{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:28:21Z","timestamp":1790360901986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0039-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T11:04:14Z","timestamp":1530702254000},"page":"637-649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The elusive case of human intraepithelial T cells in gut homeostasis and inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-2147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisanne","family":"Lutter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5198-9718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Hoytema van Konijnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eelco C.","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bas","family":"Oldenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femke","family":"van Wijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"39_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3738","volume":"14","author":"AM Mowat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mowat, A. M. & Agace, W. W. Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14, 667\u2013685 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3608","volume":"14","author":"LW Peterson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Peterson, L. W. & Artis, D. Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14, 141\u2013153 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, K. & Weaver, C. Janeway\u2019s Immunobiology (Garland Science, 2016).","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315533247"},{"key":"39_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.08.009","volume":"28","author":"VV Ganusov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ganusov, V. V. & De Boer, R. J. Do most lymphocytes in humans really reside in the gut? Trends Immunol. 28, 514\u2013518 (2007).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3883","volume":"21","author":"CO Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park, C. O. & Kupper, T. S. The emerging role of resident memory T cells in protective immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat. Med. 21, 688\u2013697 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"39_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058867","volume":"291","author":"D Masopust","year":"2001","unstructured":"Masopust, D. Preferential localization of effector memory cells in nonlymphoid tissue. Science 291, 2413\u20132417 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"39_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.048","volume":"164","author":"X Fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan, X. & Rudensky, A. Y. Hallmarks of tissue-resident lymphocytes. Cell 164, 1198\u20131211 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"39_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2683","volume":"14","author":"D Burzyn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burzyn, D., Benoist, C. & Mathis, D. Regulatory T cells in nonlymphoid tissues. Nat. Immunol. 14, 1007\u20131013 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3892","volume":"352","author":"T Sujino","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sujino, T. et al. Tissue adaptation of regulatory and intraepithelial CD4+ T cells controls gut inflammation. Science 352, 1581\u20131586 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"39_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3007","volume":"11","author":"H Cheroutre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheroutre, H., Lambolez, F. & Mucida, D. The light and dark sides of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 445\u2013456 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR11","first-page":"383","volume":"43","author":"DP Hoytema van Konijnenburg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoytema van Konijnenburg, D. P. et al. Intestinal epithelial and intraepithelial T cell crosstalk mediates a dynamic response to infection. Cell 43, 383\u2013384 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"39_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.02.010","volume":"38","author":"A Fuchs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuchs, A. et al. Intraepithelial type 1 innate lymphoid cells are a unique subset of IL-12- and IL-15-responsive IFN-gamma-producing cells. Immunity 38, 769\u2013781 (2013).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.11.005","volume":"46","author":"Y Simoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simoni, Y. et al. Human innate lymphoid cell subsets possess tissue-type based heterogeneity in phenotype and frequency. Immunity 46, 148\u2013161 (2017).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.3.339","volume":"30","author":"J Spencer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Spencer, J. et al. Changes in intraepithelial lymphocyte subpopulations in coeliac disease and enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma (malignant histiocytosis of\u00a0the intestine). Gut 30, 339\u2013346 (1989).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00886-2","volume":"125","author":"F Leon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leon, F. et al. Human small-intestinal epithelium contains functional natural killer lymphocytes. Gastroenterology 125, 345\u2013356 (2003).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314297","volume":"66","author":"K Rostami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rostami, K. et al. ROC-king onwards: intraepithelial lymphocyte counts, distribution and role in coeliac disease mucosal interpretation. Gut 66, 2080\u20132086 (2017).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318690","volume":"31","author":"I Hirata","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hirata, I., Berrebi, G., Austin, L. L., Keren, D. F. & Dobbins, W. O. Immunohistological characterization of\u00a0intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes in control ileum and colon and in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 31, 593\u2013603 (1986).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"39_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-111","volume":"13","author":"O Bednarska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bednarska, O., Ignatova, S., Dahle, C. & Str\u00f6m, M. Intraepithelial lymphocyte distribution differs between\u00a0the bulb and the second part of duodenum. BMC Gastroenterol. 13, 111 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"39_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296750","volume":"27","author":"LL Austin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Austin, L. L. & Dobbins, W. O. Intraepithelial leukocytes of the intestinal mucosa in normal man and in Whipple\u2019s disease: a light- and electron-microscopic study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 27, 311\u2013320 (1982).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"39_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2930-4","volume":"59","author":"JY Ahn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahn, J. Y. et al. Colonic mucosal immune activity in irritable bowel syndrome: comparison with healthy controls and patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 59, 1001\u20131011 (2014).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"39_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1374","volume":"67","author":"M Faderl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Faderl, M., Noti, M., Corazza, N. & Mueller, C. Keeping bugs in check: the mucus layer as a critical component in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. IUBMB Life 67, 275\u2013285 (2015).","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"39_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.11.002","volume":"15","author":"GC Hansson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hansson, G. C. Role of mucus layers in gut infection and inflammation. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 15, 57\u201362 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"39_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3751","volume":"18","author":"R Ruscher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruscher, R., Kummer, R. L., Lee, Y. J., Jameson, S. C. & Hogquist, K. A. CD8alphaalpha intraepithelial lymphocytes arise from two main thymic precursors. Nat. Immunol. 18, 771\u2013779 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.54","volume":"11","author":"CSN Klose","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klose, C. S. N. et al. A committed postselection precursor to natural TCR\u03b1\u03b2+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. Mucosal Immunol. 11, 333\u2013344 (2018).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2009.03.003","volume":"21","author":"F van Wijk","year":"2009","unstructured":"van Wijk, F. & Cheroutre, H. Intestinal T cells: facing\u00a0the mucosal immune dilemma with synergy and\u00a0diversity. Seminars Immunol. 21, 130\u2013138 (2009).","journal-title":"Seminars Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5851","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.12.5851","volume":"160","author":"LD McVay","year":"1998","unstructured":"McVay, L. D., Jaswal, S. S., Kennedy, C., Hayday, A. & Carding, S. R. The generation of human gammadelta T cell repertoires during fetal development. J. Immunol. 160, 5851\u20135860 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198908000-00007","volume":"9","author":"J Spencer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Spencer, J., Isaacson, P. G., Walker-Smith, J. A. & MacDonald, T. T. Heterogeneity in intraepithelial lymphocyte subpopulations in fetal and postnatal human small intestine. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 9, 173\u2013177 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"39_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196509","volume":"330","author":"JE Mold","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mold, J. E. et al. Fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells give rise to distinct T cell lineages in humans. Science 330, 1695\u20131699 (2010).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"39_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.020","volume":"38","author":"T Sathaliyawala","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sathaliyawala, T. et al. Distribution and compartmentalization of human circulating and tissue-resident memory t cell subsets. Immunity 38, 187\u2013197 (2013).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4008","volume":"22","author":"JJC Thome","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thome, J. J. C. et al. Early-life compartmentalization of human T cell differentiation and regulatory function in mucosal and lymphoid tissues. Nat. Med. 22, 72\u201377 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"39_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830200523","volume":"20","author":"A Jarry","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jarry, A., Cerf-Bensussan, N., Brousse, N., Selz, F. & Guy-grand, D. Subsets of CD3+ (T cell receptor \u03b1\/\u03b2 or\u00a0\u03b3\/\u03b4) and CD3\u2212 lymphocytes isolated from normal human gut epithelium display phenotypical features different from their counterparts in peripheral blood. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 1097\u20131103 (1990).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.031","volume":"161","author":"EM Steinert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinert, E. M. et al. Quantifying memory CD8 T cells reveals regionalization of immunosurveillance. Cell\u00a0161, 737\u2013749 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"39_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.64","volume":"8","author":"G Bakdash","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakdash, G., Vogelpoel, L. T., van Capel, T. M., Kapsenberg, M. L. & de Jong, E. C. Retinoic acid primes human dendritic cells to induce gut-homing, IL-10-producing regulatory T cells. Mucosal Immunol. 8, 265\u2013278 (2015).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.9.1241","volume":"190","author":"BA Zabel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zabel, B. A. et al. Human G protein-coupled receptor GPR-9-6\/CC chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal homing T lymphocytes, mucosal lymphocytes, and thymocytes and is required for thymus-expressed chemokine-mediated chemotaxis. J.\u00a0Exp. Med. 190, 1241\u20131256 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"39_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830220140","volume":"22","author":"N Cerf-Bensussan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cerf-Bensussan, N., B\u00e8gue, B., Gagnon, J. & Meo, T. The human intraepithelial lymphocyte marker HML-1 is an integrin consisting of a \u03b27 subunit associated with a distinctive \u03b1 chain. Eur. J. Immunol. 22, 273\u2013277 (1992).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306657","volume":"64","author":"T Raine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raine, T., Liu, J. Z., Anderson, C. A., Parkes, M. & Kaser, A. Generation of primary human intestinal T cell transcriptomes reveals differential expression at\u00a0genetic risk loci for immune-mediated disease. Gut\u00a064, 250\u2013259 (2015).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR37","first-page":"97","volume":"151","author":"M Briskin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Briskin, M. et al. Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in\u00a0intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 97\u2013110 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"39_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.046","volume":"150","author":"A Habtezion","year":"2016","unstructured":"Habtezion, A., Nguyen, L. P., Hadeiba, H. & Butcher, E. C. Leukocyte trafficking to the small intestine and colon. Gastroenterology 150, 340\u2013354 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00285.x","volume":"206","author":"M Salmi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Salmi, M. & Jalkanen, S. Lymphocyte homing to the\u00a0gut: attraction, adhesion, and commitment. Immunol. Rev. 206, 100\u2013113 (2005).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"39_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.48.2.143","volume":"48","author":"A Dogan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dogan, A., Wang, Z. D. & Spencer, J. E-cadherin expression in intestinal epithelium. J. Clin. Pathol. 48, 143\u2013146 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"39_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10927","volume":"106","author":"NA Kuklin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kuklin, N. A. et al. Alpha4beta7 independent pathway for CD8+ T cell-mediated intestinal immunity to rotavirus. J. Clin. Invest. 106, 1541\u20131552 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"39_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001029","volume":"23","author":"S Zundler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zundler, S. et al. The alpha4beta1 homing pathway is essential for ileal homing of Crohn\u2019s disease effector T cells in vivo. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 23, 379\u2013391 (2017).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"39_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.08.030","volume":"167","author":"R Di Marco Barros","year":"2016","unstructured":"Di Marco Barros, R. et al. Epithelia use butyrophilin-like molecules to shape organ-specific gammadelta T cell compartments. Cell 167, 203\u2013218 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"39_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.09.007","volume":"41","author":"BJ Laidlaw","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laidlaw, B. J. et al. CD4+ T cell help guides formation of CD103+ lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells during influenza viral infection. Immunity 41, 633\u2013645 (2014).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2744","volume":"14","author":"LK Mackay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mackay, L. K. et al. The developmental pathway for CD103+CD8+tissue-resident memory T cells of skin. Nat. Immunol. 14, 1294\u20131301 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.019","volume":"39","author":"N Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, N. & Bevan, M. J. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling controls the formation and maintenance of gut-resident memory T cells by regulating migration and retention. Immunity 39, 687\u2013696 (2013).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.008","volume":"43","author":"LK Mackay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mackay, L. K. et al. T-box transcription factors combine with the cytokines TGF-\u03b2 and IL-15 to control tissue-resident memory T cell fate. Immunity 43, 1101\u20131111 (2015).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3396","volume":"17","author":"J Mohammed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohammed, J. et al. Stromal cells control the epithelial residence of DCs and memory T cells by regulated activation of TGF-\u03b2. Nat. Immunol. 17, 414\u2013421 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122490","volume":"210","author":"W Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang, W. et al. Recognition of gut microbiota by NOD2 is essential for the homeostasis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 210, 2465\u20132476 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"39_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i41.5848","volume":"18","author":"G Muzes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muzes, G., Molnar, B., Tulassay, Z. & Sipos, F. Changes of the cytokine profile in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J. Gastroenterol. 18, 5848\u20135861 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"39_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.02.013","volume":"16","author":"JH Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, J. H., Peyrin-Biroulet, L., Eisenhut, M. & Shin, J. Il. IBD immunopathogenesis: a comprehensive review of\u00a0inflammatory molecules. Autoimmun. Rev. 16, 416\u2013426 (2017).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"39_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.020","volume":"21","author":"B Meresse","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meresse, B. et al. Coordinated induction by IL15 of a TCR-independent NKG2D signaling pathway converts CTL into lymphokine-activated killer cells in celiac disease. Immunity 21, 357\u2013366 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4281865","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4281865","volume":"2016","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qiu, Y. et al. TLR2-dependent signaling for IL-15 production is essential for the homeostasis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Mediators Inflamm. 2016, 4281865 (2016).","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"39_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4480","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.12.4480","volume":"136","author":"LL Lanier","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lanier, L. L., Le, A. M., Civin, C. I., Loken, M. R. & Phillips, J. H. The relationship of CD16 (Leu-11) and Leu-19 (NKH-1) antigen expression on human peripheral blood NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 136, 4480\u20134486 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01248.x","volume":"103","author":"T Ohkawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ohkawa, T. et al. Systematic characterization of human CD8+ T cells with natural killer cell markers in comparison with natural killer cells and normal CD8+ T cells. Immunology 103, 281\u2013290 (2001).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"39_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2523","volume":"14","author":"D Mucida","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mucida, D. et al. Transcriptional reprogramming of\u00a0mature CD4+ helper T cells generates distinct MHC\u00a0class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nat.\u00a0Immunol. 14, 281\u2013289 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.017","volume":"41","author":"BS Reis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reis, B. S., Hoytema van Konijnenburg, D. P., Grivennikov, S. I. & Mucida, D. Transcription factor T-bet regulates intraepithelial lymphocyte functional maturation. Immunity 41, 244\u2013256 (2014).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001833","volume":"12","author":"G Sarrabayrouse","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarrabayrouse, G. et al. CD4CD8\u03b1\u03b1 lymphocytes, a\u00a0novel human regulatory T cell subset induced by colonic bacteria and deficient in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PLOS Biol. 12, e1001833 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"39_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.06.003","volume":"131","author":"JE Dalton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dalton, J. E. et al. Intraepithelial gammadelta+lymphocytes maintain the integrity of intestinal epithelial tight junctions in response to infection. Gastroenterology 131, 818\u2013829 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802705","volume":"182","author":"AS Ismail","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ismail, A. S., Behrendt, C. L. & Hooper, L. V. Reciprocal interactions between commensal bacteria and gamma delta intraepithelial lymphocytes during mucosal injury. J. Immunol. 182, 3047\u20133054 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.02.053","volume":"148","author":"KL Edelblum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edelblum, K. L. et al. gammadelta Intraepithelial lymphocyte migration limits transepithelial pathogen\u00a0invasion and systemic disease in mice. Gastroenterology 148, 1417\u20131426 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20026","volume":"13","author":"L Perera","year":"2007","unstructured":"Perera, L. et al. Expression of nonclassical class I molecules by intestinal epithelial cells. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13, 298\u2013307 (2007).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"39_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2005.05.011","volume":"35","author":"XP Lin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lin, X. P., Almqvist, N. & Telemo, E. Human small intestinal epithelial cells constitutively express the key\u00a0elements for antigen processing and the production of exosomes. Blood Cells, Mol. Dis. 35, 122\u2013128 (2005).","journal-title":"Blood Cells, Mol. Dis."},{"key":"39_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211250","volume":"334","author":"J Strid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strid, J., Sobolev, O., Zafirova, B., Polic, B. & Hayday, A. The intraepithelial T cell response to NKG2D-ligands links lymphoid stress surveillance to\u00a0atopy. Science 334, 1293\u20131297 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"39_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231ra49","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007579","volume":"6","author":"P Vantourout","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vantourout, P. et al. Immunological visibility: posttranscriptional regulation of human NKG2D ligands by the EGF receptor pathway. Sci. Transl. Med. 6, 231ra49 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"39_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1101-997","volume":"2","author":"A Hayday","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hayday, A., Theodoridis, E., Ramsburg, E. & Shires, J. Intraepithelial lymphocytes: exploring the Third Way in immunology. Nat. Immunol. 2, 997\u20131003 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR67","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Immunity","author":"J Shires","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shires, J., Theodoridis, E. & Hayday, A. C. Biological insights into TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ and TCR\u03b1\u03b2+ intraepithelial lymphocytes provided by serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). Immunity 15, 419\u2013434 (2001)."},{"key":"39_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830210429","volume":"21","author":"K Deusch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Deusch, K. et al. A major fraction of human intraepithelial lymphocytes simultaneously expresses the gamma\/delta T cell receptor, the CD8 accessory molecule and preferentially uses the V delta 1 gene segment. Eur. J. Immunol. 21, 1053\u20131059 (1991).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44544.x","volume":"756","author":"C Lundqvist","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundqvist, C. et al. Phenotype and cytokine profile of\u00a0intraepithelial lymphocytes in human small and large intestine. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 756, 395\u2013399 (1995).","journal-title":"Ann. NY Acad. Sci."},{"key":"39_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.5.1926","volume":"157","author":"C Lundqvist","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lundqvist, C., Melgar, S., Yeung, M. M., Hammarstr\u00f6m, S. & Hammarstr\u00f6m, M. L. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in human gut have lytic\u00a0potential and a cytokine profile that suggest T helper 1 and cytotoxic functions. J.\u00a0Immunol. 157, 1926\u20131934 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.8.1089","volume":"33","author":"P Hoang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hoang, P., Crotty, B., Dalton, H. R. & Jewell, D. P. Epithelial cells bearing class II molecules stimulate allogeneic human colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gut 33, 1089\u20131093 (1992).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00294","volume":"5","author":"JS Booth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Booth, J. S. et al. Characterization and functional properties of gastric tissue-resident memory T cells from children, adults, and the elderly. Front. Immunol. 5, 1\u201315 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR73","first-page":"G1279","volume":"276","author":"A Youakim","year":"1999","unstructured":"Youakim, A. & Ahdieh, M. Interferon-gamma decreases barrier function in T84 cells by reducing ZO-1 levels and disrupting apical actin. Am. J. Physiol. 276, G1279\u2013G1288 (1999).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"39_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038441","volume":"7","author":"D Smyth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smyth, D., Leung, G., Fernando, M. & McKay, D. M. Reduced surface expression of epithelial E-cadherin evoked by interferon-gamma is Fyn kinase-dependent. PLOS One 7, e38441 (2012).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"39_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0162","volume":"33","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Qiu, Y. & Yang, H. Effects of intraepithelial lymphocyte-derived cytokines on intestinal mucosal barrier function. J. Interf. Cytokine Res. 33, 551\u2013562 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"39_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.1.81","volume":"26","author":"N Cerf-Bensussan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cerf-Bensussan, N., Guy-Grand, D. & Griscelli, C. Intraepithelial lymphocytes of human gut: isolation, characterisation and study of natural killer activity. Gut 26, 81\u201388 (1985).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR77","first-page":"350","volume":"143","author":"GJ Russell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Russell, G. J., Nagler-Anderson, C., Anderson, P. & Bhan, A. K. Cytotoxic potential of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Presence of TIA-1, the cytolytic granule-associated protein, in human IELs in normal and diseased intestine. Am. J. Pathol. 143, 350\u2013354 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"39_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.8.972","volume":"27","author":"WO Dobbins 3rd","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dobbins, W. O. 3rd. Human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gut 27, 972\u2013985 (1986).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR79","first-page":"435","volume":"151","author":"A Chott","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chott, A. et al. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in normal human intestine do not express proteins associated with cytolytic function. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 435\u2013442 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"39_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.3.380","volume":"49","author":"A Di Sabatino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Di Sabatino, A. et al. Intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes show distinct patterns of apoptosis whereas both populations are active in Fas\u00a0based cytotoxicity in coeliac disease. Gut 49, 380\u2013386 (2001).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000002800304","volume":"28","author":"T Hongo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hongo, T. et al. Functional expression of Fas and Fas ligand on human colonic intraepithelial T lymphocytes. J. Int. Med. Res. 28, 132\u2013142 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"39_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1199","volume":"3","author":"DH Raulet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raulet, D. H. Roles of the NKG2D immunoreceptor and its ligands. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 781\u2013790 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0902-807","volume":"3","author":"F Colucci","year":"2002","unstructured":"Colucci, F., Di Santo, J. P. & Leibson, P. J. Natural killer cell activation in mice and men: different triggers for similar weapons? Nat. Immunol. 3, 807\u2013813 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.01.005","volume":"28","author":"H Cheroutre","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheroutre, H. & Lambolez, F. Doubting the TCR coreceptor function of CD8\u03b1\u03b1. Immunity 28, 149\u2013159 (2008).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg043","volume":"15","author":"JS Menezes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Menezes, J. S. et al. Stimulation by food proteins plays a critical role in the maturation of the immune system. Int. Immunol. 15, 447\u2013455 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.1.239","volume":"172","author":"A Bandeira","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bandeira, A. et al. Localization of gamma\/delta T cells to the intestinal epithelium is independent of normal microbial colonization. J. Exp. Med. 172, 239\u2013244 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"39_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8566591","volume":"110","author":"PW Finch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Finch, P. W., Pricolo, V., Wu, A. & Finkelstein, S. D. Increased expression of keratinocyte growth factor messenger RNA associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 110, 441\u2013451 (1996).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.6.848","volume":"45","author":"PW Finch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Finch, P. W. & Cheng, A. L. Analysis of the cellular basis of keratinocyte growth factor overexpression in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 45, 848\u2013855 (1999).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.3.802","volume":"86","author":"JS Rubin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rubin, J. S. et al. Purification and characterization of a newly identified growth factor specific for epithelial cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 802\u2013806 (1989).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"39_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4151","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4151","volume":"172","author":"H Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang, H., Antony, P. A., Wildhaber, B. E. & Teitelbaum, D. H. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte-T cell-derived keratinocyte growth factor modulates epithelial growth in the mouse. J. Immunol. 172, 4151\u20134158 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.348","volume":"14","author":"A Sturm","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sturm, A. & Dignass, A. U. Epithelial restitution and\u00a0wound healing in inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 14, 348\u2013353 (2008).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"39_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13055","volume":"41","author":"J Sundin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sundin, J. et al. Altered faecal and mucosal microbial composition in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome patients correlates with mucosal lymphocyte phenotypes and psychological distress. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 41, 342\u2013351 (2015).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"39_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.022","volume":"168","author":"N Geva-Zatorsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geva-Zatorsky, N. et al. Mining the human gut microbiota for immunomodulatory organisms. Cell\u00a0168, 928\u2013943 (2017).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"39_CR94","first-page":"32","volume":"79","author":"Y Umesaki","year":"1993","unstructured":"Umesaki, Y., Setoyama, H., Matsumoto, S. & Okada, Y. Expansion of axf T cell receptor-bearing intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes after microbial colonization in germ-free mice and its independence from thymus. Immunology 79, 32\u201337 (1993).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"39_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201617793","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617793113","volume":"113","author":"NP Semenkovich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Semenkovich, N. P. et al. Impact of the gut microbiota on enhancer accessibility in gut intraepithelial lymphocytes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 201617793 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"39_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.44","volume":"8","author":"J Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park, J. et al. Short chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR-S6K pathway. Mucosal Immunol. 8, 80\u201393 (2015).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313214","volume":"67","author":"A Cabinian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cabinian, A. et al. Gut symbiotic microbes imprint intestinal immune cells with the innate receptor SLAMF4 which contributes to gut immune protection against enteric pathogens. Gut 67, 847\u2013859 (2018).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.02.003","volume":"148","author":"MS O\u2019Keeffe","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Keeffe, M. S. et al. SLAMF4 is a negative regulator of expansion of cytotoxic intraepithelial CD8+ T cells that maintains homeostasis in the small intestine. Gastroenterology 148, 991\u20131001 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.025","volume":"147","author":"Y Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Exogenous stimuli maintain intraepithelial lymphocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. Cell 147, 629\u2013640 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"39_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12689","volume":"5","author":"TD Hubbard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hubbard, T. D. et al. Adaptation of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor to sense microbiota-derived indoles. Sci. Rep. 5, 12689 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"39_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00458","volume":"5","author":"W Julliard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Julliard, W., Fechner, J. H. & Mezrich, J. D. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor meets immunology: Friend or foe? A little of both. Front. Immunol. 5, 458 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3632-x","volume":"60","author":"T Ji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ji, T. et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation down-regulates IL-7 and reduces inflammation in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 60, 1958\u20131966 (2015).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"39_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-013-0396-2","volume":"35","author":"I Monteleone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monteleone, I., Pallone, F. & Monteleone, G. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and colitis. Semin. Immunopathol. 35, 671\u2013675 (2013).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"39_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.007","volume":"141","author":"I Monteleone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Monteleone, I. et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-induced signals up-regulate IL-22 production and inhibit inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 141, 237\u2013248 (2011).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269rv1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010641","volume":"7","author":"RA Clark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clark, R. A. Resident memory T cells in human health and disease. Sci. Transl Med. 7, 269rv1 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl Med."},{"key":"39_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.25.6.665","volume":"25","author":"P Rutgeerts","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rutgeerts, P. et al. Natural history of recurrent Crohn\u2019s disease at the ileocolonic anastomosis after curative surgery. Gut 25, 665\u2013672 (1984).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03774.x","volume":"28","author":"M Pascua","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pascua, M., Su, C., Lewis, J. D., Brensinger, C. & Lichtenstein, G. R. Meta-analysis: factors predicting post-operative recurrence with placebo therapy in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 28, 545\u2013556 (2008).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"39_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.5858\/2006-130-1020-ILIAPP","volume":"130","author":"I Brown","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brown, I., Mino-Kenudson, M., Deshpande, V. & Lauwers, G. Y. Intraepithelial lymphocytosis in architecturally preserved proximal small intestinal mucosa: an increasing diagnostic problem with a wide differential diagnosis. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 130, 1020\u20131025 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"39_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_204.x","volume":"113","author":"F Chang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang, F., Mahadeva, U. & Deere, H. Pathological and clinical significance of increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in small bowel mucosa. APMIS 113, 385\u2013399 (2005).","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"39_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318267c353","volume":"56","author":"E Shmidt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shmidt, E., Smyrk, T. C., Faubion, W. A. & Oxentenko, A. S. Duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytosis with normal villous architecture in pediatric patients: Mayo\u00a0Clinic experience, 2000\u20132009. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 56, 51\u201355 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"39_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1159\/000476061","volume":"95","author":"V Parihar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parihar, V. et al. Clinical outcome of patients with raised intraepithelial lymphocytes with normal villous architecture on duodenal biopsy. Digestion 95, 288\u2013292 (2017).","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"39_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601693","volume":"198","author":"B Jabri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jabri, B. & Sollid, L. M. T. Cells in celiac disease. J.\u00a0Immunol. 198, 3005\u20133014 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071600","volume":"357","author":"PHR Green","year":"2007","unstructured":"Green, P. H. R. & Cellier, C. Celiac disease. N. Engl. J.\u00a0Med. 357, 1731\u20131743 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"39_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.06.006","volume":"36","author":"B Meresse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meresse, B., Malamut, G. & Cerf-Bensussan, N. Celiac disease: an immunological jigsaw. Immunity 36, 907\u2013919 (2012).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0316-x","volume":"34","author":"V Abadie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abadie, V., Discepolo, V. & Jabri, B. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease immunopathology. Semin. Immunopathol. 34, 551\u2013556 (2012).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"39_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1309\/5PRJ-CM0U-6KLD-6KCM","volume":"116","author":"NS Goldstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldstein, N. S. & Underhill, J. Morphologic features suggestive of gluten sensitivity in architecturally normal duodenal biopsy specimens. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 116, 63\u201371 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"39_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170270","volume":"12","author":"JV Steenholt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steenholt, J. V. et al. The composition of T cell subtypes in duodenal biopsies are altered in coeliac disease patients. PLOS One 12, 1\u201317 (2017).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"39_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.018","volume":"21","author":"S Hue","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hue, S. et al. A direct role for NKG2D\/MICA interaction in villous atrophy during celiac disease. Immunity 21, 367\u2013377 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073658","volume":"8","author":"YL Allegretti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allegretti, Y. L. et al. Broad MICA\/B expression in the\u00a0small bowel mucosa: a link between cellular stress and celiac disease. PLOS One 8, e73658 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"39_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.1.14","volume":"97","author":"TA Fehniger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fehniger, T. A. & Caligiuri, M. A. Interleukin 15: biology and relevance to human disease. Blood 97, 14\u201332 (2001).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"39_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70173-9","volume":"118","author":"B Jabri","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jabri, B. et al. Selective expansion of intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the HLA-E-specific natural killer receptor CD94 in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 118, 867\u2013879 (2000).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.05.013","volume":"149","author":"M Setty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Setty, M. et al. Distinct and synergistic contributions of epithelial stress and adaptive immunity to functions of intraepithelial killer cells and active celiac disease. Gastroenterology 149, 681\u2013691 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071887","volume":"206","author":"F Tang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang, F. et al. Cytosolic PLA2 is required for CTL-mediated immunopathology of celiac disease via NKG2D and IL-15. J. Exp. Med. 206, 707\u2013719 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"39_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20150303","volume":"212","author":"F Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang, F. et al. Cysteinyl leukotrienes mediate lymphokine killer activity induced by NKG2D and IL-15 in cytotoxic T cells during celiac disease. J. Exp. Med. 212, 1487\u20131495 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"39_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.65","volume":"6","author":"M Sarra","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sarra, M. et al. IL-15 positively regulates IL-21 production in celiac disease mucosa. Mucosal Immunol. 6, 244\u2013255 (2013).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02941.x","volume":"127","author":"EC Ebert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ebert, E. C. Interleukin 21 up-regulates perforin-mediated cytotoxic activity of human intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Immunology 127, 206\u2013215 (2009).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"39_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01200.x","volume":"120","author":"R Ciccocioppo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ciccocioppo, R. et al. Cytolytic mechanisms of intraepithelial lymphocytes in coeliac disease (CoD). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 120, 235\u2013240 (2000).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00946.x","volume":"155","author":"EO Long","year":"1997","unstructured":"Long, E. O. et al. Killer cell inhibitory receptors: diversity, specificity, and function. Immunol. Rev. 155, 135\u2013144 (1997).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"39_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.220","volume":"107","author":"I Tuire","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tuire, I. et al. Persistent duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytosis despite a long-term strict gluten-free diet in celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 1563\u20131569 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"39_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.2.208","volume":"34","author":"T Kutlu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kutlu, T. et al. Numbers of T cell receptor (TCR) alpha beta+but not of TCR gamma delta+intraepithelial lymphocytes correlate with the grade of villous atrophy in coeliac patients on a long term normal diet. Gut 34, 208\u2013214 (1993).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07456.x","volume":"98","author":"TT J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2003","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvinen, T. T. et al. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98, 1332\u20131337 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"39_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14338","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.212290499","volume":"99","author":"Y Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Chou, K., Fuchs, E., Havran, W. L. & Boismenu, R. Protection of the intestinal mucosa by intraepithelial gamma delta T cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14338\u201314343 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"39_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314469","volume":"24","author":"C Fiocchi","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fiocchi, C., Battisto, J. R. & Farmer, R. G. Gut mucosal lymphocytes in inflammatory bowel disease: isolation and preliminary functional characterization. Dig. Dis. Sci. 24, 705\u2013717 (1979).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"39_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03937.x","volume":"29","author":"MM Walker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walker, M. M. et al. Duodenal mastocytosis, eosinophilia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis as possible disease markers in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 29, 765\u2013773 (2009).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"39_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114634","volume":"85","author":"DN Posnett","year":"1990","unstructured":"Posnett, D. N. et al. T cell antigen receptor V gene usage. Increases in V beta 8+T cells in Crohn\u2019s disease. J. Clin. Invest. 85, 1770\u20131776 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"39_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2007.06.007","volume":"203","author":"H Mitomi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mitomi, H. et al. Contribution of TIA-1+ and granzyme B+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes to cryptal apoptosis and ulceration in active inflammatory bowel disease. Pathol. Res. Pract. 203, 717\u2013723 (2007).","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"39_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.2350\/14-07-1529-OA.1","volume":"17","author":"S Hardee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hardee, S., Alper, A., Pashankar, D. S. & Morotti, R. A. Histopathology of duodenal mucosal lesions in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease: statistical analysis to identify distinctive features. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 17, 450\u2013454 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"39_CR138","first-page":"440","volume":"84","author":"LK Trejdosiewicz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Trejdosiewicz, L. K. et al. Gamma delta T cell receptor-positive cells of the human gastrointestinal mucosa: occurrence and V region gene expression in Heliobacter pylori-associated gastritis, coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 84, 440\u2013444 (1991).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1992.tb07942.x","volume":"90","author":"CA Cuvelier","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cuvelier, C. A., Wever, N. D. E., Mielants, H., Vos, M. D. E. & Veyst, E. M. Expression of T cell receptors patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and with spondylarthropathy. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 90, 275\u2013279 (1992).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521003663662","volume":"45","author":"F Vidali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vidali, F. et al. Increased CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration and reduced surface area to\u00a0volume ratio in the duodenum of patients with ulcerative colitis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 45, 684\u2013689 (2010).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"39_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s004230050268","volume":"385","author":"NC N\u00fcssler","year":"2000","unstructured":"N\u00fcssler, N. C. et al. Enhanced cytolytic activity of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in patients with\u00a0Crohn\u2019s disease. Langenbecks. Arch. Surg. 385, 218\u2013224 (2000).","journal-title":"Langenbecks. Arch. Surg."},{"key":"39_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0810456","volume":"89","author":"Z Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. The increased expression of IL-23 in inflammatory bowel disease promotes intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocyte inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 89, 597\u2013606 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"39_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.025","volume":"132","author":"M Allez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Allez, M. et al. CD4+NKG2D+T cells in Crohn\u2019s disease mediate inflammatory and cytotoxic responses through MICA interactions. Gastroenterology 132, 2346\u20132358 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097274","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2097274","volume":"2016","author":"FAR Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"Silva, F. A. R., Rodrigues, B. L., Ayrizono, M., de, L. S. & Leal, R. F. The immunological basis of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2016, 2097274 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"39_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.79-94.2002","volume":"15","author":"BA Hendrickson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hendrickson, B. A., Gokhale, R. & Cho, J. H. Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15, 79\u201394 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"39_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.010","volume":"126","author":"M Rutter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rutter, M. et al. Severity of inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 126, 451\u2013459 (2004).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.001","volume":"133","author":"RB Gupta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gupta, R. B. et al. Histologic inflammation is a risk factor for progression to colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology 133, 1091\u20131099 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.057","volume":"140","author":"TA Ullman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ullman, T. A. & Itzkowitz, S. H. Intestinal inflammation and cancer. Gastroenterology 140, 1807\u20131816 (2011).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129139","volume":"313","author":"J Galon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galon, J. et al. Type, density, and location of immune cells within human colorectal tumors predict clinical outcome. Science 313, 1960\u20131964 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"39_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1016698","volume":"4","author":"M Chirica","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chirica, M. et al. Phenotypic analysis of T cells infiltrating colon cancers: Correlations with oncogenetic status. Oncoimmunology 4, e1016698 (2015).","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"39_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3909","volume":"21","author":"AJ Gentles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gentles, A. J. et al. The prognostic landscape of genes and infiltrating immune cells across human cancers. Nat. Med. 21, 938\u2013945 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"39_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-013-1446-2","volume":"62","author":"AM Sherwood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sherwood, A. M. et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal tumors display a diversity of T cell receptor sequences that differ from the T cells in adjacent mucosal tissue. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 62, 1453\u20131461 (2013).","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"39_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.4.1681","volume":"183","author":"MJ Maeurer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maeurer, M. J. et al. Human intestinal Vdelta1+lymphocytes recognize tumor cells of epithelial origin. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1681\u20131696 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"39_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02656.x","volume":"124","author":"EC Ebert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ebert, E. C. & Groh, V. Dissection of spontaneous cytotoxicity by human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: MIC on colon cancer triggers NKG2D-mediated lysis through Fas ligand. Immunology 124, 33\u201341 (2008).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"39_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i12.1348","volume":"18","author":"DH Dewar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dewar, D. H. et al. Celiac disease: management of persistent symptoms in patients on a gluten-free diet. World J. Gastroenterol. 18, 1348\u20131356 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"39_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15849","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908834106","volume":"106","author":"S Yokoyama","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yokoyama, S. et al. Antibody-mediated blockade of IL-15 reverses the autoimmune intestinal damage in transgenic mice that overexpress IL-15 in enterocytes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 15849\u201315854 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"39_CR157","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. Clinicaltrials.gov https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02637141 (2018)."},{"key":"39_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3919","volume":"15","author":"B Jabri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jabri, B. & Abadie, V. IL-15 functions as a danger signal to regulate tissue-resident T cells and tissue destruction. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 15, 771\u2013783 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw168","volume":"11","author":"F Gomollon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gomollon, F. et al. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn\u2019s disease 2016: Part 1: Diagnosis and medical management. J. Crohns. Colitis 11, 3\u201325 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Crohns. Colitis"},{"key":"39_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.047","volume":"145","author":"JP Terdiman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Terdiman, J. P., Gruss, C. B., Heidelbaugh, J. J., Sultan, S. & Falck-Ytter, Y. T. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the use of thiopurines, methotrexate, and anti-TNF-alpha biologic drugs for the induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 145, 1459\u20131463 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR161","unstructured":"American Gastroenterological Association. Crohns disease clinical care pathway. Available at: http:\/\/campaigns.gastro.org\/algorithms\/IBDCarePathway\/pdf\/IBDCarePathway.pdf. (Accessed: 7th November 2017)."},{"key":"39_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04599.x","volume":"33","author":"L Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peyrin-Biroulet, L. & Lemann, M. Review article: remission rates achievable by current therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 33, 870\u2013879 (2011).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"39_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215739","volume":"369","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J.\u00a0Med. 369, 711\u2013721 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"39_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215734","volume":"369","author":"BG Feagan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feagan, B. G. et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J.\u00a0Med. 369, 699\u2013710 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"39_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60661-9","volume":"384","author":"S Vermeire","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vermeire, S. et al. Etrolizumab as induction therapy for ulcerative colitis: a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 384, 309\u2013318 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"39_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.26392","volume":"5","author":"T Wyant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wyant, T., Yang, L. & Fedyk, E. In vitro assessment of the effects of vedolizumab binding on peripheral blood lymphocytes. MAbs 5, 842\u2013850 (2013).","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"39_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310022","volume":"65","author":"A Fischer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fischer, A. et al. Differential effects of alpha4beta7 and GPR15 on homing of effector and regulatory T cells from patients with UC to the inflamed gut in vivo. Gut 65, 1642\u20131664 (2016).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"39_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21266","volume":"16","author":"C Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Effect of \u03b14\u03b27 blockade on intestinal lymphocyte subsets and lymphoid tissue development. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 16, 1751\u20131762 (2010).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"39_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S394","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx002.741","volume":"11","author":"D Lissner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lissner, D. et al. P617 Extraintestinal autoimmune phenomena during treatment with vedolizumab. J.\u00a0Crohns Colitis 11, S394\u2013S395 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"39_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S182","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx002.334","volume":"11","author":"EV Loftus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loftus, E. V. et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of vedolizumab in patients with ulcerative colitis: 5-year cumulative exposure of GEMINI 1 completers rolling into the GEMINI open-label extension study. J.\u00a0Crohns Colitis 11, S182\u2013S183 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"39_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/382366a0","volume":"382","author":"N Wagner","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wagner, N. et al. Critical role for beta7 integrins in formation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Nature 382, 366\u2013370 (1996).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"39_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3079","volume":"16","author":"LP Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen, L. P. et al. Role and species-specific expression of colon T cell homing receptor GPR15 in colitis. Nat.\u00a0Immunol. 16, 207\u2013213 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2573","volume":"180","author":"J Ho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ho, J. et al. A CD8+\/CD103high T cell subset regulates TNF-mediated chronic murine ileitis. J. Immunol. 180, 2573\u20132580 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.2731","volume":"172","author":"J Mestas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mestas, J. & Hughes, C. C. W. Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology. J. Immunol. 172, 2731\u20132738 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","volume":"486","author":"T Yatsunenko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yatsunenko, T. et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486, 222\u2013227 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"39_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.020","volume":"160","author":"P Brodin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brodin, P. et al. Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences. Cell 160, 37\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"39_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2002.600501.x","volume":"60","author":"Y Dutronc","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dutronc, Y. & Porcelli, S. A. The CD1 family and T cell recognition of lipid antigens. Tissue Antigens 60, 337\u2013353 (2002).","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"39_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80022-9","volume":"10","author":"JR Wyer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wyer, J. R. et al. T cell receptor and coreceptor CD8 alphaalpha bind peptide-MHC independently and with distinct kinetics. Immunity 10, 219\u2013225 (1999).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"39_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.5.2577","volume":"167","author":"AG Cawthon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cawthon, A. G., Lu, H. & Alexander-Miller, M. A. Peptide requirement for CTL activation reflects the sensitivity to CD3 engagement: correlation with CD8alphabeta versus CD8alphaalpha expression. J.\u00a0Immunol. 167, 2577\u20132584 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990110316","volume":"11","author":"EF Srour","year":"1990","unstructured":"Srour, E. F., Leemhuis, T., Jenski, L., Redmond, R. & Jansen, J. Cytolytic activity of human natural killer cell\u00a0subpopulations isolated by four-color immunofluorescence flow cytometric cell sorting. Cytometry 11, 442\u2013446 (1990).","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"39_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0001-y","volume":"18","author":"T van den Broek","year":"2018","unstructured":"van den Broek, T., Borghans, J. A. M. & van Wijk, F. The full spectrum of human naive T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 363\u2013373 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aah6506","volume":"1","author":"JJC Thome","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thome, J. J. C. et al. Longterm maintenance of human naive T cells through in situ homeostasis in lymphoid tissue sites. Sci. Immunol. 1, eaah6506 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR183","first-page":"A574","volume":"100","author":"K Deusch","year":"1991","unstructured":"Deusch, K. et al. Lymphokine repertoire and proliferative capacity of human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gastroenterology 100, A574 (1991).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"39_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830170910","volume":"17","author":"N Cerf-Bensussan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cerf-Bensussan, N. et al. A monoclonal antibody (HML-1) defining a novel membrane molecule present on human intestinal lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 1279\u20131285 (1987).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"39_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30989","volume":"118","author":"G Bhagat","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bhagat, G. et al. Small intestinal CD8+TCR\u03b3\u03b4+NKG2A+intraepithelial lymphocytes have attributes of regulatory cells in patients with celiac disease. J. Clin. Investig. 118, 281\u2013293 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-018-0039-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-018-0039-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-018-0039-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T14:31:27Z","timestamp":1693751487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-018-0039-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["39"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-018-0039-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}