).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"690_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0157","volume":"3","author":"A DeCensi","year":"2010","unstructured":"DeCensi, A. et al. Metformin and cancer risk in diabetic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Prev. Res. 3, 1451\u20131461 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"690_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.15298","volume":"312","author":"SE Inzucchi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inzucchi, S. E., Lipska, K. J., Mayo, H., Bailey, C. J. & McGuire, D. K. Metformin in patientswith type 2 diabetes and kidney disease a systematic review. JAMA 312, 2668\u20132675 (2014).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"690_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0788","volume":"35","author":"S Suissa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suissa, S. & Azoulay, L. Metformin and the risk of cancer: time-related biases in observational studies. Diabetes Care 35, 2665\u20132673 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2174\/15680266113136660067","volume":"8","author":"\u00d8 Karlstad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karlstad, \u00d8. et al. Use of insulin and insulin analogs and risk of cancer-systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Curr. Drug. Saf. 8, 333\u2013348 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Drug. Saf."},{"key":"690_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1468","volume":"37","author":"L Bordeleau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bordeleau, L. et al. The association of basal insulin glargine and\/or n-3 fatty acids with incident cancers in patients with dysglycemia. Diabetes Care 37, 1360\u20131366 (2014).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"690_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12265","volume":"41","author":"M Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo, M. et al. Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 41, 650\u2013656 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"690_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180263","volume":"65","author":"JM Campbell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Campbell, J. M. et al. Metformin use associated with reduced risk of dementia in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 65, 1225\u20131236 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"690_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520902845268","volume":"44","author":"JW Haukeland","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haukeland, J. W. et al. Metformin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, controlled trial. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 44, 853\u2013860 (2009).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"690_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30173-3","volume":"19","author":"T Cukierman-Yaffe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cukierman-Yaffe, T. et al. Effect of dulaglutide on cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND trial. Lancet Neurol. 19, 582\u2013590 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"690_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1933-3","volume":"54","author":"JA Johnson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson, J. A. & Bowker, S. L. Intensive glycaemic control and cancer risk in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of major trials. Diabetologia 54, 25\u201331 (2011).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"690_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70188-0","volume":"10","author":"LJ Launer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Launer, L. J. et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol. 10, 969\u2013977 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"690_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S319633","volume":"16","author":"Y Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia, Y. et al. Associations of the glycaemic control of diabetes with dementia and physical function in rural-dwelling older Chinese adults: a population-based study. Clin. Interv. Aging 16, 1503\u20131513 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"690_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212110391","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211039105","volume":"9","author":"C Lesniak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lesniak, C. et al. Inpatient glycemic control and outcome of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort. SAGE Open. Med. 9, 20503121211039105 (2021).","journal-title":"SAGE Open. Med."},{"key":"690_CR193","first-page":"256","volume":"110","author":"BI Afolabi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Afolabi, B. I. et al. The relationship between glycaemic control and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Nigerian type 2 diabetic patients. J. Natl Med. Assoc. 110, 256\u2013264 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Natl Med. Assoc."},{"key":"690_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14054","volume":"36","author":"A Nouwen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nouwen, A. et al. Longitudinal associations between depression and diabetes complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet. Med. 36, 1562\u20131572 (2019).","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"690_CR195","first-page":"94","volume":"22","author":"BD Perry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perry, B. D. et al. Muscle atrophy in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: roles of inflammatory pathways, physical activity and exercise. Exerc. Immunol. Rev. 22, 94\u2013109 (2016).","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"690_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124952","volume":"4","author":"Y Hirata","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirata, Y. et al. Hyperglycemia induces skeletal muscle atrophy via a WWP1\/KLF15 axis. JCI Insight 4, e124952 (2019).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"690_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32835a88ee","volume":"16","author":"MS Bassil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bassil, M. S. & Gougeon, R. Muscle protein anabolism in type 2 diabetes. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 16, 83\u201388 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"690_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12862","volume":"20","author":"RCR Meex","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meex, R. C. R., Blaak, E. E. & van Loon, L. J. C. Lipotoxicity plays a key role in the development of both insulin resistance and muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obes. Rev. 20, 1205\u20131217 (2019).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41574-022-00690-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41574-022-00690-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41574-022-00690-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T13:32:58Z","timestamp":1700659978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41574-022-00690-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-022-00690-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5029","1759-5037"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5029","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5037","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}