{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:24:42Z","timestamp":1793726682920,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0286-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T05:03:53Z","timestamp":1586927033000},"page":"473-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":564,"title":["Global burden of irritable bowel syndrome: trends, predictions and risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-3603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"286_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.029","volume":"10","author":"RM Lovell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lovell, R. M. & Ford, A. C. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 712\u2013721.e4 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12938","volume":"40","author":"C Canavan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Canavan, C., West, J. & Card, T. Review article: the economic impact of the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 40, 1023\u20131034 (2014).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2005.00627.x","volume":"17","author":"KA Gwee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gwee, K. A. Irritable bowel syndrome in developing countries \u2013 a disorder of civilization or colonization? Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 17, 317\u2013324 (2005).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6638.1710","volume":"296","author":"D Danivat","year":"1988","unstructured":"Danivat, D., Tankeyoon, M. & Sriratanaban, A. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in a non-Western population. Br. Med. J. 296, 1710 (1988).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"286_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04161.x","volume":"99","author":"KA Gwee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gwee, K. A., Wee, S., Wong, M. L. & Png, D. J. The prevalence, symptom characteristics, and impact of irritable bowel syndrome in an asian urban community. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99, 924\u2013931 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01939.x","volume":"19","author":"LS Xiong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Xiong, L. S. et al. A population-based epidemiologic study of irritable bowel syndrome in South China: stratified randomized study by cluster sampling. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 1217\u20131224 (2004).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR7","unstructured":"Corsetti, M., Tack, J., Attara, G. & Sewell, M. IBS global impact report 2018: uncovering the true burden of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) on people\u2019s lives. GI Society https:\/\/badgut.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/IBS-Global-Impact-Report.pdf (2018)."},{"key":"286_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.031","volume":"150","author":"F Mearin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mearin, F. et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 150, 1393\u20131407.e5 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12942","volume":"40","author":"AD Sperber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sperber, A. D. et al. Conducting multinational, cross-cultural research in the functional gastrointestinal disorders: issues and recommendations. A Rome foundation working team report. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 40, 1094\u20131102 (2014).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12402","volume":"26","author":"M Schmulson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmulson, M. et al. A four-country comparison of healthcare systems, implementation of diagnostic criteria, and treatment availability for functional gastrointestinal disorders: a report of the Rome foundation working team on cross-cultural, multinational research. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 26, 1368\u20131385 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drossman, D. A. Rome IV Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction Vol. 1 Ch. 7 (Rome Foundation, 2016).","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.03.035"},{"key":"286_CR12","first-page":"A243","volume":"2","author":"O Palsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palsson, O., Heymen, S. & Whitehead, W. Abdominal pain versus abdominal discomfort: implications for diagnostic assessment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [abstract P0405]. United European Gastroenterol. J. 2, A243 (2014).","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"286_CR13","first-page":"22","volume":"27","author":"UC Ghoshal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ghoshal, U. C. et al. Epidemiological and clinical profile of irritable bowel syndrome in India: report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 27, 22\u201328 (2008).","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.013","volume":"150","author":"CF Francisconi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Francisconi, C. F. et al. Multicultural aspects in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Gastroenterology 150, 1344\u20131354.e2 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.05984.x","volume":"24","author":"KA Gwee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gwee, K. A., Lu, C. L. & Ghoshal, U. C. Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in Asia: something old, something new, something borrowed. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 24, 1601\u20131607 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314775","volume":"67","author":"GJ Holtmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holtmann, G. J. & Talley, N. J. Inconsistent symptom clusters for functional gastrointestinal disorders in Asia: is Rome burning? Gut 67, 1911\u20131915 (2018).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.061","volume":"130","author":"GF Longstreth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Longstreth, G. F. et al. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 130, 1480\u20131491 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.05.037","volume":"18","author":"CJ Black","year":"2020","unstructured":"Black, C. J., Yiannakou, Y., Houghton, L. A. & Ford, A. C. Epidemiological, clinical, and psychological characteristics of individuals with self-reported irritable bowel syndrome based on the Rome IV vs Rome III criteria. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 392\u2013398.e2 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311240","volume":"66","author":"AD Sperber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sperber, A. D. et al. The global prevalence of IBS in adults remains elusive due to the heterogeneity of studies: a Rome Foundation working team literature review. Gut 66, 1075\u20131082 (2017).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR20","unstructured":"Sperber, A. et al. Global study of the epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders. ResearchGate https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Global-study-of-the-epidemiology-of-the-functional-gastrointestinal-disorders (2019)."},{"key":"286_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2011.17.1.82","volume":"17","author":"GK Makharia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Makharia, G. K. et al. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome: a community based study from northern India. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 17, 82\u201387 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR22","first-page":"594","volume":"21","author":"FY Chang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chang, F. Y. et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Taiwan: questionnaire-based survey for adults based on the Rome III criteria. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 21, 594\u2013600 (2012).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"286_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.775328","volume":"48","author":"LR Krogsgaard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krogsgaard, L. R., Engsbro, A. L. & Bytzer, P. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in Denmark. A population-based survey in adults \u226450 years of age. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 48, 523\u2013529 (2013).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11591.x","volume":"111","author":"S Matsumoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Matsumoto, S. et al. Relationship between overactive bladder and irritable bowel syndrome: a large-scale internet survey in Japan using the overactive bladder symptom score and Rome III criteria. BJU Int. 111, 647\u2013652 (2013).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"286_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-014-0447-1","volume":"33","author":"I Perveen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perveen, I., Rahman, M. M., Saha, M., Rahman, M. M. & Hasan, M. Q. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia, overlapping symptoms, and associated factors in a general population of Bangladesh. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 33, 265\u2013273 (2014).","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12262","volume":"16","author":"ST Cai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cai, S. T. et al. Overlap of gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional bowel disorders in the general Chinese rural population. J. Dig. Dis. 16, 395\u2013399 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"286_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13143","volume":"41","author":"D Le Pluart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Le Pluart, D. et al. Functional gastrointestinal disorders in 35,447 adults and their association with body mass index. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 41, 758\u2013767 (2015).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.983157","volume":"50","author":"S Rasmussen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rasmussen, S. et al. Overlap of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome in the general population. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 50, 162\u2013169 (2015).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-016-0070-8","volume":"10","author":"M Kanazawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kanazawa, M. et al. Abdominal bloating is the most bothersome symptom in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C): a large population-based Internet survey in Japan. Biopsychosoc. Med. 10, 19 (2016).","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Med."},{"key":"286_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-106856","volume":"54","author":"A Althaus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Althaus, A. et al. Determinants and frequency of irritable bowel syndrome in a German sample. Z. Gastroenterol. 54, 217\u2013225 (2016).","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm15148","volume":"22","author":"KT Siah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siah, K. T., Wong, R. K., Chan, Y. H., Ho, K. Y. & Gwee, K. A. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in Singapore and its association with dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22, 670\u2013676 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR32","unstructured":"Long, Y. et al. Prevalence and risk factors for functional bowel disorders in South China: a population based study using the Rome III criteria. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 29, e12897 (2017)."},{"key":"286_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13465","volume":"32","author":"UC Ghoshal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghoshal, U. C. & Singh, R. Frequency and risk factors of functional gastro-intestinal disorders in a rural Indian population. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 32, 378\u2013387 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR34","first-page":"82","volume":"27","author":"M Saha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saha, M. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: prevalence and dietary factors in the sylhet district of Bangladesh. Mymensingh Med. J. 27, 82\u201388 (2018).","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med. J."},{"key":"286_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756283x1774662","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X17746625","volume":"11","author":"MJ Torres","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torres, M. J. et al. Food consumption and dietary intakes in 36,448 adults and their association with irritable bowel syndrome: Nutrinet-Sante study. Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol. 11, 1756283x17746625 (2018).","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13511","volume":"31","author":"B Schauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schauer, B. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome, mental health, and quality of life: data from a population-based survey in Germany (SHIP-Trend-0). Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 31, e13511 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR37","first-page":"61","volume":"22","author":"R Iri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iri, R. et al. Epidemiological study of irritable bowel syndrome and its related factors in Sanandaj from 2013 to 2014: a population-based study. Sci. J. Kurd. Univ. Med. Sci. 22, 61\u201371 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. J. Kurd. Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR38","first-page":"253","volume":"28","author":"AH Keshteli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keshteli, A. H., Dehestani, B., Daghaghzadeh, H. & Adibi, P. Epidemiological features of irritable bowel syndrome and its subtypes among Iranian adults. Ann. Gastroenterol. 28, 253\u2013258 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.11569\/wcjd.v22.i34.5365","volume":"22","author":"C Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome in community residents in Nanning. World Chin. J. Digestol. 22, 5365\u20135370 (2014).","journal-title":"World Chin. J. Digestol."},{"key":"286_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01872.x","volume":"24","author":"H Miwa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miwa, H. Life style in persons with functional gastrointestinal disorders-large-scale internet survey of lifestyle in Japan. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 24, 464\u2013471, e217 (2012).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2009.01.177","volume":"32","author":"DF Gomez Alvarez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gomez Alvarez, D. F. et al. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and associated factors according to the Rome III diagnostic criteria in a general population in Colombia [Spanish]. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 32, 395\u2013400 (2009).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR42","first-page":"413","volume":"18","author":"B Khoshkrood-Mansoori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khoshkrood-Mansoori, B. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: a population based study. J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis. 18, 413\u2013418 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"286_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04074.x","volume":"30","author":"S Lee","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lee, S. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome is strongly associated with generalized anxiety disorder: a community study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 30, 643\u2013651 (2009).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR44","first-page":"565","volume":"38","author":"P Grubic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grubic, P. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in Croatia. Coll. Antropol. 38, 565\u2013570 (2014).","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"286_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32801140e2","volume":"19","author":"AD Sperber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sperber, A. D., Shvartzman, P., Friger, M. & Fich, A. A comparative reappraisal of the Rome II and Rome III diagnostic criteria: are we getting closer to the \u2018true\u2019 prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome? Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 441\u2013447 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.12.021","volume":"158","author":"OS Palsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Palsson, O. S., Whitehead, W., Tornblom, H., Sperber, A. D. & Simren, M. Prevalence of Rome IV functional bowel disorders among adults in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Gastroenterology 158, 1262\u20131273.e3 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.131","volume":"107","author":"RM Lovell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lovell, R. M. & Ford, A. C. Effect of gender on prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 991\u20131000 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13987","volume":"33","author":"KA Gwee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gwee, K. A., Ghoshal, U. C. & Chen, M. Irritable bowel syndrome in Asia: pathogenesis, natural history, epidemiology, and management. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 33, 99\u2013110 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00367-8","volume":"3","author":"WC Wigington","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wigington, W. C., Johnson, W. D. & Minocha, A. Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome among African Americans as compared with whites: a population-based study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3, 647\u2013653 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02396.x","volume":"21","author":"JY Kang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kang, J. Y. Systematic review: the influence of geography and ethnicity in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 21, 663\u2013676 (2005).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00526.x","volume":"93","author":"KY Ho","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ho, K. Y., Kang, J. Y. & Seow, A. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in a multiracial Asian population, with particular reference to reflux-type symptoms. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93, 1816\u20131822 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01891.x","volume":"19","author":"S Rajendra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rajendra, S. & Alahuddin, S. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 704\u2013706 (2004).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.27","volume":"109","author":"BJ Qumseya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qumseya, B. J. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Palestinians: its prevalence and effect of location of residence. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 109, 723\u2013739 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00553-1","volume":"3","author":"AD Sperber","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sperber, A. D. et al. Rates of functional bowel disorders among Israeli Bedouins in rural areas compared with those who moved to permanent towns. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3, 342\u2013348 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.282","volume":"104","author":"TK Klooker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klooker, T. K. et al. Exposure to severe wartime conditions in early life is associated with an increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based cohort study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104, 2250\u20132256 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.16484","volume":"119","author":"IM Gralnek","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gralnek, I. M., Hays, R. D., Kilbourne, A., Naliboff, B. & Mayer, E. A. The impact of irritable bowel syndrome on health-related quality of life. Gastroenterology 119, 654\u2013660 (2000).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)85143-8","volume":"24","author":"L Frank","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frank, L. et al. Health-related quality of life associated with irritable bowel syndrome: comparison with other chronic diseases. Clin. Ther. 24, 675\u2013689 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8103","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i26.8103","volume":"21","author":"P Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh, P. et al. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea have lower disease-specific quality of life than irritable bowel syndrome-constipation. World J. Gastroenterol. 21, 8103\u20138109 (2015).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0611-2","volume":"15","author":"JL Buono","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buono, J. L., Carson, R. T. & Flores, N. M. Health-related quality of life, work productivity, and indirect costs among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 15, 35 (2017).","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"286_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.08.016","volume":"17","author":"S Ballou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ballou, S. et al. Effects of irritable bowel syndrome on daily activities vary among subtypes based on results from the IBS in America survey. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 2471\u20132478.e36 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2006.00086.x","volume":"9","author":"DM Bushnell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bushnell, D. M., Martin, M. L., Ricci, J. F. & Bracco, A. Performance of the EQ-5D in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Value Health 9, 90\u201397 (2006).","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"286_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0792-6","volume":"54","author":"DA Drossman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drossman, D. A. et al. A focus group assessment of patient perspectives on irritable bowel syndrome and illness severity. Dig. Dis. Sci. 54, 1532\u20131541 (2009).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.485","volume":"107","author":"BE Lacy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lacy, B. E. et al. IBS patients\u2019 willingness to take risks with medications. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 804\u2013809 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318189a7f9","volume":"43","author":"DA Drossman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drossman, D. A. et al. International survey of patients with IBS: symptom features and their severity, health status, treatments, and risk taking to achieve clinical benefit. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 43, 541\u2013550 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139389","volume":"10","author":"C Canavan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canavan, C., West, J. & Card, T. Change in quality of life for patients with irritable bowel syndrome following referral to a gastroenterologist: a cohort study. PLoS One 10, e0139389 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"286_CR66","volume":"31","author":"ZZRM Weerts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weerts, Z. Z. R. M. et al. Reduction in IBS symptom severity is not paralleled by improvement in quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 31, e13629 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.16.1773","volume":"164","author":"BM Spiegel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Spiegel, B. M. et al. Clinical determinants of health-related quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 1773\u20131780 (2004).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"286_CR68","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHOQOL: measuring quality of life (WHO, 2019)."},{"key":"286_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000034570.52305.10","volume":"49","author":"M Kanazawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kanazawa, M. et al. Patients and nonconsulters with irritable bowel syndrome reporting a parental history of bowel problems have more impaired psychological distress. Dig. Dis. Sci. 49, 1046\u20131053 (2004).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0759-1-6","volume":"1","author":"M Kanazawa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanazawa, M. et al. Translation and validation of a Japanese version of the irritable bowel syndrome-quality of life measure (IBS-QOL-J). Biopsychosoc. Med. 1, 6 (2007).","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Med."},{"key":"286_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9084-6","volume":"51","author":"JM Park","year":"2006","unstructured":"Park, J. M. et al. Cross-cultural validation of irritable bowel syndrome quality of life in Korea. Dig. Dis. Sci. 51, 1478\u20131484 (2006).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9689-9","volume":"52","author":"M Schmulson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmulson, M. et al. Further validation of the IBS-QOL: female Mexican IBS patients have poorer quality of life than females from North Carolina. Dig. Dis. Sci. 52, 2950\u20132955 (2007).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10450","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i47.10450","volume":"22","author":"F Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Xiang, W., Li, C. Y. & Li, S. C. Economic burden of irritable bowel syndrome in China. World J. Gastroenterol. 22, 10450\u201310460 (2016).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200212000-00007","volume":"14","author":"SA Muller-Lissner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Muller-Lissner, S. A. & Pirk, O. Irritable bowel syndrome in Germany. A cost of illness study. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 1325\u20131329 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2013.19.9.755","volume":"19","author":"D Nellesen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nellesen, D., Yee, K., Chawla, A., Lewis, B. E. & Carson, R. T. A systematic review of the economic and humanistic burden of illness in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation. J. Manag. Care Pharm. 19, 755\u2013764 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Manag. Care Pharm."},{"key":"286_CR76","first-page":"2986","volume":"23","author":"ME Flacco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flacco, M. E. et al. Costs of irritable bowel syndrome in European countries with universal healthcare coverage: a meta-analysis. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 23, 2986\u20133000 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-0985-1","volume":"19","author":"J Tack","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tack, J. et al. Economic burden of moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in six European countries. BMC Gastroenterol. 19, 69 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200220070-00003","volume":"20","author":"RL Akehurst","year":"2002","unstructured":"Akehurst, R. L. et al. Health-related quality of life and cost impact of irritable bowel syndrome in a UK primary care setting. Pharmacoeconomics 20, 455\u2013462 (2002).","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"286_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01456.x","volume":"17","author":"AP Hungin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hungin, A. P., Whorwell, P. J., Tack, J. & Mearin, F. The prevalence, patterns and impact of irritable bowel syndrome: an international survey of 40,000 subjects. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 17, 643\u2013650 (2003).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0262-x","volume":"113","author":"A Frandemark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frandemark, A., Tornblom, H., Jakobsson, S. & Simren, M. Work productivity and activity impairment in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a multifaceted problem. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 113, 1540\u20131549 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"286_CR81","first-page":"S7","volume":"11","author":"B Cash","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cash, B., Sullivan, S. & Barghout, V. Total costs of IBS: employer and managed care perspective. Am. J. Manag. Care 11 (Suppl. 1), S7\u2013S16 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"286_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.8.929","volume":"163","author":"SA Leong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leong, S. A. et al. The economic consequences of irritable bowel syndrome: a US employer perspective. Arch. Intern. Med. 163, 929\u2013935 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"286_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494818776168","volume":"47","author":"CH Poulsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poulsen, C. H. et al. Irritable bowel symptoms, use of healthcare, costs, sickness and disability pension benefits: a long-term population-based study. Scand. J. Public. Health 47, 867\u2013875 (2019).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"286_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.07.019","volume":"11","author":"RK Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong, R. K. et al. Partner burden in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 151\u2013155 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.116","volume":"105","author":"YA Saito","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saito, Y. A. et al. Familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome: a family case-control study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105, 833\u2013841 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305705","volume":"64","author":"R Waehrens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Waehrens, R., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, J., Sundquist, K. & Zoller, B. Risk of irritable bowel syndrome in first-degree, second-degree and third-degree relatives of affected individuals: a nationwide family study in Sweden. Gut 64, 215\u2013221 (2015).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27995","volume":"121","author":"RL Levy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Levy, R. L. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: heredity and social learning both contribute to etiology. Gastroenterology 121, 799\u2013804 (2001).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.097287","volume":"55","author":"MB Bengtson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bengtson, M. B., Ronning, T., Vatn, M. H. & Harris, J. R. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: genes and environment. Gut 55, 1754\u20131759 (2006).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41700.x","volume":"100","author":"I Mohammed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mohammed, I., Cherkas, L. F., Riley, S. A., Spector, T. D. & Trudgill, N. J. Genetic influences in irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100, 1340\u20131344 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8137","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i36.8137","volume":"22","author":"DC Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin, D. C. et al. Regulation of the serotonin transporter in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. World J. Gastroenterol. 22, 8137\u20138148 (2016).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.08.059","volume":"679","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Zheng, G. & Hu, Z. Association between SERT insertion\/deletion polymorphism and the risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis based on 7039 subjects. Gene 679, 133\u2013137 (2018).","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"286_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.01.047","volume":"16","author":"K Garcia-Etxebarria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garcia-Etxebarria, K. et al. Increased prevalence of rare sucrase-isomaltase pathogenic variants in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 1673\u20131676 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12569","volume":"27","author":"TE Verstraelen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verstraelen, T. E., Ter Bekke, R. M., Volders, P. G., Masclee, A. A. & Kruimel, J. W. The role of the SCN5A-encoded channelopathy in irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 27, 906\u2013913 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13358","volume":"30","author":"F Bonfiglio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonfiglio, F. et al. A GWAS meta-analysis from 5 population-based cohorts implicates ion channel genes in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 30, e13358 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.03.064","volume":"155","author":"F Bonfiglio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonfiglio, F. et al. Female-specific association between variants on chromosome 9 and self-reported diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 155, 168\u2013179 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.06.003","volume":"152","author":"L Norcliffe-Kaufmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Norcliffe-Kaufmann, L., Slaugenhaupt, S. A. & Kaufmann, H. Familial dysautonomia: History, genotype, phenotype and translational research. Prog. Neurobiol. 152, 131\u2013148 (2017).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"286_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147817","volume":"11","author":"H Komuro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Komuro, H. et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 gene variants in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 11, e0147817 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"286_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/5cac3524-f2a4-4997-ba21-a5f1d8551f59","volume":"7","author":"N Sato","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sato, N. et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene variants in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 7, e42450 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"286_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602367","volume":"60","author":"KW Monsbakken","year":"2006","unstructured":"Monsbakken, K. W., Vandvik, P. O. & Farup, P. G. Perceived food intolerance in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome\u2013etiology, prevalence and consequences. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 60, 667\u2013672 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"286_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090986","volume":"9","author":"C Buscail","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buscail, C. et al. Western dietary pattern is associated with irritable bowel syndrome in the french nutrinet cohort. Nutrients 9, 986 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"286_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13055","volume":"29","author":"S Eswaran","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eswaran, S. Low FODMAP in 2017: lessons learned from clinical trials and mechanistic studies. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 29, e13055 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR102","first-page":"36","volume":"13","author":"P Hill","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hill, P., Muir, J. G. & Gibson, P. R. Controversies and recent developments of the low-FODMAP diet. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 36\u201345 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111268","volume":"9","author":"C Catassi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Catassi, C. et al. The overlapping area of non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and wheat-sensitive irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): an update. Nutrients 9, 1268 (2017).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"286_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0195-4","volume":"113","author":"J Dionne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dionne, J. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy of a gluten-free diet and a low FODMAPs diet in treating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 113, 1290\u20131300 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315136","volume":"68","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, Q. et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of dietary glutamine supplements for postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 68, 996\u20131002 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200103000-00001","volume":"13","author":"TJ Parker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parker, T. J. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome: is the search for lactose intolerance justified? Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 219\u2013225 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13527","volume":"31","author":"P Varju","year":"2018","unstructured":"Varju, P. et al. Lactose intolerance but not lactose maldigestion is more frequent in patients with irritable bowel syndrome than in healthy controls: a meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 31, e13527, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.13527 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.046","volume":"157","author":"A Fritscher-Ravens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fritscher-Ravens, A. et al. Many patients with irritable bowel syndrome have atypical food allergies not associated with immunoglobulin E. Gastroenterology 157, 109\u2013118.e5 (2019).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01136","volume":"10","author":"PP Chong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chong, P. P. et al. The microbiome and irritable bowel syndrome-a review on the pathophysiology, current research and future therapy. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1136 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"286_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.005","volume":"133","author":"A Kassinen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kassinen, A. et al. The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 133, 24\u201333 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.10.005","volume":"150","author":"G Parthasarathy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parthasarathy, G. et al. Relationship between microbiota of the colonic mucosa vs feces and symptoms, colonic transit, and methane production in female patients with chronic constipation. Gastroenterology 150, 367\u2013379.e1 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.049","volume":"152","author":"J Tap","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tap, J. et al. Identification of an Intestinal microbiota signature associated with severity of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 152, 111\u2013123.e8 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.14","volume":"2","author":"P Enck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Enck, P. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2, 16014 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"286_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.29","volume":"14","author":"EMM Quigley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quigley, E. M. M. Gut microbiome as a clinical tool in gastrointestinal disease management: are we there yet? Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 315\u2013320 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307264","volume":"64","author":"EP Halmos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halmos, E. P. et al. Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. Gut 64, 93\u2013100 (2015).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3157-8","volume":"59","author":"M Pimentel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pimentel, M. et al. Antibiotic treatment of constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Dig. Dis. Sci. 59, 1278\u20131285 (2014).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"286_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15330","volume":"50","author":"G Ianiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ianiro, G. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 50, 240\u2013248 (2019).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319630","author":"M El-Salhy","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Salhy, M., Hatlebakk, J. G., Gilja, O. H., Brathen Kristoffersen, A. & Hausken, T. Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for patients with irritable bowel syndrome in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gut https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319630 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.202","volume":"109","author":"AC Ford","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ford, A. C. et al. Efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 109, 1547\u20131561 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15001","volume":"48","author":"AC Ford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ford, A. C., Harris, L. A., Lacy, B. E., Quigley, E. M. M. & Moayyedi, P. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 48, 1044\u20131060 (2018).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0160-1","volume":"24","author":"M Deschasaux","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deschasaux, M. et al. Depicting the composition of gut microbiota in a population with varied ethnic origins but shared geography. Nat. Med. 24, 1526\u20131531 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"286_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","volume":"486","author":"T Yatsunenko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yatsunenko, T. et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486, 222\u2013227 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"286_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.2.1027-1033.2006","volume":"72","author":"S Mueller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mueller, S. et al. Differences in fecal microbiota in different European study populations in relation to age, gender, and country: a cross-sectional study. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 1027\u20131033 (2006).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"286_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.029","volume":"175","author":"P Vangay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vangay, P. et al. US immigration westernizes the human gut microbiome. Cell 175, 962\u2013972.e10 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"286_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.074","volume":"136","author":"R Spiller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spiller, R. & Garsed, K. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 136, 1979\u20131988 (2009).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618779923","volume":"6","author":"T Card","year":"2018","unstructured":"Card, T. et al. Post-infectious IBS: defining its clinical features and prognosis using an internet-based survey. United European Gastroenterol. J. 6, 1245\u20131253 (2018).","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"286_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7083.779","volume":"314","author":"KR Neal","year":"1997","unstructured":"Neal, K. R., Hebden, J. & Spiller, R. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients. BMJ 314, 779\u2013782 (1997).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"286_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03399.x","volume":"26","author":"M Thabane","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thabane, M., Kottachchi, D. T. & Marshall, J. K. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the incidence and prognosis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26, 535\u2013544 (2007).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13737","volume":"44","author":"A Wadhwa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wadhwa, A. et al. High risk of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 44, 576\u2013582 (2016).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-019-00959-2","volume":"38","author":"UC Ghoshal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghoshal, U. C. & Rahman, M. M. Post-infection irritable bowel syndrome in the tropical and subtropical regions: Vibrio cholerae is a new cause of this well-known condition. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 38, 87\u201394 (2019).","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.3.410","volume":"51","author":"KR Neal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Neal, K. R., Barker, L. & Spiller, R. C. Prognosis in post-infective irritable bowel syndrome: a six year follow up study. Gut 51, 410\u2013413 (2002).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01779.x","volume":"23","author":"J Schwille-Kiuntke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schwille-Kiuntke, J. et al. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: follow-up of a patient cohort of confirmed cases of bacterial infection with Salmonella or Campylobacter. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 23, e479\u2013e488 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7183.565","volume":"318","author":"LA Rodriguez","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rodriguez, L. A. & Ruigomez, A. Increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome after bacterial gastroenteritis: cohort study. BMJ 318, 565\u2013566 (1999).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"286_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.102","volume":"107","author":"B Zanini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zanini, B. et al. Incidence of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional intestinal disorders following a water-borne viral gastroenteritis outbreak. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 891\u2013899 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.11.025","volume":"5","author":"JK Marshall","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marshall, J. K., Thabane, M., Borgaonkar, M. R. & James, C. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome after a food-borne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis attributed to a viral pathogen. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 457\u2013460 (2007).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"286_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu629","volume":"59","author":"K Hanevik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hanevik, K. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 6 years after giardia infection: a controlled prospective cohort study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 59, 1394\u20131400 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"286_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300220","volume":"61","author":"KA Wensaas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wensaas, K. A. et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 3 years after acute giardiasis: historic cohort study. Gut 61, 214\u2013219 (2012).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2019.1607897","volume":"54","author":"AT Svendsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Svendsen, A. T., Bytzer, P. & Engsbro, A. L. Systematic review with meta-analyses: does the pathogen matter in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome? Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 54, 546\u2013562 (2019).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.12.039","volume":"152","author":"F Klem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klem, F. et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of irritable bowel syndrome after infectious enteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 152, 1042\u20131054.e1 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0208-3","volume":"113","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rahman, M. M. et al. Long-term gastrointestinal consequences are frequent following sporadic acute infectious diarrhea in a tropical country: a prospective cohort study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 113, 1363\u20131375 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-019-00943-w","volume":"38","author":"PK Parida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parida, P. K. et al. A prospective study on incidence, risk factors, and validation of a risk score for post-infection irritable bowel syndrome in coastal eastern India. Indian J. Gastroenterol. 38, 134\u2013142 (2019).","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm15157","volume":"22","author":"YH Youn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Youn, Y. H. et al. Long-term clinical course of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome after shigellosis: a 10-year follow-up study. J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22, 490\u2013496 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"286_CR143","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Foodborne illness and germs (CDC, 2019)."},{"key":"286_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","volume":"17","author":"GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators.","year":"2017","unstructured":"GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect. Dis. 17, 909\u2013948 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"286_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15325","volume":"50","author":"M Zamani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zamani, M., Alizadeh-Tabari, S. & Zamani, V. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 50, 132\u2013143 (2019).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.027","volume":"150","author":"L Van Oudenhove","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Oudenhove, L. et al. Biopsychosocial aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders: how central and environmental processes contribute to the development and expression of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 150, 1355\u20131367.e2 (2016).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300474","volume":"61","author":"NA Koloski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koloski, N. A. et al. The brain-gut pathway in functional gastrointestinal disorders is bidirectional: a 12-year prospective population-based study. Gut 61, 1284\u20131290 (2012).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"286_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7010006","volume":"7","author":"EMM Quigley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quigley, E. M. M. The gut-brain axis and the microbiome: clues to pathophysiology and opportunities for novel management strategies in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). J. Clin. Med. 7, 6 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"286_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13738","volume":"44","author":"NA Koloski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koloski, N. A., Jones, M. & Talley, N. J. Evidence that independent gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut pathways operate in the irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia: a 1-year population-based prospective study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 44, 592\u2013600 (2016).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"286_CR150","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mental disorders affect one in four people (WHO, 2019)."},{"key":"286_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22230","volume":"31","author":"AJ Baxter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baxter, A. J. et al. Challenging the myth of an \u201cepidemic\u201d of common mental disorders: trends in the global prevalence of anxiety and depression between 1990 and 2010. Depress. Anxiety 31, 506\u2013516 (2014).","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"286_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu038","volume":"43","author":"Z Steel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steel, Z. et al. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 476\u2013493 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"286_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171200147X","volume":"43","author":"AJ Baxter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baxter, A. J., Scott, K. M., Vos, T. & Whiteford, H. A. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychol. Med. 43, 897\u2013910 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"286_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313490111","volume":"111","author":"CK Khoury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khoury, C. K. et al. Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 4001\u20134006 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"286_CR155","unstructured":"GlobalData. EpiCast report: irritable bowel syndrome \u2014 Epidemiology forecast to 2026 (GlobalData, 2017)."},{"key":"286_CR156","unstructured":"PopulationPyramid.net. Population of the World in 2020. PopulationPyramid.net https:\/\/www.populationpyramid.net\/world\/2020\/ (2019)."},{"key":"286_CR157","unstructured":"PopulationPyramid.net. Population of the World 2040. PopulationPyramid.net https:\/\/www.populationpyramid.net\/world\/2040\/ (2019)."},{"key":"286_CR158","unstructured":"Davies, S. C. Annual report of the Chief Medical Officer 2015, on the state of the public\u2019s health, baby boomers: fit for the future (Department of Health and Social Care, 2016)."},{"key":"286_CR159","unstructured":"Blue Cross Blue Shield. The health of millennials. bcbs https:\/\/www.bcbs.com\/the-health-of-america\/reports\/the-health-of-millennials (2019)."},{"key":"286_CR160","unstructured":"Anderson, N. B. Stress in America: paying with our health (American Psychological Association, 2015)."},{"key":"286_CR161","unstructured":"Bupa. Stress leaves Generation X old before their time. Bupa https:\/\/www.bupa.co.uk\/newsroom\/ourviews\/stress-leaves-generation (2016)."},{"key":"286_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2019-101211","volume":"11","author":"CJ Black","year":"2019","unstructured":"Black, C. J. & Ford, A. C. Rational investigations in irritable bowel syndrome. Frontline Gastroenterol. 11, 140\u2013147 (2019).","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.442","volume":"113","author":"BE Lacy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lacy, B. E., Ford, A. C. & Talley, N. J. Quality of care and the irritable bowel syndrome: is now the time to set standards? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 113, 167\u2013169 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"286_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.12.010","volume":"154","author":"L Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang, L. et al. Functional bowel disorders: a roadmap to guide the next generation of research. Gastroenterology 154, 723\u2013735 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"286_CR165","unstructured":"International Confederation of Dietetic Associations. Dieticians around the world: their education and their work (ICDA, 2008)."},{"key":"286_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S111543","volume":"12","author":"FR Choudhry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choudhry, F. R., Mani, V., Ming, L. C. & Khan, T. M. Beliefs and perception about mental health issues: a meta-synthesis. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 12, 2807\u20132818 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"286_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.10.008","volume":"22","author":"A Beck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beck, A., Nadkarni, A., Calam, R., Naeem, F. & Husain, N. Increasing access to cognitive behaviour therapy in low and middle income countries: a strategic framework. Asian J. Psychiatr. 22, 190\u2013195 (2016).","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-020-0286-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-020-0286-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-020-0286-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T17:52:43Z","timestamp":1684605163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-020-0286-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-020-0286-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 March 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}