{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T15:38:15Z","timestamp":1794325095344,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":254,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0222-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T12:07:02Z","timestamp":1572955622000},"page":"21-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":415,"title":["Management of functional constipation in children and adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4759-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mana H.","family":"Vriesman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilan J. N.","family":"Koppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Camilleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Benninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"222_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.016","volume":"150","author":"MA Benninga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benninga, M. A. et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate\/toddler. Gastroenterology 150, 1443\u20131455 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.015","volume":"150","author":"JS Hyams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hyams, J. S. et al. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child\/adolescent. Gastroenterology 150, 1456\u20131468 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031","volume":"150","author":"BE Lacy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lacy, B. E. et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 150, 1393\u20131407 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31817efbf7","volume":"48","author":"ER Wald","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wald, E. R. et al. Bowel habits and toilet training in a diverse population of children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 48, 294\u2013298 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.01.001","volume":"190","author":"RE Burgers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burgers, R. E. et al. Management of functional constipation in children with lower urinary tract symptoms: report from the Standardization Committee of the International Children\u2019s Continence Society. J. Urol. 190, 29\u201336 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"222_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00886.x","volume":"102","author":"AO Chan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chan, A. O. et al. Familial aggregation in constipated subjects in a tertiary referral center. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102, 149\u2013152 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.12.002","volume":"25","author":"S Nurko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nurko, S. & Scott, S. M. Coexistence of constipation and incontinence in children and adults. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol 25, 29\u201341 (2011).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"222_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.024","volume":"147","author":"S Nurko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nurko, S. & Saps, M. Treating constipation with prucalopride: one size does not fit all. Gastroenterology 147, 1214\u20131216 (2014).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90466-X","volume":"101","author":"T Stivland","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stivland, T. et al. Scintigraphic measurement of regional gut transit in idiopathic constipation. Gastroenterology 101, 107\u2013115 (1991).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301181","volume":"61","author":"S Nullens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nullens, S. et al. Regional colon transit in patients with dys-synergic defaecation or slow transit in patients with constipation. Gut 61, 1132\u20131139 (2012).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"222_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.029","volume":"198","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N. et al. Prevalence of functional defecation disorders in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Pediatr. 198, 121\u2013130 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.12.010","volume":"25","author":"SM Mugie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mugie, S. M., Benninga, M. A. & Di Lorenzo, C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 25, 3\u201318 (2011).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1009","volume":"126","author":"MEJ Bongers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bongers, M. E. J., van Wijk, M. P., Reitsma, J. B. & Benninga, M. A. Long-term prognosis for childhood constipation: clinical outcomes in adulthood. Pediatrics 126, 156\u2013162 (2010).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"222_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00888-6","volume":"125","author":"R van Ginkel","year":"2003","unstructured":"van Ginkel, R. et al. Childhood constipation: longitudinal follow-up beyond puberty. Gastroenterology 125, 357\u2013363 (2003).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.164","volume":"106","author":"NC Suares","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suares, N. C. & Ford, A. C. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic idiopathic constipation in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106, 1582\u20131591 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.01072.x","volume":"20","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Camilleri, M., Cowen, T. & Koch, T. R. Enteric neurodegeneration in ageing. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 20, 185\u2013196 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316279","volume":"68","author":"J Broad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broad, J. et al. Changes in neuromuscular structure and functions of human colon during ageing are region-dependent. Gut 68, 1210\u20131223 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"222_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90166-A","volume":"105","author":"V Loening-Baucke","year":"1993","unstructured":"Loening-Baucke, V. Chronic constipation in children. Gastroenterology 105, 1557\u20131564 (1993).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR19","first-page":"500","volume":"92","author":"A Mounsey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mounsey, A., Raleigh, M. & Wilson, A. Management of constipation in older adults. Am. Fam. Physician 92, 500\u2013504 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"222_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keuzenkamp-Jansen, C. W., Fijnvandraat, C. J., Kneepkens C. M. F. & Douwes, A. C. Chronic constipation. Arch. Dis. Child. 36\u201341 (1996).","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.75.1.36"},{"key":"222_CR21","first-page":"89","volume":"10","author":"SM Dehghani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dehghani, S. M., Moravej, H., Rajaei, E. & Javaherizadeh, H. Evaluation of familial aggregation, vegetable consumption, legumes consumption, and physical activity on functional constipation in families of children with functional constipation versus children without constipation. Prz. Gastroenterol. 10, 89\u201393 (2015).","journal-title":"Prz. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.10.009","volume":"5","author":"AOO Chan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chan, A. O. O. et al. Influence of positive family history on clinical characteristics of functional constipation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 197\u2013200 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3475-x","volume":"60","author":"JY Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, J. Y., Locke, G. R., Schleck, C. D., Zinsmeister, A. R. & Talley, N. J. Lack of familial aggregation in chronic constipation excluding irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based study. Dig. Dis. Sci. 60, 1358\u20131365 (2015).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"222_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200411000-00002","volume":"39","author":"MA Benninga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benninga, M. A., Voskuijl, W. P. & Taminiau, J. A. Childhood constipation: is there new light in the tunnel? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 39, 448\u2013464 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000362365","volume":"164","author":"S Miceli Sopo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miceli Sopo, S., Arena, R., Greco, M., Bergamini, M. & Monaco, S. Constipation and cow\u2019s milk allergy: a review of the literature. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 164, 40\u201345 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"222_CR26","first-page":"1024","volume":"3","author":"G Iacono","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iacono, G., Scalici, C. & Iacono, S. Chronic constipation as a symptom of food allergy. Austin J. Allergy 3, 1024 (2016).","journal-title":"Austin J. Allergy"},{"key":"222_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000266","volume":"58","author":"MM Tabbers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tabbers, M. M. et al. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 58, 258\u2013274 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199902000-00015","volume":"28","author":"E Roma","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roma, E., Adamidis, D., Nikolara, R., Constantopoulos, A. & Messaritakis, J. Diet and chronic constipation in children: the role of fiber. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 28, 169\u2013174 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2009.06.001","volume":"38","author":"EP Bouras","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bouras, E. P. & Tangalos, E. G. Chronic constipation in the elderly. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 38, 463\u2013480 (2009).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"222_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.admecli.2003.11.007","volume":"15","author":"NN Youssef","year":"2004","unstructured":"Youssef, N. N., Sanders, L. & Di Lorenzo, C. Adolescent constipation: evaluation and management. Adolesc. Med. Clin. 15, 37\u201352 (2004).","journal-title":"Adolesc. Med. Clin."},{"key":"222_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1417","volume":"138","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N. et al. Functional defecation disorders and excessive body weight: a systematic review. Pediatrics 138, e20161417 (2016).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"222_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00969.x","volume":"13","author":"GD Eslick","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eslick, G. D. Gastrointestinal symptoms and obesity: a meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 13, 469\u2013479 (2012).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev"},{"key":"222_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-011-1705-5","volume":"16","author":"P Sileri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sileri, P. et al. Prevalence of defaecatory disorders in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 16, 62\u201367 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2011.02584.x","volume":"13","author":"V Poylin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poylin, V. et al. Obesity and bariatric surgery: a systematic review of associations with defecatory dysfunction. Colorectal Dis. 13, e92\u2013e103 (2011).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"222_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.02.002","volume":"29","author":"K Ramalingam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramalingam, K. & Monga, A. Obesity and pelvic floor dysfunction. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 29, 541\u2013547 (2015).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol"},{"key":"222_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14067","volume":"107","author":"S Seidenfaden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seidenfaden, S., Ormarsson, O. T., Lund, S. H. & Bjornsson, E. S. Physical activity may decrease the likelihood of children developing constipation. Acta Paediatr. 107, 151\u2013155 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"222_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6864","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i30.6864","volume":"22","author":"S Rajindrajith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajindrajith, S., Devanarayana, N. M., Perera, B. J. C. & Benninga, M. A. Childhood constipation as an emerging public health problem. World J. Gastroenterol. 22, 6864\u20136875 (2016).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072608","volume":"8","author":"P Iovino","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iovino, P. et al. New onset of constipation during long-term physical inactivity: a proof-of-concept study on the immobility-induced bowel changes. PLOS ONE 8, e72608 (2013).","journal-title":"PLOSONE"},{"key":"222_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164731","volume":"11","author":"TGJ de Meij","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Meij, T. G. J. et al. Characterization of microbiota in children with chronic functional constipation. PLOS ONE 11, e0164731 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOSONE"},{"key":"222_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10663-w","volume":"7","author":"L Mancabelli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mancabelli, L. et al. Unveiling the gut microbiota composition and functionality associated with constipation through metagenomic analyses. Sci. Rep. 7, 9879 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"222_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G368","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.3.G368","volume":"280","author":"E Husebye","year":"2001","unstructured":"Husebye, E., Hellstr\u00f6m, P. M., Sundler, F., Chen, J. & Midtvedt, T. Influence of microbial species on small intestinal myoelectric activity and transit in germ-free rats. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280, G368\u2013G380 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"222_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5505.881","volume":"291","author":"LV Hooper","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hooper, L. V. et al. Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine. Science 291, 881\u2013884 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"222_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40453.x","volume":"99","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C., Sadeghi, P., Beaty, J. & Kavlock, R. Ambulatory 24-hour colonic manometry in slow-transit constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99, 2405\u20132416 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.12.018","volume":"41","author":"MM van den Berg","year":"2006","unstructured":"van den Berg, M. M. et al. Colonic manometry as predictor of cecostomy success in children with defecation disorders. J. Pediatr. Surg. 41, 730\u2013736 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12502","volume":"27","author":"PG Dinning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dinning, P. G. et al. Colonic motor abnormalities in slow transit constipation defined by high resolution, fibre-optic manometry. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 27, 379\u2013388 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12771","volume":"28","author":"S Wessel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wessel, S. et al. Characterizing colonic motility in children with chronic intractable constipation: a look beyond high-amplitude propagating sequences. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 28, 743\u2013757 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5162","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i41.5162","volume":"16","author":"PG Dinning","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dinning, P. G., Benninga, M. A., Southwell, B. R. & Mark Scott, S. Paediatric and adult colonic manometry: a tool to help unravel the pathophysiology of constipation. World J. Gastroenterol. 16, 5162\u20135172 (2010).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13395","volume":"30","author":"PG Dinning","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dinning, P. G. A new understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of colonic motility? Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 30, e13395 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.341","volume":"112","author":"M Corsetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corsetti, M. et al. Pan-colonic pressurizations associated with relaxation of the anal sphincter in health and disease: a new colonic motor pattern identified using high-resolution manometry. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112, 479\u2013489 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12760","volume":"44","author":"AY Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, A. Y., Dinning, P. G., Milne, T., Bissett, I. P. & O\u2019Grady, G. The \u201crectosigmoid brake\u201d: review of an emerging neuromodulation target for colorectal functional disorders. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 44, 719\u2013728 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"222_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16060","volume":"22","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C. & Patcharatrakul, T. Diagnosis and treatment of dyssynergic defecation. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22, 423\u2013435 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.028","volume":"144","author":"AE Bharucha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bharucha, A. E., Pemberton, J. H. & Locke, G. R. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on constipation. Gastroenterology 144, 218\u2013238 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.009","volume":"150","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C. et al. Anorectal disorders. Gastroenterology 150, 1430\u20131442 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310694","volume":"102","author":"N Ranasinghe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ranasinghe, N., Devanarayana, N. M., Benninga, M. A., Van Dijk, M. & Rajindrajith, S. Psychological maladjustment and quality of life in adolescents with constipation. Arch. Dis. Child. 102, 268\u2013273 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"222_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000882","volume":"61","author":"EM Philips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Philips, E. M. et al. Stressful life events in children with functional defecation disorders. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 61, 384\u2013392 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1162-8","volume":"28","author":"C Joinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joinson, C., Grzeda, M. T., von Gontard, A. & Heron, J. Psychosocial risks for constipation and soiling in primary school children. Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry 28, 203\u2013210 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"222_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02313.x","volume":"95","author":"HJ Mason","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mason, H. J., Serrano-Ikkos, E. & Kamm, M. A. Psychological morbidity in women with idiopathic constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95, 2852\u20132857 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1210","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1580","volume":"132","author":"C McKeown","year":"2013","unstructured":"McKeown, C., Hisle-Gorman, E., Eide, M., Gorman, G. H. & Nylund, C. M. Association of constipation and fecal incontinence with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 132, e1210\u2013e1215 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"222_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.02.028","volume":"163","author":"B Peeters","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peeters, B., Noens, I., Philips, E. M., Kuppens, S. & Benninga, M. A. Autism spectrum disorders in children with functional defecation disorders. J. Pediatr. 163, 873\u2013878 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3055","volume":"125","author":"M van Dijk","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Dijk, M., Benninga, M. A., Grootenhuis, M. A. & Last, B. F. Prevalence and associated clinical characteristics of behavior problems in constipated children. Pediatrics 125, 309\u2013317 (2010).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"222_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202317284192","volume":"37","author":"TT Haug","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haug, T. T., Mykletun, A. & Dahl, A. A. Are anxiety and depression related to gastrointestinal symptoms in the general population? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 37, 294\u2013298 (2002).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200101000-00007","volume":"13","author":"S Dykes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dykes, S., Smilgin-Humphreys, S. & Bass, C. Chronic idiopathic constipation: a psychological enquiry. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 39\u201344 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001006","volume":"62","author":"S Rajindrajith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajindrajith, S., Devanarayana, N. M. & Benninga, M. A. Fecal incontinence in adolescents is associated with child abuse, somatization, and poor health-related quality of life. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 62, 698\u2013703 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181d33b7d","volume":"51","author":"S Rajindrajith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rajindrajith, S., Devanarayana, N. M. & Benninga, M. A. Constipation-associated and nonretentive fecal incontinence in children and adolescents: an epidemiological survey in Sri Lanka. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 51, 472\u2013476 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2000.00357.x","volume":"9","author":"T Koch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Koch, T. & Hudson, S. Older people and laxative use: literature review and pilot study report. J. Clin. Nurs. 9, 516\u2013525 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"222_CR66","first-page":"203","volume":"28","author":"M Carabotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M. A. & Severi, C. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Ann. Gastroenterol. 28, 203\u2013209 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13228","volume":"30","author":"SM Mugie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mugie, S. M. et al. Brain processing of rectal sensation in adolescents with functional defecation disorders and healthy controls. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 30, e13228 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.08.042","volume":"632","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu, Q. et al. Distinct resting-state brain activity in patients with functional constipation. Neurosci. Lett. 632, 141\u2013146 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"222_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001011","volume":"62","author":"S Malowitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malowitz, S., Green, M., Karpinski, A., Rosenberg, A. & Hyman, P. E. Age of onset of functional constipation. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 62, 600\u2013602 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.10.1400","volume":"34","author":"V Loening-Baucke","year":"1993","unstructured":"Loening-Baucke, V. Constipation in early childhood: patient characteristics, treatment, and long-term follow up. Gut 34, 1400\u20131404 (1993).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"222_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200411000-00002","volume":"39","author":"MA Benninga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benninga, M. A., Voskuijl, W. P. & Taminiau, J. A. J. M. Childhood constipation: is there new light in the tunnel? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 39, 448\u2013464 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03206-0","volume":"348","author":"R van der Plas","year":"1996","unstructured":"van der Plas, R. et al. Biofeedback training in treatment of childhood constipation: a randomised controlled study. Lancet 348, 776\u2013780 (1996).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"222_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00526.x","volume":"16","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C., Mudipalli, R. S., Stessman, M. & Zimmerman, B. Investigation of the utility of colorectal function tests and Rome II criteria in dyssynergic defecation (Anismus). Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 16, 589\u2013596 (2004).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR74","first-page":"105","volume":"96","author":"V Loening-Baucke","year":"1995","unstructured":"Loening-Baucke, V. Biofeedback treatment for chronic constipation and encopresis in childhood: long-term outcome. Pediatrics 96, 105\u2013110 (1995).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"222_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.16.3.213","volume":"16","author":"SM Borowitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Borowitz, S. M. et al. Precipitants of constipation during early childhood. J. Am. Board Fam. Pract. 16, 213\u2013218 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Pract."},{"key":"222_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2011.01.001","volume":"25","author":"SM Scott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scott, S. M., Van Den Berg, M. M. & Benninga, M. A. Rectal sensorimotor dysfunction in constipation. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol 25, 103\u2013118 (2011).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"222_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-305941","volume":"100","author":"M van Dijk","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Dijk, M., de Vries, G.-J., Last, B. F., Benninga, M. A. & Grootenhuis, M. A. Parental child-rearing attitudes are associated with functional constipation in childhood. Arch. Dis. Child. 100, 329\u2013333 (2015).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"222_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2017-000100","volume":"1","author":"B Peeters","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peeters, B. et al. Parental characteristics and functional constipation in children: a cross-sectional cohort study. BMJ Paediatr. Open 1, e000100 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ Paediatr. Open"},{"key":"222_CR79","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C. Yamada\u2019s Textbook of Gastroenterology 6th edn Vol. 2 (Wiley-Blackwell, 2016)."},{"key":"222_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.06.031","volume":"8","author":"K Tantiphlachiva","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tantiphlachiva, K., Rao, P., Attaluri, A. & Rao, S. S. C. Digital rectal examination is a useful tool for identifying patients with dyssynergia. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 955\u2013960 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13510","volume":"31","author":"V Chedid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chedid, V., Vijayvargiya, P., Halawi, H., Park, S. & Camilleri, M. Audit of the diagnosis of rectal evacuation disorders in chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 31, e13510 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/945165","volume":"27","author":"A Chogle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chogle, A. & Saps, M. Yield and cost of performing screening tests for constipation in children. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 27, e35\u2013e38 (2013).","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR83","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Constipation in children and young people: diagnosis and management (NICE, 2010)."},{"key":"222_CR84","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management (NICE, 2015)."},{"key":"222_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001549","volume":"35","author":"R Kearney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kearney, R., Edwards, T., Bradford, M. & Klein, E. Emergency provider use of plain radiographs in the evaluation of pediatric constipation. Pediatr. Emerg. Care 35, 624\u2013629 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"222_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.12.045","volume":"161","author":"MY Berger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berger, M. Y., Tabbers, M. M., Kurver, M. J., Boluyt, N. & Benninga, M. A. Value of abdominal radiography, colonic transit time, and rectal ultrasound scanning in the diagnosis of idiopathic constipation in children: a systematic review. J. Pediatr. 161, 44\u201350 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-1026-3","volume":"39","author":"MS Linet","year":"2009","unstructured":"Linet, M. S., Kim, K. P. & Rajaraman, P. Children\u2019s exposure to diagnostic medical radiation and cancer risk: epidemiologic and dosimetric considerations. Pediatr. Radiol. 39, S4\u2013S26 (2009).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"222_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.11.013","volume":"15","author":"S-Y Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, S.-Y., Khemani, D., Nelson, A. D., Eckert, D. & Camilleri, M. Rectal gas volume measured by computerized tomography identifies evacuation disorders in patients with constipation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 543\u2013552 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13044","volume":"29","author":"S-Y Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, S.-Y., Khemani, D., Acosta, A., Eckert, D. & Camilleri, M. Rectal gas volume: defining cut-offs for screening for evacuation disorders in patients with constipation. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 29, e13044 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(86)80004-X","volume":"91","author":"B Krevsky","year":"1986","unstructured":"Krevsky, B., Malmud, L. S., D\u2019Ercole, F., Maurer, A. H. & Fisher, R. S. Colonic transit scintigraphy. A physiologic approach to the quantitative measurement of colonic transit in humans. Gastroenterology 91, 1102\u201312 (1986).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293-e82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01442.x","volume":"22","author":"N Manabe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Manabe, N. et al. Lower functional gastrointestinal disorders: evidence of abnormal colonic transit in a 287 patient cohort. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22, 293-e82 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil"},{"key":"222_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31829e0bdd","volume":"57","author":"SM Mugie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mugie, S. M. et al. Colonic manometry and colonic scintigraphy as a diagnostic tool for children with severe constipation. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 57, 598\u2013602 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01517.x","volume":"22","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Camilleri, M. et al. Wireless pH-motility capsule for colonic transit: prospective comparison with radiopaque markers in chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22, 874\u2013882, e233 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.040","volume":"162","author":"AD Green","year":"2013","unstructured":"Green, A. D. et al. Wireless motility capsule test in children with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. J. Pediatr. 162, 1181\u20131187 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.01.017","volume":"7","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C. et al. Investigation of colonic and whole-gut transit with wireless motility capsule and radiopaque markers in constipation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 7, 537\u2013544 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2015.09.008","volume":"12","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N. et al. Management of functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children: recommendations from the International Children\u2019s Continence Society. J. Pediatr. Urol. 12, 56\u201364 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol"},{"key":"222_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.71.3.186","volume":"71","author":"MA Benninga","year":"1994","unstructured":"Benninga, M. A., Buller, H. A., Heymans, H. S. A., Tytgat, G. N. J. & Taminiau, J. A. J. M. Is encopresis always the result of constipation? Arch. Dis. Child. 71, 186\u2013193 (1994).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"222_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.040220","volume":"89","author":"F De Lorijn","year":"2004","unstructured":"De Lorijn, F. et al. Prognosis of constipation: clinical factors and colonic transit time. Arch. Dis. Child. 89, 723\u2013727 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"222_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.1.109","volume":"39","author":"LP Degen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Degen, L. P. & Phillips, S. F. How well does stool form reflect colonic transit? Gut 39, 109\u2013113 (1996).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"222_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.08.037","volume":"48","author":"AS Keshtgar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Keshtgar, A. S., Ward, H. C. & Clayden, G. S. Pathophysiology of chronic childhood constipation: functional and morphological evaluation by anorectal manometry and endosonography and colonic transit study. J. Pediatr. Surg. 48, 806\u2013812 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12095","volume":"25","author":"A Shin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shin, A. et al. Interpretation of overall colonic transit in defecation disorders in males and females. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 25, 502\u2013508 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301181","volume":"61","author":"S Nullens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nullens, S. et al. Regional colon transit in patients with dys-synergic defaecation or slow transit in patients with constipation. Gut 61, 1132\u20131139 (2012).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"222_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16066","volume":"23","author":"S-Y Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, S.-Y., Burton, D., Busciglio, I., Eckert, D. & Camilleri, M. Regional colonic transit pattern does not conclusively identify evacuation disorders in constipated patients with delayed colonic transit. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 23, 92\u2013100 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2982.2002.00304.x","volume":"14","author":"CEJ Sloots","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sloots, C. E. J. & Felt-Bersma, R. J. F. Effect of bowel cleansing on colonic transit in constipation due to slow transit or evacuation disorder. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 14, 55\u201361 (2002).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.09.035","volume":"167","author":"P Quitadamo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Quitadamo, P. et al. Effect of bowel cleansing on colonic transit time measurement in children with chronic constipation. J. Pediatr. 167, 1440\u20131442 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000190","volume":"58","author":"K Tran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tran, K. et al. Effect of propofol on anal sphincter pressure during anorectal manometry. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 58, 495\u2013497 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12944","volume":"29","author":"L Rodriguez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodriguez, L., Sood, M., Di Lorenzo, C. & Saps, M. An ANMS-NASPGHAN consensus document on anorectal and colonic manometry in children. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 29, e12944 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40453.x","volume":"99","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C., Sadeghi, P., Beaty, J. & Kavlock, R. Ambulatory 24-hour colonic manometry in slow-transit constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99, 2405\u20132416 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2982.2003.00435.x","volume":"15","author":"R Hagger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hagger, R., Kumar, D., Benson, M. & Grundy, A. Colonic motor activity in slow-transit idiopathic constipation as identified by 24-h pancolonic ambulatory manometry. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 15, 515\u2013522 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2008.01230.x","volume":"20","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Camilleri, M. et al. American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society consensus statement on intraluminal measurement of gastrointestinal and colonic motility in clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 20, 1269\u20131282 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.05.023","volume":"51","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N. et al. Surgical decision-making in the management of children with intractable functional constipation: what are we doing and are we doing it right? J. Pediatr. Surg. 51, 1607\u20131612 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.049","volume":"44","author":"MA Levitt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Levitt, M. A., Martin, C. A., Falcone, R. A. & Pe\u00f1a, A. Transanal rectosigmoid resection for severe intractable idiopathic constipation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 44, 1285\u20131291 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.7.999","volume":"30","author":"V Loening-Baucke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Loening-Baucke, V. Factors determining outcome in children with chronic constipation and faecal soiling. Gut 30, 999\u20131006 (1989).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"222_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31826a909f","volume":"56","author":"J Belkind-Gerson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belkind-Gerson, J., Goldstein, A. M. & Kuo, B. Balloon expulsion test as a screen for outlet obstruction in children with chronic constipation. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 56, 23\u201326 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.10.044","volume":"126","author":"M Minguez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Minguez, M. et al. Predictive value of the balloon expulsion test for excluding the diagnosis of pelvic floor dyssynergia in constipation. Gastroenterology 126, 57\u201362 (2004).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.190","volume":"109","author":"A Wald","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wald, A., Bharucha, A. E., Cosman, B. C. & Whitehead, W. E. ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 109, 1141\u20131157 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.5.985","volume":"96","author":"CL Williams","year":"1995","unstructured":"Williams, C. L., Bollella, M. & Wynder, E. L. A new recommendation for dietary fiber in childhood. Pediatrics 96, 985\u2013988 (1995).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"222_CR118","unstructured":"ODPHP. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. (2015). Available at: http:\/\/health.gov\/dietaryguidelines\/2015\/guidelines\/. (Accessed: August 2019)"},{"key":"222_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050599","volume":"10","author":"F Fayet-Moore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fayet-Moore, F., Cassettari, T., Tuck, K., McConnell, A. & Petocz, P. Dietary fibre intake in Australia. Paper I: Associations with demographic, socio-economic, and anthropometric factors. Nutrients 10, 599 (2018).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"222_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.001362","volume":"3","author":"S Kranz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kranz, S., Brauchla, M., Slavin, J. L. & Miller, K. B. What do we know about dietary fiber intake in children and health? The effects of fiber intake on constipation, obesity, and diabetes in children. Adv. Nutr. 3, 47\u201353 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr"},{"key":"222_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04602.x","volume":"33","author":"NC Suares","year":"2011","unstructured":"Suares, N. C. & Ford, A. C. Systematic review: the effects of fibre in the management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 33, 895\u2013901 (2011).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"222_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13167","volume":"41","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C., Yu, S. & Fedewa, A. Systematic review: dietary fibre and FODMAP-restricted diet in the management of constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 41, 1256\u20131270 (2015).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"222_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"004","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm14142","volume":"21","author":"CH Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi, C. H. & Chang, S. K. Alteration of gut microbiota and efficacy of probiotics in functional constipation. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 21, 004\u2013007 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e641","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0090","volume":"118","author":"G Castillejo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Castillejo, G., Bullo, M., Anguera, A., Escribano, J. & Salas-Salvado, J. A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated pediatric patients. Pediatrics 118, e641\u2013e648 (2006).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"222_CR125","first-page":"629","volume":"30","author":"LE Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller, L. E., Ouwehand, A. C. & Ibarra, A. Effects of probiotic-containing products on stool frequency and intestinal transit in constipated adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann. Gastroenterol. 30, 629\u2013639 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12513","volume":"103","author":"JJ Korterink","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korterink, J. J. et al. Probiotics for childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 103, 365\u2013372 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"222_CR127","first-page":"69","volume":"16","author":"A Chmielewska","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chmielewska, A. & Szajewska, H. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials: probiotics for functional constipation. World J. Gastroenterol. 16, 69\u201375 (2010).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR128","first-page":"0303","volume":"2015","author":"MM Tabbers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tabbers, M. M. & Benninga, M. A. Constipation in children: fibre and probiotics. BMJ Clin. Evid. 2015, 0303 (2015).","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid"},{"key":"222_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00153","volume":"7","author":"R Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, R. & Hu, J. Positive effect of probiotics on constipation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 7, 153 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol"},{"key":"222_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001144","volume":"63","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N., Benninga, M. A. & Tabbers, M. M. Is there a role for pre-, pro- and synbiotics in the treatment of functional constipation in children? A systematic review. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 63, S27\u2013S35 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_175_17","volume":"8","author":"H Pourmand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pourmand, H. & Esmaillzadeh, A. Consumption of a low fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides, and polyols diet and irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Int. J. Prev. Med. 8, 104 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med"},{"key":"222_CR132","first-page":"36","volume":"13","author":"P Hill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill, P., Muir, J. G. & Gibson, P. R. Controversies and recent developments of the low-FODMAP diet. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 36\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050691","volume":"156","author":"RN Van Der Plas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van Der Plas, R. N., Benninga, M. A., Taminiau, J. A. J. M. & B\u00fcller, H. A. Treatment of defaecation problems in children: the role of education, demystification and toilet training. Eur. J. Pediatr. 156, 689\u2013692 (1997).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1334","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2402","volume":"121","author":"M van Dijk","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Dijk, M. et al. Behavioral therapy for childhood constipation: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 121, e1334\u2013e1341 (2008).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"222_CR135","first-page":"CD002240","volume":"2","author":"M Brazzelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brazzelli, M. & Griffiths, P. V. Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD002240 (2006).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"222_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.015","volume":"152","author":"ML van Engelenburg-van Lonkhuyzen","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Engelenburg-van Lonkhuyzen, M. L., Bols, E. M. J., Benninga, M. A., Verwijs, W. A. & de Bie, R. A. Effectiveness of pelvic physiotherapy in children with functional constipation compared with standard medical care. Gastroenterology 152, 82\u201391 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12520","volume":"27","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C. et al. ANMS-ESNM position paper and consensus guidelines on biofeedback therapy for anorectal disorders. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 27, 594\u2013609 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.014","volume":"130","author":"G Chiarioni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chiarioni, G., Whitehead, W. E., Pezza, V., Morelli, A. & Bassotti, G. Biofeedback is superior to laxatives for normal transit constipation due to pelvic floor dyssynergia. Gastroenterology 130, 657\u2013664 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0814-9","volume":"50","author":"S Heymen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heymen, S. et al. Randomized, controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to alternative treatments for patients with pelvic floor dyssynergia-type constipation. Dis. Colon Rectum 50, 428\u2013441 (2007).","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"222_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.12.023","volume":"5","author":"SSC Rao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rao, S. S. C. et al. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback, sham feedback, and standard therapy for dyssynergic defecation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 331\u2013338 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001704","volume":"65","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N. et al. Role of polyethylene glycol in the treatment of functional constipation in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 65, 361\u2013363 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01199.x","volume":"102","author":"JA DiPalma","year":"2007","unstructured":"DiPalma, J. A., Cleveland, M. vB., McGowan, J. & Herrera, J. L. A randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of polyethylene glycol laxative for chronic treatment of chronic constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102, 1436\u20131441 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.11.028","volume":"195","author":"KC Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams, K. C., Rogers, L. K., Hill, I., Barnard, J. & Di Lorenzo, C. PEG 3350 administration is not associated with sustained elevation of glycol levels. J. Pediatr. 195, 148\u2013153 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-017-0633-5","volume":"34","author":"LA Harris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harris, L. A., Horn, J., Kissous-Hunt, M., Magnus, L. & Quigley, E. M. M. The better understanding and recognition of the disconnects, experiences, and needs of patients with chronic idiopathic constipation (BURDEN-CIC) study: results of an online questionnaire. Adv. Ther. 34, 2661\u20132673 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Ther"},{"key":"222_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.03.066","volume":"199","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N., van Wassenaer, E. A., Barendsen, R. W., Brand, P. L. & Benninga, M. A. Adherence to polyethylene glycol treatment in children with functional constipation is associated with parental illness perceptions, satisfaction with treatment, and perceived treatment convenience. J. Pediatr. 199, 132\u2013139 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181afcdc3","volume":"50","author":"MAM Pijpers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pijpers, M. A. M., Bongers, M. E. J., Benninga, M. A. & Berger, M. Y. Functional constipation in children: a systematic review on prognosis and predictive factors. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 50, 256\u2013268 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03238.x","volume":"25","author":"JF Johanson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johanson, J. F. & Kralstein, J. Chronic constipation: a survey of the patient perspective. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25, 599\u2013608 (2007).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"222_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03806.x","volume":"28","author":"A Wald","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wald, A. et al. A multinational survey of prevalence and patterns of laxative use among adults with self-defined constipation. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 28, 917\u2013930 (2008).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"222_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04169.x","volume":"31","author":"A Wald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wald, A. et al. Survey of laxative use by adults with self-defined constipation in South America and Asia: a comparison of six countries. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 31, 274\u2013284 (2010).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"222_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12267","volume":"79","author":"HK Batchelor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Batchelor, H. K. & Marriott, J. F. Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 79, 395\u2013404 (2015).","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"222_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13294","volume":"30","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N. et al. Recommendations for pharmacological clinical trials in children with functional constipation: the Rome Foundation Pediatric Subcommittee on clinical trials. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 30, e13294 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0034-5","volume":"15","author":"M Simr\u00e9n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simr\u00e9n, M. & Tack, J. New treatments and therapeutic targets for IBS and other functional bowel disorders. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 589\u2013605 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"222_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.84","volume":"154","author":"AK Bassil","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bassil, A. K. et al. Activation of prostaglandin EP receptors by lubiprostone in rat and human stomach and colon. Br. J. Pharmacol. 154, 126\u2013135 (2008).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol"},{"key":"222_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.05.037","volume":"137","author":"MJC Bijvelds","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bijvelds, M. J. C., Bot, A. G. M., Escher, J. C. & De Jonge, H. R. Activation of intestinal Cl- secretion by lubiprostone requires the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Gastroenterology 137, 976\u2013985 (2009).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-1068-x","volume":"55","author":"CF Barish","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barish, C. F., Drossman, D., Johanson, J. F. & Ueno, R. Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation. Dig. Dis. Sci. 55, 1090\u20131097 (2010).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"222_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01524.x","volume":"103","author":"JF Johanson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johanson, J. F., Morton, D., Geenen, J. & Ueno, R. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lubiprostone, a locally-acting type-2 chloride channel activator, in patients with chronic constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103, 170\u2013177 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03320.x","volume":"25","author":"JF Johanson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Johanson, J. F. & Ueno, R. Lubiprostone, a locally acting chloride channel activator, in adult patients with chronic constipation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate efficacy and safety. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 25, 1351\u20131361 (2007).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"222_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.08.026","volume":"13","author":"S Fukudo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fukudo, S., Hongo, M., Kaneko, H., Takano, M. & Ueno, R. Lubiprostone increases spontaneous bowel movement frequency and quality of life in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 294\u2013301 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000176","volume":"58","author":"PE Hyman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hyman, P. E., Di Lorenzo, C., Prestridge, L. L., Youssef, N. N. & Ueno, R. Lubiprostone for the treatment of functional constipation in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 58, 283\u2013291 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(18)32066-3","volume":"154","author":"MA Benninga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benninga, M. A. et al. Long-term open-label safety extension study assessing oral lubiprostone in children with pediatric functional constipation aged 6-17 years [abstract Su1664]. Gastroenterology 154, S560 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(18)32065-1","volume":"154","author":"MA Benninga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benninga, M. A. et al. Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in children with functional constipation: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pivotal study [abstract Su1643]. Gastroenterology 154, S559\u2013S560 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010863","volume":"365","author":"AJ Lembo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lembo, A. J. et al. Two randomized trials of linaclotide for chronic constipation. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 527\u2013536 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"222_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.2165\/11470590-000000000-00000","volume":"72","author":"V McWilliams","year":"2012","unstructured":"McWilliams, V., Whiteside, G. & McKeage, K. Linaclotide: first global approval. Drugs 72, 2167\u20132175 (2012).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"222_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1430024","volume":"34","author":"CF Barish","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barish, C. F. & Griffin, P. Safety and tolerability of plecanatide in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation: long-term evidence from an open-label study. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 34, 751\u2013755 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"222_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2684-z","volume":"58","author":"K Shailubhai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shailubhai, K. et al. Plecanatide, an oral guanylate cyclase C agonist acting locally in the gastrointestinal tract, is safe and well-tolerated in single doses. Dig. Dis. Sci. 58, 2580\u20132586 (2013).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"222_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.611","volume":"112","author":"PB Miner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miner, P. B. et al. A randomized phase III clinical trial of plecanatide, a uroguanylin analog, in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112, 613\u2013621 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1594","volume":"35","author":"RH Thomas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thomas, R. H. & Luthin, D. R. Current and emerging treatments for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation: focus on prosecretory agents. Pharmacotherapy 35, 613\u2013630 (2015).","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"222_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-014-0379-z","volume":"16","author":"E Cross-Adame","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cross-Adame, E. & Rao, S. S. Brain and gut interactions in irritable bowel syndrome: new paradigms and new understandings. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 16, 379 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"222_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04088.x","volume":"73","author":"B Mendzelevski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mendzelevski, B. et al. Assessment of the cardiac safety of prucalopride in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and positive-controlled thorough QT study. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 73, 203\u2013209 (2012).","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol"},{"key":"222_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4147-9","volume":"61","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Camilleri, M. et al. Efficacy and safety of prucalopride in chronic constipation: an integrated analysis of six randomized, controlled clinical trials. Dig. Dis. Sci. 61, 2357\u20132372 (2016).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"222_CR171","first-page":"CD007780","volume":"1","author":"OM Aboumarzouk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aboumarzouk, O. M., Agarwal, T., Antakia, R., Shariff, U. & Nelson, R. L. Cisapride for intestinal constipation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1, CD007780 (2011).","journal-title":"Rev."},{"key":"222_CR172","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Joint meeting of the gastrointestinal drugs advisory committee and drug safety and risk management advisory committees (FDA, 2018)."},{"key":"222_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16004","volume":"22","author":"MS Sajid","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sajid, M. S., Hebbar, M., Baig, M. K., Li, A. & Philipose, Z. Use of prucalopride for chronic constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized, controlled trials. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22, 412\u2013422 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318292f9ea","volume":"57","author":"HS Winter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Winter, H. S. et al. Oral prucalopride in children with functional constipation. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 57, 197\u2013203 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.09.005","volume":"147","author":"SM Mugie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mugie, S. M. et al. Prucalopride is no more effective than placebo for children with functional constipation. Gastroenterology 147, 1285\u20131295 (2014).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12278","volume":"37","author":"R Cinca","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cinca, R., Chera, D., Gruss, H.-J. & Halphen, M. Randomised clinical trial: macrogol\/PEG 3350+electrolytes versus prucalopride in the treatment of chronic constipation \u2014 a comparison in a controlled environment. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 37, 876\u2013886 (2013).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"222_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04456.x","volume":"32","author":"M Goldberg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldberg, M. et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy and tolerability of velusetrag, a selective 5-HT4 agonist with high intrinsic activity, in chronic idiopathic constipation \u2014 a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 32, 1102\u20131112 (2010).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"222_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12571","volume":"39","author":"A Shin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shin, A. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: highly selective 5-HT4 agonists (prucalopride, velusetrag or naronapride) in chronic constipation. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 39, 239\u2013253 (2014).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"222_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.052","volume":"139,","author":"AS Rao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rao, A. S. et al. Chenodeoxycholate in females with irritable bowel syndrome-constipation: a pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic analysis. Gastroenterology 139, 1549\u20131558 (2010).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"222_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31816920a6","volume":"47","author":"AF Hofmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hofmann, A. F. et al. Altered bile acid metabolism in childhood functional constipation: inactivation of secretory bile acids by sulfation in a subset of patients. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 47, 598\u2013606 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04675.x","volume":"34","author":"M Simr\u00e9n","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simr\u00e9n, M., Bajor, A., Gillberg, P. G., Rudling, M. & Abrahamsson, H. Randomised clinical trial: the ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor A3309 vs. placebo in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation \u2014 a double-blind study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 34, 41\u201350 (2011).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"222_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.285","volume":"106","author":"BS Wong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong, B. S. et al. Effects of A3309, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor, on colonic transit and symptoms in females with functional constipation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106, 2154\u20132164 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30123-7","volume":"3","author":"A Nakajima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakajima, A. et al. Safety and efficacy of elobixibat for chronic constipation: results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial and an open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3, 537\u2013547 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"222_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X14528269","volume":"7","author":"A Acosta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Acosta, A. & Camilleri, M. Elobixibat and its potential role in chronic idiopathic constipation. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol 7, 167\u2013175 (2014).","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"222_CR185","first-page":"19","volume":"7","author":"I Soufi-Afshar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Soufi-Afshar, I., Moghadamnia, A., Bijani, A., Kazemi, S. & Shokri-Shirvani, J. Comparison of pyridostigmine and bisacodyl in the treatment of refractory chronic constipation. Casp. J. Intern. Med. 7, 19\u201324 (2016).","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"222_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2009.01838.x","volume":"12","author":"CJ O\u2019Dea","year":"2009","unstructured":"O\u2019Dea, C. J., Brookes, S. J. H. & Wattchow, D. A. The efficacy of treatment of patients with severe constipation or recurrent pseudo-obstruction with pyridostigmine. Colorectal Dis. 12, 540\u2013548 (2009).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"222_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-017-0277-6","volume":"20","author":"ML Manini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manini, M. L., Camilleri, M., Grothe, R. & Di Lorenzo, C. Application of pyridostigmine in pediatric gastrointestinal motility disorders: a case series. Pediatr. Drugs 20, 173\u2013180 (2018).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"222_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001483","volume":"64","author":"G Mosiello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mosiello, G. et al. Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 64, 343\u2013352 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2013.86","volume":"51","author":"K Krogh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krogh, K. et al. Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in adults. Spinal Cord 51, 732\u2013738 (2013).","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"222_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001483","volume":"64","author":"G Mosiello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mosiello, G. et al. Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 64, 343\u2013352 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i22.3101","volume":"13","author":"M Cazemier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cazemier, M., Felt-Bersma, R. J. F. & Mulder, C. J. J. Anal plugs and retrograde colonic irrigation are helpful in fecal incontinence or constipation. World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 3101\u20133105 (2007).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2007.11.136","volume":"71","author":"R Chrzan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chrzan, R., Klijn, A. J., Vijverberg, M. A. W., Sikkel, F. & de Jong, T. P. V. M. Colonic washout enemas for persistent constipation in children with recurrent urinary tract infections based on dysfunctional voiding. Urology 71, 607\u2013610 (2008).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"222_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954315","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/954315","volume":"2014","author":"O Nasher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nasher, O., Hill, R. E., Peeraully, R., Wright, A. & Singh, S. J. Peristeen\u24d2 transanal irrigation system for paediatric faecal incontinence: a single centre experience. Int. J. Pediatr. 2014, 954315 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-015-3735-7","volume":"31","author":"J Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng, J. et al. Transanal irrigation for intractable faecal incontinence and constipation: outcomes, quality of life and predicting non-adopters. Pediatr. Surg. Int. 31, 729\u2013734 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int"},{"key":"222_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001236","volume":"64","author":"IJN Koppen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koppen, I. J. N., Kuizenga-Wessel, S., Voogt, H. W., Voskeuil, M. E. & Benninga, M. A. Transanal irrigation in the treatment of children with intractable functional constipation. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 64, 225\u2013229 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3826087","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3826087","volume":"2017","author":"KJ Etherson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Etherson, K. J., Minty, I., Bain, I. M., Cundall, J. & Yiannakou, Y. Transanal irrigation for refractory chronic idiopathic constipation: patients perceive a safe and effective therapy. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2017, 3826087 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract"},{"key":"222_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001191","volume":"262","author":"S Siminas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Siminas, S. & Losty, P. D. Current surgical management of pediatric idiopathic constipation. Ann. Surg. 262, 925\u2013933 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17095","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.95","volume":"3","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camilleri, M. et al. Chronic constipation. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3, 17095 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"222_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8612189","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8612189","volume":"2017","author":"Y Tse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tse, Y. et al. Treatment algorithm for chronic idiopathic constipation and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome derived from a Canadian national survey and needs assessment on choices of therapeutic agents. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017, 8612189 (2017).","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"222_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90381-5","volume":"33","author":"JI Curry","year":"1998","unstructured":"Curry, J. I., Osborne, A. & Malone, P. S. How to achieve a successful Malone antegrade continence enema. J. Pediatr. Surg. 33, 138\u2013141 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(99)90204-X","volume":"34","author":"J Curry","year":"1999","unstructured":"Curry, J., Osborne, A. & Malone, P. S. The MACE procedure: experience in the United Kingdom. J. Pediatr. Surg. 34, 338\u2013340 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.08.011","volume":"40","author":"SK King","year":"2005","unstructured":"King, S. K., Sutcliffe, J. R., Southwell, B. R., Chait, P. G. & Hutson, J. M. The antegrade continence enema successfully treats idiopathic slow-transit constipation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 40, 1935\u20131940 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-008-9401-6","volume":"51","author":"J Wors\u00f8e","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wors\u00f8e, J., Christensen, P., Krogh, K., Buntzen, S. & Laurberg, S. Long-term results of antegrade colonic enema in adult patients: assessment of functional results. Dis. Colon Rectum 51, 1523\u20131528 (2008).","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"222_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gcb.2009.12.009","volume":"34","author":"G Meurette","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meurette, G., Lehur, P.-A., Coron, E. & Regenet, N. Long-term results of Malone\u2019s procedure with antegrade irrigation for severe chronic constipation. Gastroent\u00e9rol. Clin. Biol. 34, 209\u2013212 (2010).","journal-title":"Gastroent\u00e9rol. Clin. Biol"},{"key":"222_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.12.007","volume":"25","author":"MA Levitt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levitt, M. A., Mathis, K. L. & Pemberton, J. H. Surgical treatment for constipation in children and adults. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol 25, 167\u2013179 (2011).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"222_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200111000-00014","volume":"33","author":"J Villarreal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Villarreal, J. et al. Colonic diversion for intractable constipation in children: colonic manometry helps guide clinical decisions. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 33, 588\u2013591 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"222_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487-e367","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12092","volume":"25","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh, S., Heady, S., Coss-Adame, E. & Rao, S. S. C. Clinical utility of colonic manometry in slow transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 25, 487\u2013e367 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2003.11.026","volume":"39","author":"MJ Martin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martin, M. J. et al. A pilot study using total colonic manometry in the surgical evaluation of pediatric functional colonic obstruction. J. Pediatr. Surg. 39, 352\u2013359 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2001.28815","volume":"36","author":"MJ Martin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Martin, M. J., Steele, S. R., Noel, J. M., Weichmann, D. & Azarow, K. S. Total colonic manometry as a guide for surgical management of functional colonic obstruction: preliminary results. J. Pediatr. Surg. 36, 1757\u20131763 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.03.058","volume":"48","author":"B Eradi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eradi, B. et al. The role of a colon resection in combination with a Malone appendicostomy as part of a bowel management program for the treatment of fecal incontinence. J. Pediatr. Surg. 48, 2296\u20132300 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13005","volume":"29","author":"S Kuizenga-Wessel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuizenga-Wessel, S. et al. Surgical management of children with intractable functional constipation; experience of a single tertiary children\u2019s hospital. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 29, e13005 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"222_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13779","volume":"19","author":"CH Knowles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knowles, C. H. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Results I: Colonic resection. Colorectal Dis. 19 (Suppl. 3), 17\u201336 (2017).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"222_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13775","volume":"19","author":"CH Knowles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knowles, C. H. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations. Graded practice and future research recommendations. Colorectal Dis. 19 (Suppl. 3), 101\u2013113 (2017).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"222_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13773","volume":"19","author":"U Grossi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grossi, U. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations. Results II: Hitching procedures for the rectum (rectal suspension). Colorectal Dis. 19 (Suppl. 3), 37\u201348 (2017).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"222_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13781","volume":"19","author":"U Grossi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grossi, U. et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations. Results IV: Recto-vaginal reinforcement procedures. Colorectal Dis. 19 (Suppl. 3), 73\u201391 (2017).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"222_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000599","volume":"59","author":"IM Paquette","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paquette, I. M. et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons\u2019 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of constipation. Dis. Colon Rectum 59, 479\u2013492 (2016).","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"222_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199911000-00004","volume":"230","author":"CH Knowles","year":"1999","unstructured":"Knowles, C. H., Scott, M. & Lunniss, P. J. Outcome of colectomy for slow transit constipation. Ann. Surg. 230, 627\u2013638 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2018.7","volume":"15","author":"J Keller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keller, J. et al. Expert consensus document: advances in the diagnosis and classification of gastric and intestinal motility disorders. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 291\u2013308 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"222_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.06.090","volume":"194","author":"MS Schober","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schober, M. S. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for pediatric lower urinary tract dysfunction: development of a standardized pathway with objective urodynamic outcomes. J. Urol. 194, 1721\u20131726 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"222_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000020134","volume":"37","author":"EH Weil","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weil, E. H. et al. Sacral root neuromodulation in the treatment of refractory urinary urge incontinence: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Eur. Urol. 37, 161\u2013171 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol"},{"key":"222_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181cf8ed0","volume":"251","author":"SD Wexner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wexner, S. D. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: results of a 120-patient prospective multicenter study. Ann. Surg. 251, 441\u2013449 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2015.03.043","volume":"50","author":"JP Sulkowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sulkowski, J. P. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation: a promising therapy for fecal and urinary incontinence and constipation in children. J. Pediatr. Surg. 50, 1644\u20131647 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23515","volume":"37","author":"HB Goldman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goldman, H. B. et al. International Continence Society best practice statement for use of sacral neuromodulation. Neurourol. Urodyn. 37, 1823\u20131848 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"222_CR224","first-page":"CD004464","volume":"8","author":"MA Thaha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thaha, M. A., Abukar, A. A., Thin, N. N., Ramsanahie, A. & Knowles, C. H. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 8, CD004464 (2015).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"222_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12388","volume":"26","author":"EV Carrington","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carrington, E. V. et al. A systematic review of sacral nerve stimulation mechanisms in the treatment of fecal incontinence and constipation. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 26, 1222\u20131237 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-016-2604-8","volume":"31","author":"AA van der Wilt","year":"2016","unstructured":"van der Wilt, A. A. et al. Sacral neuromodulation in children and adolescents with chronic constipation refractory to conservative treatment. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 31, 1459\u20131466 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"222_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e3182405c61","volume":"55","author":"BP Van Wunnik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Wunnik, B. P. et al. Sacral neuromodulation therapy: a promising treatment for adolescents with refractory functional constipation. Dis. Colon Rectum 55, 278\u2013285 (2012).","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"222_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13380","volume":"30","author":"PL Lu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lu, P. L. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for constipation and fecal incontinence in children: long-term outcomes, patient benefit, and parent satisfaction. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 30, 1\u20137 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"222_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.187989","volume":"59","author":"MA Kamm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kamm, M. A. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation for intractable constipation. Gut 59, 333\u2013340 (2010).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"222_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2002.02132.x","volume":"89","author":"NJ Kenefick","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kenefick, N. J., Nicholls, R. J., Cohen, R. G. & Kamm, M. A. Permanent sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of idiopathic constipation. Br. J. Surg. 89, 882\u2013888 (2002).","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9160-9","volume":"51","author":"B Holzer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Holzer, B. et al. Sacral nerve stimulation in patients with severe constipation. Dis. Colon Rectum 51, 524\u2013530 (2008).","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"222_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-001-0202-5","volume":"26","author":"AJ Malouf","year":"2002","unstructured":"Malouf, A. J., Wiesel, P. H., Nicholls, T., Nicholls, R. J. & Kamm, M. A. Short-term effects of sacral nerve stimulation for idiopathic slow transit constipation. World J. Surg. 26, 166\u2013170 (2002).","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318247d49f","volume":"255","author":"CH Knowles","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knowles, C. H. et al. Prospective randomized double-blind study of temporary sacral nerve stimulation in patients with rectal evacuatory dysfunction and rectal hyposensitivity. Ann. Surg. 255, 643\u2013649 (2012).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-017-1613-0","volume":"21","author":"Y Maeda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maeda, Y. et al. Long-term outcome of sacral neuromodulation for chronic refractory constipation. Tech. Coloproctol 21, 277\u2013286 (2017).","journal-title":"Tech. Coloproctol"},{"key":"222_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.101","volume":"110","author":"PG Dinning","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dinning, P. G. et al. Treatment efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation in slow transit constipation: a two-phase, double-blind randomized controlled crossover study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 110, 733\u2013740 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"222_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000653","volume":"59","author":"V Patton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patton, V., Stewart, P., Lubowski, D. Z., Cook, I. J. & Dinning, P. G. Sacral nerve stimulation fails to offer long-term benefit in patients with slow-transit constipation. Dis. Colon Rectum 59, 878\u2013885 (2016).","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"222_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000394","volume":"28","author":"PL Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu, P. L. & Di Lorenzo, C. Neurostimulation of the gastrointestinal tract in children: is it time to shock the gut? Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 28, 631\u2013637 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"222_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12734","volume":"21","author":"YI Yik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yik, Y. I., Hutson, J. & Southwell, B. Home-based transabdominal interferential electrical stimulation for six months improves paediatric slow transit constipation (STC). Neuromodulation 21, 676\u2013681 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"222_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.031","volume":"44","author":"MCC Clarke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clarke, M. C. C., Chase, J. W., Gibb, S., Hutson, J. M. & Southwell, B. R. Improvement of quality of life in children with slow transit constipation after treatment with transcutaneous electrical stimulation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 44, 1268\u20131273 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.100","volume":"44","author":"MCC Clarke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clarke, M. C. C. et al. Decreased colonic transit time after transcutaneous interferential electrical stimulation in children with slow transit constipation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 44, 408\u2013412 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.09.021","volume":"47","author":"MCC Clarke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clarke, M. C. C. et al. Transabdominal electrical stimulation increases colonic propagating pressure waves in paediatric slow transit constipation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 47, 2279\u20132284 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.09.022","volume":"46","author":"LCY Leong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leong, L. C. Y. et al. Long-term effects of transabdominal electrical stimulation in treating children with slow-transit constipation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 46, 2309\u20132312 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2016.1176098","volume":"57","author":"Y Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Yim, J., Choi, W. & Lee, S. Improving slow-transit constipation with transcutaneous electrical stimulation in women: a randomized, comparative study. Women Health 57, 494\u2013507 (2017).","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"222_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2015.04.040","volume":"11","author":"N Patidar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Patidar, N. et al. Transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in pediatric overactive bladder: a preliminary report. J. Pediatr. Urol. 11, 351 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol"},{"key":"222_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.05.033","volume":"50","author":"J-F Lecompte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lecompte, J.-F., Hery, G., Guys, J.-M. & Louis-Borrione, C. Evaluation of transcutaneous electrical posterior tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of fecal and urinary leaks in children: preliminary results. J. Pediatr. Surg. 50, 630\u2013633 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"222_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13105","volume":"18","author":"F Iqbal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iqbal, F. et al. Bilateral transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for chronic constipation. Colorectal Dis. 18, 173\u2013178 (2016).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"222_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2011.02820.x","volume":"14","author":"B Collins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Collins, B., Norton, C. & Maeda, Y. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for slow transit constipation: a pilot study. Colorectal Dis. 14, e165\u2013e170 (2012).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"222_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13388","volume":"19","author":"L Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar, L. et al. Effectiveness of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in managing refractory constipation. Colorectal Dis. 19, 45\u201349 (2017).","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"222_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000779","volume":"60","author":"KM Madbouly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madbouly, K. M., Abbas, K. S. & Emanuel, E. Bilateral posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of rectal evacuation disorder: a preliminary report. Dis. Colon Rectum 60, 311\u2013317 (2017).","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"222_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X13500493","volume":"41","author":"T Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, T. et al. Efficacy of acupuncture for chronic constipation: a systematic review. Am. J. Chin. Med. 41, 717\u2013742 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"222_CR251","first-page":"761","volume":"165","author":"Z Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Acupuncture for chronic severe functional constipation. Ann. Intern. Med. 165, 761\u2013769 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"222_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gox036","volume":"6","author":"C Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding, C. et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with slow transit constipation: results from a prospective study with long-term follow-up. Gastroenterol. Rep. 6, 101\u2013107 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep"},{"key":"222_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.220","volume":"11","author":"PJ Mitchell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mitchell, P. J. & Sagar, P. M. Emerging surgical therapies for faecal incontinence. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 279\u2013286 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"222_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2012.03.037","volume":"47","author":"YI Yik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yik, Y. I., Ismail, K. A., Hutson, J. M. & Southwell, B. R. Home transcutaneous electrical stimulation to treat children with slow-transit constipation. J. Pediatr. Surg. 47, 1285\u20131290 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-019-0222-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-019-0222-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-019-0222-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T08:13:00Z","timestamp":1721981580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-019-0222-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"references-count":254,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-019-0222-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2019","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2019","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.A.B is a consultant for Shire, Norgine, Coloplast, Danone, Takeda, Allergan, FrieslandCampina, and Novalac. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}