{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:06:02Z","timestamp":1793502362288,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":274,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-01035-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1738316033000},"page":"371-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Understanding the therapeutic toolkit for inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Vieujean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipul","family":"Jairath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Peyrin-Biroulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"Dubinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marietta","family":"Iacucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7341-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1035_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2002697","volume":"383","author":"JT Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang, J. T. Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 2652\u20132664 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.031","volume":"160","author":"D Turner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turner, D. et al. STRIDE-II: an update on the selecting therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease (STRIDE) initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target strategies in IBD. Gastroenterology 160, 1570\u20131583 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.065","volume":"160","author":"C Le Berre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le Berre, C. et al. Selecting end points for disease-modification trials in inflammatory bowel disease: the SPIRIT consensus from the IOIBD. Gastroenterology 160, 1452\u20131460 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00966-2","volume":"402","author":"C Le Berre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Le Berre, C., Honap, S. & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet 402, 571\u2013584 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02586-2","volume":"403","author":"M Dolinger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dolinger, M., Torres, J. & Vermeire, S. Crohn\u2019s disease. Lancet 403, 1177\u20131191 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.09.078","volume":"162","author":"T Raine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raine, T. & Danese, S. Breaking through the therapeutic ceiling: what will it take? Gastroenterology 162, 1507\u20131511 (2022).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00065-0","volume":"6","author":"D Alsoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsoud, D., Verstockt, B., Fiocchi, C. & Vermeire, S. Breaking the therapeutic ceiling in drug development in ulcerative colitis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 589\u2013595 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12366","volume":"11","author":"F Magro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Magro, F. et al. Has the therapeutical ceiling been reached in Crohn\u2019s disease randomized controlled trials? A systematic review and meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol. J. 11, 202\u2013217 (2023).","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"1035_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy056","volume":"12","author":"WA Bemelman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bemelman, W. A. et al. Evolving role of IBD surgery. J. Crohns Colitis 12, 1005\u20131007 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00604-y","volume":"19","author":"EJ Villablanca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Villablanca, E. J., Selin, K. & Hedin, C. R. H. Mechanisms of mucosal healing: treating inflammatory bowel disease without immunosuppression? Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 493\u2013507 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1942.tb06841.x","volume":"110","author":"N Svartz","year":"1942","unstructured":"Svartz, N. Salazopyrin, a new sulfanilamide preparation. A. Therapeutic results in rheumatic polyarthritis. B. Therapeutic effects in ulcerative colitis. C. Toxic manifestations in treatment with sulfanilamide preparations. Acta Med. Scand. 110, 580\u2013598 (1942).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand."},{"key":"1035_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1948.tb12083.x","volume":"130","author":"N Svartz","year":"1948","unstructured":"Svartz, N. The treatment of 124 cases of ulcerative colitis with salazopyrine and attempts of desensibilization in cases of hypersensitiveness to sulfa. Acta Med. Scand. 130, 465\u2013472 (1948).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand."},{"key":"1035_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)90831-5","volume":"2","author":"AK Azad Khan","year":"1977","unstructured":"Azad Khan, A. K., Piris, J. & Truelove, S. C. An experiment to determine the active therapeutic moiety of sulphasalazine. Lancet 2, 892\u2013895 (1977).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4947.1041","volume":"2","author":"SCWL Truelove","year":"1955","unstructured":"Truelove, S. C. W. L. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis final report on a therapeutic trial. Br. Med. J. 2, 1041\u20131048 (1955).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"1035_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1962.tb20590.x","volume":"49","author":"RH BEAN","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bean, R. H. The treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis with 6-mercaptopurine. Med. J. Aust. 49, 592\u2013593 (1962).","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"1035_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5495.1081","volume":"1","author":"RHD Bean","year":"1966","unstructured":"Bean, R. H. D. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with antimetabolites. Br. Med. J. 1, 1081\u20131084 (1966).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"1035_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5945.627","volume":"4","author":"DP Jewell","year":"1974","unstructured":"Jewell, D. P. & Truelove, S. C. Azathioprine in ulcerative colitis: final report on controlled therapeutic trial. Br. Med. J. 4, 627\u2013630 (1974).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"1035_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.09.009","volume":"8","author":"DJ Mulder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mulder, D. J., Noble, A. J., Justinich, C. J. & Duffin, J. M. A tale of two diseases: the history of inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 8, 341\u2013348 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR19","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Product approval for infliximab (FDA, 1998)."},{"key":"1035_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.030","volume":"130","author":"SB Hanauer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hanauer, S. B. et al. Human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody (adalimumab) in Crohn\u2019s disease: the CLASSIC-I trial. Gastroenterology 130, 323\u2013333 (2006).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.106781","volume":"56","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Adalimumab for maintenance treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease: results of the CLASSIC II trial. Gut 56, 1232\u20131239 (2007).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.221127","volume":"60","author":"W Reinisch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reinisch, W. et al. Adalimumab for induction of clinical remission in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut 60, 780\u2013787 (2011).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.032","volume":"142","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 142, 257\u2013265 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e318281f2b7","volume":"19","author":"W Reinisch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reinisch, W. et al. 52-week efficacy of adalimumab in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who failed corticosteroids and\/or immunosuppressants. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 19, 1700\u20131709 (2013).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067594","volume":"357","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 228\u2013238 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062897","volume":"357","author":"S Schreiber","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schreiber, S. et al. Maintenance therapy with certolizumab pegol for Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 239\u2013250 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.06.010","volume":"146","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 146, 96\u2013109 (2014).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13291","volume":"42","author":"P Rutgeerts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rutgeerts, P. et al. Randomised clinical trial: a placebo-controlled study of intravenous golimumab induction therapy for ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 42, 504\u2013514 (2015).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215734","volume":"369","author":"BG Feagan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feagan, B. G. et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 369, 699\u2013710 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215739","volume":"369","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 369, 711\u2013721 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602773","volume":"375","author":"BG Feagan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feagan, B. G. et al. Ustekinumab as Induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 1946\u20131960 (2016).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900750","volume":"381","author":"BE Sands","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sands, B. E. et al. Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 1201\u20131214 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00467-6","volume":"399","author":"G D\u2019Haens","year":"2022","unstructured":"D\u2019Haens, G. et al. Risankizumab as induction therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease: results from the phase 3 ADVANCE and MOTIVATE induction trials. Lancet 399, 2015\u20132030 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00466-4","volume":"399","author":"M Ferrante","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferrante, M. et al. Risankizumab as maintenance therapy for moderately to severely active Crohn\u2019s disease: results from the multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal phase 3 FORTIFY maintenance trial. Lancet 399, 2031\u20132046 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.12414","volume":"332","author":"E Louis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Louis, E. et al. Risankizumab for ulcerative colitis: two randomized clinical trials. JAMA 332, 881\u2013897 (2024).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1035_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207940","volume":"388","author":"G D\u2019Haens","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Haens, G. et al. Mirikizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 2444\u20132455 (2023).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)29238-2","volume":"181","author":"MA Peppercorn","year":"1972","unstructured":"Peppercorn, M. A. & Goldman, P. The role of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism of salicylazosulfapyridine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 181, 555\u2013562 (1972).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0481-x","volume":"54","author":"S Nikfar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nikfar, S., Rahimi, R., Rezaie, A. & Abdollahi, M. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of sulfasalazine in comparison with 5-aminosalicylates in the induction of improvement and maintenance of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 54, 1157\u20131170 (2009).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1035_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041948","volume":"201","author":"C Rousseaux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rousseaux, C. et al. Intestinal antiinflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3. J. Exp. Med 201, 1205\u20131215 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"1035_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03069.x","volume":"24","author":"P Desreumaux","year":"2006","unstructured":"Desreumaux, P. & Ghosh, S. Review article: mode of action and delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid \u2014 new evidence. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 24, 2\u20139 (2006).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28135081","volume":"28","author":"J S\u0142oka","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u0142oka, J., Madej, M. & Strzalka-Mrozik, B. Molecular mechanisms of the antitumor effects of mesalazine and its preventive potential in colorectal cancer. Molecules 28, 5081 (2023).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"1035_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41442.x","volume":"100","author":"FS Velayos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Velayos, F. S., Terdiman, J. P. & Walsh, J. M. Effect of 5-aminosalicylate use on colorectal cancer and dysplasia risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of observational studies. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100, 1345\u20131353 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094208","volume":"9","author":"LN Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao, L. N. et al. 5-Aminosalicylates reduce the risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis: an updated meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 9, e94208 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1035_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab178","volume":"16","author":"T Raine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raine, T. et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in ulcerative colitis: medical treatment. J. Crohns Colitis 16, 2\u201317 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae091","volume":"18","author":"H Gordon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gordon, H. et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in Crohn\u2019s disease: medical treatment. J. Crohns Colitis 18, 1531\u20131555 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200111000-00006","volume":"13","author":"S Campbell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campbell, S. & Ghosh, S. Effective maintenance of inflammatory bowel disease remission by azathioprine does not require concurrent 5-aminosalicylate therapy. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 1297\u20131301 (2001).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.11481.x","volume":"99","author":"GJ Mantzaris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mantzaris, G. J. et al. A prospective randomized observer-blind 2-year trial of azathioprine monotherapy versus azathioprine and olsalazine for the maintenance of remission of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99, 1122\u20131128 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0144-2","volume":"113","author":"S Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh, S. et al. No benefit of concomitant 5-aminosalicylates in patients with ulcerative colitis escalated to biologic therapy: pooled analysis of individual participant data from clinical trials. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 113, 1197\u20131205 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx101","volume":"12","author":"G Doherty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Doherty, G. et al. European Crohn\u2019s and colitis organisation topical review on treatment withdrawal [\u2019exit strategies\u2019] in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 12, 17\u201331 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-020-01713-8","volume":"55","author":"M Naganuma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naganuma, M. Solving the questions regarding 5-aminosalitylate formulation in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. J. Gastroenterol. 55, 1013\u20131022 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484","volume":"68","author":"CA Lamb","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lamb, C. A. et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 68, s1\u2013s106 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.006","volume":"158","author":"JD Feuerstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feuerstein, J. D. et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 158, 1450\u20131461 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07092.x","volume":"97","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. Rational selection of oral 5-aminosalicylate formulations and prodrugs for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97, 2939\u20132941 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR54","first-page":"CD000544","volume":"8","author":"A Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray, A., Nguyen, T. M., Parker, C. E., Feagan, B. G. & MacDonald, J. K. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 8, CD000544 (2020).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1035_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.536","volume":"51","author":"RAJ Ransford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ransford, R. A. J. & Langman, M. J. S. Sulphasalazine and mesalazine: serious adverse reactions re-evaluated on the basis of suspected adverse reaction reports to the Committee on Safety of Medicines. Gut 51, 536\u2013539 (2002).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14688","volume":"47","author":"P Sehgal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sehgal, P., Colombel, J. F., Aboubakr, A. & Narula, N. Systematic review: safety of mesalazine in ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 47, 1597\u20131609 (2018).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-2813.2004.01827.x","volume":"19","author":"EV Loftus","year":"2004","unstructured":"Loftus, E. V., Kane, S. V. & Bjorkman, D. Systematic review: short-term adverse effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid agents in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 179\u2013189 (2004).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00687-y","volume":"27","author":"JG Moss","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moss, J. G., Parry, C. M., Holt, R. C. L., McWilliam, S. J. 5-ASA induced interstitial nephritis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Eur. J. Med. Res. 27, 61 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"1035_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.11.008","volume":"54","author":"L Guillo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guillo, L. et al. Kidney function monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease: the MONITORED consensus. Dig. Liver Dis. 54, 309\u2013315 (2022).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00563.x","volume":"29","author":"PMD Foster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Foster, P. M. D., Gray, E., Leffers, H. & Skakkeb\u00e6k, N. E. Disruption of reproductive development in male rat offspring following in utero exposure to phthalate esters. Int. J. Androl. 29, 140\u2013147 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"1035_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2010.511579","volume":"73","author":"TS Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim, T. S. et al. Effects of in utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate on development of male reproductive tracts in Sprague-Dawley rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 73, 1544\u20131559 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"1035_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00758-3","volume":"20","author":"MN Brondfield","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brondfield, M. N. & Mahadevan, U. Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 504\u2013523 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-41-2-232","volume":"41","author":"JB Kirsner","year":"1954","unstructured":"Kirsner, J. B. & Palmer, W. L. Ulcerative colitis; therapeutic effects of corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisone in 120 patients. Ann. Intern. Med 41, 232\u2013250 (1954).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med"},{"key":"1035_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443120-00003","volume":"43","author":"S Edsb\u00e4cker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Edsb\u00e4cker, S. & Andersson, T. Pharmacokinetics of budesonide (EntocortTM EC) capsules for Crohn\u2019s disease. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 43, 803\u2013821 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"1035_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3897-0","volume":"61","author":"GR Lichtenstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lichtenstein, G. R. Budesonide multi-matrix for the treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 61, 358\u2013370 (2016).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1035_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691480","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.691480","volume":"12","author":"S Bruscoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bruscoli, S., Febo, M., Riccardi, C. & Migliorati, G. Glucocorticoid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms and clinical practice. Front. Immunol. 12, 691480 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1035_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa053","volume":"14","author":"AM Dorrington","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dorrington, A. M. et al. The historical role and contemporary use of corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 14, 1316\u20131329 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR68","unstructured":"Yasir, M. & Sonthalia, S. Corticosteroid Adverse Effects. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK531462\/ (StatPearls Publishing, 2018)."},{"key":"1035_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx162","volume":"12","author":"P Sarlos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarlos, P. et al. Steroid but not biological therapy elevates the risk of venous thromboembolic events in inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. J. Crohns Colitis 12, 489\u2013498 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.537","volume":"112","author":"FA Farraye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farraye, F. A., Melmed, G. Y., Lichtenstein, G. R. & Kane, S. V. ACG clinical guideline: preventive care in inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 112, 241\u2013258 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325317","volume":"71","author":"FD Odufalu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Odufalu, F. D., Long, M., Lin, K. & Mahadevan, U. Exposure to corticosteroids in pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes among infants of mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: results from the PIANO registry. Gut 71, 1766\u20131772 (2022).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad022","volume":"17","author":"M L\u00f6wenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f6wenberg, M. et al. Mercaptopurine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J. Crohns Colitis 17, 1055\u20131065 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23983","volume":"120","author":"G D\u2019Haens","year":"2001","unstructured":"D\u2019Haens, G. et al. Intravenous cyclosporine versus intravenous corticosteroids as single therapy for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 120, 1323\u20131329 (2001).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx089","volume":"11","author":"MM Estevinho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Estevinho, M. M. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 6-thioguanine nucleotide levels and clinical remission in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis 11, 1381\u20131392 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20190803","volume":"48","author":"AM Alqarni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alqarni, A. M. & Zeidler, M. P. How does methotrexate work? Biochem. Soc. Trans. 48, 559\u2013567 (2020).","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"1035_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.12.002","volume":"4","author":"A Dignass","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dignass, A. et al. The second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn\u2019s disease: current management. J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis 4, 28\u201362 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR77","first-page":"CD000545","volume":"10","author":"N Chande","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chande, N., Townsend, C. M., Parker, C. E. & Macdonald, J. K. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10, CD000545\u00a0(2016).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1035_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.10.001","volume":"167","author":"S Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh, S. et al. AGA living clinical practice guideline on pharmacological management of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 167, 1307\u20131343 (2024).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.022","volume":"160","author":"JD Feuerstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feuerstein, J. D. et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the medical management of moderate to severe luminal and perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 160, 2496\u20132508 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502023320503","volume":"332","author":"BG Feagan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Feagan, B. G. et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 292\u2013297 (1995).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006013422202","volume":"342","author":"BG Feagan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Feagan, B. G. et al. A comparison of methotrexate with placebo for the maintenance of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1627\u20131632 (2000).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab112","volume":"15","author":"T Raine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raine, T. et al. ECCO topical review: refractory inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 15, 1605\u20131620 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30012-3","volume":"4","author":"NA Kennedy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kennedy, N. A. et al. Predictors of anti-TNF treatment failure in anti-TNF-naive patients with active luminal Crohn\u2019s disease: a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 341\u2013353 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904492","volume":"362","author":"JF Colombel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Colombel J. F. et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 362, 1383\u20131395 (2010).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406303302601","volume":"330","author":"S Lichtiger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lichtiger, S. et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1841\u20131845 (1994).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01718.x","volume":"103","author":"MB Sternthal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sternthal, M. B. et al. Adverse events associated with the use of cyclosporine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103, 937\u2013943 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.15.29","volume":"16","author":"RL Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts, R. L. & Barclay, M. L. Update on thiopurine pharmacogenetics in inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacogenomics 16, 891\u2013903 (2015).","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"1035_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0709","volume":"321","author":"GJ Walker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walker, G. J. et al. Association of genetic variants in NUDT15 with thiopurine-induced myelosuppression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JAMA 321, 753\u2013761 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1035_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14933","volume":"48","author":"R de Francisco","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Francisco, R. et al. Impact of Epstein\u2013Barr virus serological status on clinical outcomes in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 48, 723\u2013730 (2018).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307126","volume":"63","author":"PS Dulai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dulai, P. S., Siegel, C. A., Colombel, J. F., Sandborn, W. J. & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. Systematic review: monotherapy with antitumour necrosis factor \u03b1 agents versus combination therapy with an immunosuppressive for IBD. Gut 63, 1843\u20131853 (2014).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14533","volume":"34","author":"SZ Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, S. Z. et al. Risk of skin cancers in thiopurines-treated and thiopurines-untreated patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 34, 507\u2013516 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac187","volume":"17","author":"H Gordon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gordon, H. et al. ECCO guidelines on inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies. J. Crohns Colitis 17, 827\u2013854 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.11.024","volume":"8","author":"MD Long","year":"2010","unstructured":"Long, M. D. et al. Increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 268\u2013274 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60930-6","volume":"67","author":"W Sandborn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. & Tremaine, W. Cyclosporine treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 67, 981\u2013990 (1992).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"1035_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac115","volume":"17","author":"J Torres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torres, J. et al. European Crohn\u2019s and colitis guidelines on sexuality, fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. J. Crohns Colitis 17, 1\u201327 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR96","first-page":"678","volume":"27","author":"JA Mart\u00ednez Lopez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez Lopez, J. A., Loza, E., Carmona, L. Systematic review on the safety of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis regarding the reproductive system (fertility, pregnancy, and breastfeeding). Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 27, 678\u2013684 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"1035_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38368","volume":"66","author":"C Weber-Schoendorfer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weber-Schoendorfer, C. et al. Pregnancy outcome after methotrexate treatment for rheumatic disease prior to or during early pregnancy: a prospective multicenter cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 66, 1101\u20131110 (2014).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"1035_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.48","volume":"106","author":"S Rutella","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rutella, S. et al. Infliximab therapy inhibits inflammation-induced angiogenesis in the mucosa of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106, 762\u2013770 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.08.032","volume":"141","author":"R Atreya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Atreya, R. et al. Antibodies against tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induce T-cell apoptosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases via TNF receptor 2 and intestinal CD14+ macrophages. Gastroenterology 141, 2026\u20132038 (2011).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.105379","volume":"56","author":"JMH Van Den Brande","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Den Brande, J. M. H. et al. Prediction of antitumour necrosis factor clinical efficacy by real-time visualisation of apoptosis in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Gut 56, 509\u2013517 (2007).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10400","volume":"477","author":"C G\u00fcnther","year":"2011","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther, C. et al. Caspase-8 regulates TNF-\u03b1-induced epithelial necroptosis and terminal ileitis. Nature 477, 335\u2013339 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1035_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022967","volume":"6","author":"K Juuti-Uusitalo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Juuti-Uusitalo, K. et al. Differential effects of TNF (TNFSF2) and IFN-\u03b3 on intestinal epithelial cell morphogenesis and barrier function in three-dimensional culture. PLoS ONE 6, e22967 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1035_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20051","volume":"13","author":"MJ Meijer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meijer, M. J. et al. Effect of the anti-tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 antibody infliximab on the ex vivo mucosal matrix metalloproteinase-proteolytic phenotype in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 13, 200\u2013210 (2007).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.208","volume":"14","author":"MF Neurath","year":"2017","unstructured":"Neurath, M. F. Current and emerging therapeutic targets for IBD. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 269\u2013278 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2016.1126247","volume":"25","author":"M Berns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berns, M. & Hommes, D. W. Anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapies for the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease: the past, present and future. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 25, 129\u2013143 (2016).","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"1035_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.2.206","volume":"50","author":"T Ten Hove","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ten Hove, T., Van, M. C., Peppelenbosch, M. P. & Van Deventer, S. J. H. Infliximab treatment induces apoptosis of lamina propria T lymphocytes in Crohn\u2019s disease. Gut 50, 206\u2013211 (2002).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08512-4","volume":"359","author":"SB Hanauer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hanauer, S. B. et al. Maintenance infliximab for Crohn\u2019s disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial. Lancet 359, 1541\u20131549 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030815","volume":"350","author":"BE Sands","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sands, B. E. et al. Infliximab maintenance therapy for fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 876\u2013885 (2004).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050516","volume":"353","author":"P Rutgeerts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rutgeerts, P. et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 2462\u20132476 (2005).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.041","volume":"132","author":"JF Colombel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Colombel, J. F. et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology 132, 52\u201365 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.159251","volume":"58","author":"JF Colombel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Colombel, J. F. et al. Adalimumab for the treatment of fistulas in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Gut 58, 940\u2013948 (2009).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13402","volume":"42","author":"K Papamichael","year":"2015","unstructured":"Papamichael, K. et al. Review article: pharmacological aspects of anti-TNF biosimilars in inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 42, 1158\u20131169 (2015).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30068-5","volume":"389","author":"KK J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, K. K. et al. Switching from originator infliximab to biosimilar CT-P13 compared with maintained treatment with originator infliximab (NOR-SWITCH): a 52-week, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 389, 2304\u20132316 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR114","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Scientific considerations in demonstrating biosimilarity to a reference product (FDA, 2015)."},{"key":"1035_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203091","volume":"72","author":"W Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park, W. et al. A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel-group, prospective study comparing the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of CT-P13 and innovator infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: the PLANETAS study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 1605\u20131612 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203090","volume":"72","author":"DH Yoo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yoo, D. H. et al. A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study to demonstrate equivalence in efficacy and safety of CT-P13 compared with innovator infliximab when coadministered with methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: the PLANETRA study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 72, 1613\u20131620 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000713","volume":"32","author":"K Papamichael","year":"2020","unstructured":"Papamichael, K. & Cheifetz, A. S. Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients on biologics: lessons from Gastroenterology. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 32, 371\u2013379 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"1035_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051009","volume":"14","author":"S Marquez-Megias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marquez-Megias, S. et al. Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic drug monitoring of anti-TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Pharmaceutics 14, 1009 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"1035_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.02.014","volume":"162","author":"PM Irving","year":"2022","unstructured":"Irving, P. M. & Gecse, K. B. Optimizing therapies using therapeutic drug monitoring: current strategies and future perspectives. Gastroenterology 162, 1512\u20131524 (2022).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001396","volume":"116","author":"AS Cheifetz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheifetz, A. S. et al. A comprehensive literature review and expert consensus statement on therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in inflammatory bowel disease. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 116, 2014\u20132025 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12749","volume":"39","author":"RW Stidham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stidham, R. W. et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: the efficacy of anti-TNF agents for the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 39, 1349\u20131362 (2014).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMct1209614","volume":"369","author":"OH Nielsen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nielsen, O. H. & Ainsworth, M. A. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for inflammatory bowel disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 369, 754\u2013762 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR123","first-page":"760","volume":"104","author":"JP Gisbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gisbert, J. P. & Pan\u00e9s, J. Loss of response and requirement of infliximab dose intensification in Crohn\u2019s disease: a review. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104, 760\u2013767 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.07.032","volume":"153","author":"JD Feuerstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feuerstein, J. D. et al. American gastroenterological association institute guideline on therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 153, 827\u2013834 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020888","volume":"348","author":"F Baert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baert, F. et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 601\u2013608 (2003).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv004","volume":"9","author":"C Steenholdt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steenholdt, C. et al. Changes in serum trough levels of infliximab during treatment intensification but not in antiinfliximab antibody detection are associated with clinical outcomes after therapeutic failure in Crohn\u2019s disease. J. Crohns Colitis 9, 238\u2013245 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14452","volume":"47","author":"E Dreesen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dreesen, E. et al. Anti-infliximab antibody concentrations can guide treatment intensification in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease who lose clinical response. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 47, 346\u2013355 (2018).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.10.052","volume":"146","author":"R Panaccione","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panaccione, R. et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 146, 392\u2013400 (2014).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300934","volume":"60","author":"I Ord\u00e1s","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ord\u00e1s, I., Feagan, B. G. & Sandborn, W. J. Early use of immunosuppressives or TNF antagonists for the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease: time for a change. Gut 60, 1754\u20131763 (2011).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00034-7","volume":"9","author":"NM Noor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Noor, N. M. et al. A biomarker-stratified comparison of top-down versus accelerated step-up treatment strategies for patients with newly diagnosed Crohn\u2019s disease (PROFILE): a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 415\u2013427 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00068-9","volume":"386","author":"R Khanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khanna, R. et al. Early combined immunosuppression for the management of Crohn\u2019s disease (REACT): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 386, 1825\u20131834 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-023-01252-z","volume":"43","author":"G D\u2019Haens","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Haens, G. et al. Subcutaneous infliximab monotherapy versus combination therapy with immunosuppressants in inflammatory bowel disease: a post hoc analysis of a randomised clinical trial. Clin. Drug Investig. 43, 277\u2013288 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"1035_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.012","volume":"155","author":"J Kirchgesner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kirchgesner, J. et al. Risk of serious and opportunistic infections associated with treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 155, 337\u2013346 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16883","volume":"55","author":"CM Townsend","year":"2022","unstructured":"Townsend, C. M., Lovegrove, F., Khanna, R. & Wilson, A. S. Review article: paradoxical psoriasis as a consequence of tumour necrosis factor antagonists in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 55, 1379\u20131388 (2022).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60594-2","volume":"382","author":"IB McInnes","year":"2013","unstructured":"McInnes, I. B. et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 1 year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT 1 trial. Lancet 382, 780\u2013789 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa186","volume":"15","author":"M Muller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muller, M., D\u2019Amico, F., Bonovas, S., Danese, S. & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. TNF inhibitors and risk of malignancy in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review. J. Crohns Colitis 15, 840\u2013859 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16050","volume":"52","author":"A Chupin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chupin, A. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: comparative risk of lymphoma with anti-tumour necrosis factor agents and\/or thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 52, 1289\u20131297 (2020).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR138","first-page":"97","volume":"151","author":"M Briskin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Briskin, M. et al. Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 97\u2013110 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"1035_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.5.2099","volume":"158","author":"D Picarella","year":"1997","unstructured":"Picarella, D. et al. Monoclonal antibodies specific for \u03b27 integrin and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) reduce inflammation in the colon of scid mice reconstituted with CD45RBhigh CD4+ T cells. J. Immunol. 158, 2099\u20132106 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1035_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044397","volume":"354","author":"CH Polman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polman, C. H. et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 899\u2013910 (2006).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/356063a0","volume":"356","author":"TA Yednock","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yednock, T. A. et al. Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against \u03b14\u03b21 integrin. Nature 356, 63\u201366 (1992).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1035_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.024","volume":"132","author":"SR Targan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Targan, S. R. et al. Natalizumab for the treatment of active Crohn\u2019s disease: results of the ENCORE trial. Gastroenterology 132, 1672\u20131683 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054693","volume":"354","author":"TA Yousry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yousry, T. A. et al. Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 924\u2013933 (2006).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR144","unstructured":"United States Department of Health & Human Services. Drug details \u2014 natalizumab (FDA, 2015)."},{"key":"1035_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00317-0","volume":"10","author":"G D\u2019Haens","year":"2025","unstructured":"D\u2019Haens, G. et al. Vedolizumab to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn\u2019s disease (REPREVIO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 26\u201333 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.05.008","volume":"147","author":"BE Sands","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sands, B. E. et al. Effects of vedolizumab induction therapy for patients with Crohn\u2019s disease in whom tumor necrosis factor antagonist treatment failed. Gastroenterology 147, 618\u2013627 (2014).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.08.044","volume":"15","author":"BG Feagan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feagan, B. G. et al. Efficacy of vedolizumab induction and maintenance therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis, regardless of prior exposure to tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 229\u2013239 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.06.071","volume":"19","author":"C Yzet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yzet, C. et al. No benefit of concomitant immunomodulator therapy on efficacy of biologics that are not tumor necrosis factor antagonists in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 668\u2013679 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208450","volume":"388","author":"S Travis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Travis, S. et al. Vedolizumab for the treatment of chronic pouchitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 1191\u20131200 (2023).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.09.005","volume":"7","author":"G Van Assche","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Assche, G. et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis Part 3: special situations. J. Crohns Colitis 7, 1\u201333 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12621","volume":"12","author":"S Rohekar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rohekar, S. et al. Initiation of vedolizumab did not provoke new-onset spondylarthritis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective 24-week study with imaging assessments. United European Gastroenterol. J. 12, 859\u2013869 (2024).","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"1035_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.05.017","volume":"25","author":"HH Uhlig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Uhlig, H. H. et al. Differential activity of IL-12 and IL-23 in mucosal and systemic innate immune pathology. Immunity 25, 309\u2013318 (2006).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"1035_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041257","volume":"201","author":"CL Langrish","year":"2005","unstructured":"Langrish, C. L. et al. IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation. J. Exp. Med 201, 233\u2013240 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"1035_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00211.x","volume":"202","author":"WT Watford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Watford, W. T., Hissong, B. D., Bream, J. H., Kanno, Y. & Muul, L. O\u2019Shea JJ. Signaling by IL-12 and IL-23 and the immunoregulatory roles of STAT4. Immunol. Rev. 202, 139\u2013156 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"1035_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1001","volume":"3","author":"G Trinchieri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trinchieri, G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 133\u2013146 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1035_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04753","volume":"441","author":"E Bettelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bettelli, E. et al. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 441, 235\u2013238 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1035_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.035","volume":"126","author":"II Ivanov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ivanov, I. I. et al. The orphan nuclear receptor ROR\u03b3t directs the differentiation program of proinflammatory IL-17+ T helper cells. Cell 126, 1121\u20131133 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1035_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3895","volume":"21","author":"MWL Teng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Teng, M. W. L. et al. IL-12 and IL-23 cytokines: from discovery to targeted therapies for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nat. Med 21, 719\u2013729 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"1035_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.2174\/13894501113146660229","volume":"14","author":"L Niederreiter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niederreiter, L., Adolph, T. & Kaser, A. Anti-IL-12\/23 in Crohn\u2019s disease: bench and bedside. Curr. Drug Targets 14, 1379\u20131384 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"1035_CR160","unstructured":"No authors listed. The efficacy and safety of guselkumab induction therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from the phase 3 QUASAR induction study. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 9\u201310 (2023)."},{"key":"1035_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S-180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(24)00910-7","volume":"166","author":"DT Rubin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rubin, D. T. et al. The efficacy and safety of guselkumab as maintenance therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from the phase 3 QUASAR maintenance study. Gastroenterology 166, S-180 (2024).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR162","unstructured":"Johnson & Johnson Media Center. Tremfya (guselkumab) demonstrates impressive results across biologic-naive and biologic-refractory patients in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis. Johnson & Johnson (10 October 2024)."},{"key":"1035_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000001546","volume":"11","author":"D Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi, D., McDonald, B. & Rubin, D. T. Immediate infusion reaction to intravenous risankizumab-rzaa but subsequent tolerance to subcutaneous risankizumab-rzaa. ACG Case Rep. J. 11, e01546 (2024).","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"1035_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002047","volume":"118","author":"AM Johnson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johnson, A. M. et al. The real-world effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab in the treatment of Crohn\u2019s disease: results from the SUCCESS consortium. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 118, 317\u2013328 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30233-4","volume":"3","author":"BG Feagan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feagan, B. G. et al. Risankizumab in patients with moderate to severe Crohn\u2019s disease: an open-label extension study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3, 671\u2013680 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR166","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Omvoh (mirikizumab-mrkz) label (FDA, 2023)."},{"key":"1035_CR167","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Skyrizi (risankizumab) label (FDA, 2022)."},{"key":"1035_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002553","volume":"119","author":"R Chugh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chugh, R. et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in vedolizumab- and ustekinumab-exposed pregnancies: results from the PIANO registry. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 119, 468\u2013476 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8197455","volume":"264","author":"JE Darnell","year":"1994","unstructured":"Darnell, J. E., Kerr lan, M. & Stark, G. R. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264, 1415\u20131421 (1994).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1035_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0273-0","volume":"17","author":"A Salas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salas, A. et al. JAK\u2013STAT pathway targeting for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 323\u2013337 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606910","volume":"376","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 1723\u20131736 (2017).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.10.004","volume":"20","author":"JF Colombel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colombel, J. F. et al. Maintenance of remission with tofacitinib therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 116\u2013125 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00666-8","volume":"397","author":"BG Feagan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feagan, B. G. et al. Filgotinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (SELECTION): a phase 2b\/3 double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 397, 2372\u20132384 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00581-5","volume":"399","author":"S Danese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Danese, S. et al. Upadacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from three phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trials. Lancet 399, 2113\u20132128 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312735","volume":"66","author":"J Pan\u00e9s","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan\u00e9s, J. et al. Tofacitinib for induction and maintenance therapy of Crohn\u2019s disease: results of two phase IIb randomised placebo-controlled trials. Gut 66, 1049\u20131059 (2017).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212728","volume":"388","author":"EV Loftus","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loftus, E. V. et al. Upadacitinib induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 1966\u20131980 (2023).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.023","volume":"20","author":"N Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, N. et al. Efficacy of recombinant zoster vaccine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 1570\u20131578 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.043","volume":"39","author":"GS Kochhar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kochhar, G. S. et al. Effectiveness of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Vaccine 39, 4199\u20134202 (2021).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1035_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7103a2","volume":"71","author":"TC Anderson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anderson, T. C. et al. Use of recombinant zoster vaccine in immunocompromised adults aged \u226519 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices \u2014 United States, 2022. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 71, 80\u201384 (2022).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"1035_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10777-w","volume":"12","author":"L Hoisnard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoisnard, L. et al. Adverse events associated with JAK inhibitors in 126,815 reports from the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Sci. Rep. 12, 7140 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1035_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac141","volume":"17","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Tofacitinib for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: an integrated summary of up to 7.8 years of safety data from the global clinical programme. J. Crohns Colitis 17, 338\u2013351 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-024-00923-x","volume":"26","author":"M Ayoub","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayoub, M., Mattay, S., Yarur, A. J. & Deepak, P. Managing risks with newer oral small molecules in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 26, 145\u2013156 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"1035_CR183","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves Boxed Warning about increased risk of blood clots and death with higher dose of arthritis and ulcerative colitis medicine tofacitinib (Xeljanz, Xeljanz XR). https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/fda-drug-safety-podcasts\/fda-approves-boxed-warning-about-increased-risk-blood-clots-and-death-higher-dose-arthritis-and (2019)."},{"key":"1035_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109927","volume":"386","author":"SR Ytterberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ytterberg, S. R. et al. Cardiovascular and cancer risk with tofacitinib in rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 316\u2013326 (2022).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-222543","volume":"82","author":"JR Curtis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Curtis, J. R. et al. Malignancy risk with tofacitinib versus TNF inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the open-label, randomised controlled ORAL Surveillance trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 331\u2013343 (2023).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16712","volume":"55","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Safety and efficacy of tofacitinib for treatment of ulcerative colitis: final analysis of OCTAVE Open, an open-label, long-term extension study with up to 7.0 years of treatment. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 55, 464\u2013478 (2022).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40911","volume":"71","author":"C Charles-Schoeman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Charles-Schoeman, C. et al. Risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events in phase III and long-term extension studies of tofacitinib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 71, 1450\u20131459 (2019).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"1035_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007308","volume":"96","author":"B Fern\u00e1ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Guti\u00e9rrez, B. et al. Cardiovascular disease in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a cross-sectional analysis of 6 cohorts. Medicine 96, e7308 (2017).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1035_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30173-6","volume":"4","author":"M Argollo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Argollo, M. et al. Comorbidities in inflammatory bowel disease: a call for action. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4, 643\u2013654 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082197","volume":"15","author":"C Bezzio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bezzio, C. et al. Cancer risk in patients treated with the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancers 15, 2197 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"1035_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12559","volume":"12","author":"S Harnik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harnik, S., Ungar, B., Loebstein, R. & Ben-Horin, S. A Gastroenterologist\u2019s guide to drug interactions of small molecules for inflammatory bowel disease. United European Gastroenterol. J. 12, 627\u2013637 (2024).","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"1035_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01431-8","volume":"81","author":"J Chun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chun, J., Giovannoni, G. & Hunter, S. F. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator therapy for multiple sclerosis: differential downstream receptor signalling and clinical profile effects. Drugs 81, 207\u2013231 (2021).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1035_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy269","volume":"25","author":"T P\u00e9rez-Jeldres","year":"2019","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Jeldres, T. et al. Cell trafficking interference in inflammatory bowel disease: therapeutic interventions based on basic pathogenesis concepts. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 25, 270\u2013282 (2019).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.04.006","volume":"115","author":"V Brinkmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brinkmann, V. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in health and disease: mechanistic insights from gene deletion studies and reverse pharmacology. Pharmacol. Ther. 115, 84\u2013105 (2007).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1035_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.03.007","volume":"16","author":"L Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peyrin-Biroulet, L., Christopher, R., Behan, D. & Lassen, C. Modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate in inflammatory bowel disease. Autoimmun. Rev. 16, 495\u2013503 (2017).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"1035_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S336139","volume":"18","author":"N Becher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Becher, N., Swaminath, A. & Sultan, K. A literature review of ozanimod therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: from concept to practical application. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag 18, 913\u2013927 (2022).","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag"},{"key":"1035_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2356","volume":"8","author":"D Marsolais","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marsolais, D. & Rosen, H. Chemical modulators of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors as barrier-oriented therapeutic molecules. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 8, 297\u2013307 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"1035_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01528-8","volume":"81","author":"T P\u00e9rez-Jeldres","year":"2021","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Jeldres, T., Alvarez-Lobos, M. & Rivera-Nieves, J. Targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in immune-mediated diseases: beyond multiple sclerosis. Drugs 81, 985\u20131002 (2021).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1035_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76369","volume":"125","author":"RL Proia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Proia, R. L. & Hla, T. Emerging biology of sphingosine-1-phosphate: its role in pathogenesis and therapy. J. Clin. Invest 125, 1379\u20131387 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest"},{"key":"1035_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2033617","volume":"385","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Ozanimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1280\u20131291 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01319-7","volume":"80","author":"YN Lamb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamb, Y. N. Ozanimod: first approval. Drugs 80, 841\u2013848 (2020).","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"1035_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13476","volume":"173","author":"FL Scott","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scott, F. L. et al. Ozanimod (RPC1063) is a potent sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P1) and receptor-5 (S1P5) agonist with autoimmune disease-modifying activity. Br. J. Pharm. 173, 1778\u20131792 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm."},{"key":"1035_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00061-2","volume":"401","author":"WJ Sandborn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sandborn, W. J. et al. Etrasimod as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis (ELEVATE): two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies. Lancet 401, 1159\u20131171 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad146","volume":"18","author":"S Danese","year":"2024","unstructured":"Danese, S. et al. Efficacy and safety of approximately 3 years of continuous ozanimod in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: interim analysis of the true north open-label extension. J. Crohns Colitis 18, 264\u2013274 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae060","volume":"18","author":"M Regueiro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Regueiro, M. et al. Etrasimod for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: analysis of infection events from the ELEVATE UC clinical programme. J. Crohns Colitis 18, 1596\u20131605 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad112","volume":"17","author":"BE Sands","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sands, B. E. et al. Clinician\u2019s guide to using ozanimod for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. J. Crohns Colitis 17, 2012\u20132025 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR207","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Medication guide: ZEPOSIA (ozanimod) capsules for oral use. FDA https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/development-approval-process-drugs\/drug-trials-snapshots-zeposia (2024)."},{"key":"1035_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S088","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab073.092","volume":"15","author":"MC Dubinsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dubinsky, M. C. et al. DOP53 pregnancy outcomes in the ozanimod clinical development program in relapsing multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn\u2019s disease. J. Crohns Colitis 15, S088\u2013S089 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32641-7","volume":"390","author":"JF Colombel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colombel, J. F. et al. Effect of tight control management on Crohn\u2019s disease (CALM): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 390, 2779\u20132789 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00385-5","volume":"8","author":"E Louis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Louis, E. et al. Withdrawal of infliximab or concomitant immunosuppressant therapy in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease on combination therapy (SPARE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 215\u2013227 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905725","volume":"381","author":"BE Sands","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sands, B. E. et al. Vedolizumab versus adalimumab for moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 381, 1215\u20131226 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00688-2","volume":"399","author":"BE Sands","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sands, B. E. et al. Ustekinumab versus adalimumab for induction and maintenance therapy in biologic-naive patients with moderately to severely active Crohn\u2019s disease: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, phase 3b trial. Lancet 399, 2200\u20132211 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314585","volume":"391","author":"L Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peyrin-Biroulet, L. et al. Risankizumab versus ustekinumab for moderate-to-severe Crohn\u2019s disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 391, 213\u2013223 (2024).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1035_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01762-8","volume":"404","author":"M Ferrante","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferrante, M. et al. Efficacy and safety of mirikizumab in patients with moderately-to-severely active Crohn\u2019s disease: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, treat-through study. Lancet 404, 2423\u20132436 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1035_CR215","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06052059 (2025)."},{"key":"1035_CR216","unstructured":"US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06430801 (2025)."},{"key":"1035_CR217","first-page":"9","volume":"18","author":"BE Sands","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sands, B. E. et al. Efficacy and safety of combination induction therapy with guselkumab and golimumab in participants with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results through week 12 of a phase 2a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter, proof-of-concept study. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 9 (2022).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-13-14","volume":"13","author":"SV Patel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Patel, S. V. et al. Laparoscopic surgery for Crohn\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of perioperative complications and long term outcomes compared with open surgery. BMC Surg. 13, 14 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Surg."},{"key":"1035_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae089","volume":"18","author":"M Adamina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adamina, M. et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in Crohn\u2019s disease: surgical treatment. J. Crohns Colitis. 18, 1556\u20131582 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"1035_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30248-0","volume":"2","author":"CY Ponsioen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ponsioen, C. Y. et al. Laparoscopic ileocaecal resection versus infliximab for terminal ileitis in Crohn\u2019s disease: a randomised controlled, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2, 785\u2013792 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30117-5","volume":"5","author":"TW Stevens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stevens, T. W. et al. Laparoscopic ileocaecal resection versus infliximab for terminal ileitis in Crohn\u2019s disease: retrospective long-term follow-up of the LIR!C trial. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 900\u2013907 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-019-03479-9","volume":"35","author":"\u00c9J Ryan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ryan, \u00c9. J. et al. Meta-analysis of early bowel resection versus initial medical therapy in patient\u2019s with ileocolonic Crohn\u2019s disease. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 35, 501\u2013512 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.06.001","volume":"149","author":"S Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh, S. et al. Postoperative mortality among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Gastroenterology 149, 928\u2013937 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000988","volume":"23","author":"D Bettenworth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bettenworth, D. et al. A pooled analysis of efficacy, safety, and long-term outcome of endoscopic balloon dilation therapy for patients with stricturing Crohn\u2019s disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 23, 133\u2013142 (2017).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR225","first-page":"1827","volume":"19","author":"EA Maser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maser, E. A. et al. High rates of metachronous colon cancer or dysplasia after segmental resection or subtotal colectomy in Crohn\u2019s colitis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 19, 1827\u20131832 (2013).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30005-4","volume":"5","author":"O Ol\u00e9n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ol\u00e9n, O. et al. Colorectal cancer in Crohn\u2019s disease: a Scandinavian population-based cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 475\u2013484 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR227","volume":"12","author":"SH Feroz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feroz, S. H., Ahmed, A., Muralidharan, A. & Thirunavukarasu, P. Comparison of the efficacy of the various treatment modalities in the management of perianal Crohn\u2019s fistula: a review. Cureus 12, e11882 (2020).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1035_CR228","first-page":"CD012623","volume":"11","author":"M Gordon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gordon, M. et al. Infliximab for medical induction of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 11, CD012623 (2023).","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1035_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.72","volume":"106","author":"KJ Khan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khan, K. J. et al. Antibiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 106, 661\u2013673 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304488","volume":"63","author":"P Dewint","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dewint, P. et al. Adalimumab combined with ciprofloxacin is superior to adalimumab monotherapy in perianal fistula closure in Crohn\u2019s disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial (ADAFI). Gut 63, 292\u2013299 (2014).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab177","volume":"16","author":"A Spinelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spinelli, A. et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in ulcerative colitis: surgical treatment. J. Crohns Colitis 16, 179\u2013189 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000398","volume":"58","author":"JN Cohan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cohan, J. N., Bacchetti, P., Varma, M. G. & Finlayson, E. Impact of patient age on procedure type for ulcerative colitis: a national study. Dis. Colon. Rectum 58, 769\u2013774 (2015).","journal-title":"Dis. Colon. Rectum"},{"key":"1035_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.260","volume":"107","author":"SJ Halpin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Halpin, S. J. & Ford, A. C. Prevalence of symptoms meeting criteria for irritable bowel syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 107, 1474\u20131482 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.08.001","volume":"17","author":"JF Colombel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colombel, J. F., Shin, A. & Gibson, P. R. AGA clinical practice update on functional gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: expert review. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 380\u2013390 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21502","volume":"17","author":"M Lenicek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lenicek, M. et al. Bile acid malabsorption in inflammatory bowel disease: assessment by serum markers. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 17, 1322\u20131327 (2011).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2009.01288.x","volume":"21","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Camilleri, M. et al. Measurement of serum 7\u03b1-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (or 7\u03b1C4), a surrogate test for bile acid malabsorption in health, ileal disease and irritable bowel syndrome using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 21, 734-e43 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"1035_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr5007","volume":"16","author":"N Merza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Merza, N. et al. Evaluation of alternative treatment strategies for bile acid malabsorption in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a network meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med Res 16, 33\u201345 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med Res"},{"key":"1035_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.10.020","volume":"8","author":"ST Odunsi-Shiyanbade","year":"2010","unstructured":"Odunsi-Shiyanbade, S. T. et al. Effects of chenodeoxycholate and a bile acid sequestrant, colesevelam, on intestinal transit and bowel function. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 159\u2013165 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.11.303","volume":"166","author":"JG Hashash","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hashash, J. G., Elkins, J., Lewis, J. D. & Binion, D. G. AGA clinical practice update on diet and nutritional therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: expert review. Gastroenterology 166, 521\u2013532 (2024).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.12.004","volume":"42","author":"SC Bischoff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bischoff, S. C. et al. ESPEN guideline on Clinical Nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin. Nutr. 42, 352\u2013379 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1035_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2017.08.011","volume":"46","author":"FK Ghishan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghishan, F. K. & Kiela, P. R. Vitamins and minerals in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 46, 797\u2013808 (2017).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"1035_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad108","volume":"18","author":"H Gordon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gordon, H. et al. ECCO guidelines on extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 18, 1\u201337 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab052","volume":"15","author":"T Kucharzik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kucharzik, T. et al. ECCO guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 15, 879\u2013913 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.208413","volume":"59","author":"C Loras","year":"2010","unstructured":"Loras, C. et al. Liver dysfunction related to hepatitis B and C in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Gut 59, 1340\u20131346 (2010).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22905","volume":"18","author":"SH Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park, S. H. et al. Clinical courses of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and inflammatory bowel disease in patients with both diseases. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18, 2004\u20132010 (2012).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i26.3092","volume":"28","author":"K Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song, K. & Wu, D. Shared decision-making in the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 28, 3092\u20133100 (2022).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S133222","volume":"11","author":"JH Lofland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lofland, J. H. et al. Shared decision-making for biologic treatment of autoimmune disease: Influence on adherence, persistence, satisfaction, and health care costs. Patient Prefer Adherence 11, 947\u2013958 (2017).","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"1035_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.026","volume":"22","author":"R Atreya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Atreya, R. & Neurath, M. F. Biomarkers for personalizing IBD therapy: the quest continues. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 22, 1353\u20131364 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab050","volume":"15","author":"B Verstockt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verstockt, B. et al. Results of the seventh scientific workshop of ECCO: precision medicine in IBD-disease outcome and response to therapy.J. Crohns Colitis 15, 1431\u20131442 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318343","volume":"68","author":"D Biasci","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biasci, D. et al. A blood-based prognostic biomarker in IBD. Gut 68, 1386\u20131395 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.05.039","volume":"155","author":"PS Dulai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dulai, P. S. et al. Development and validation of a scoring system to predict outcomes of vedolizumab treatment in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 155, 687\u2013695 (2018).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.09.041","volume":"158","author":"A Sazonovs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sazonovs, A. et al. HLA-DQA1*05 carriage associated with development of anti-drug antibodies to infliximab and adalimumab in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 158, 189\u2013199 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4307","volume":"23","author":"NR West","year":"2017","unstructured":"West, N. R. et al. Oncostatin M drives intestinal inflammation and predicts response to tumor necrosis factor\u2013neutralizing therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat. Med 23, 579\u2013589 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"1035_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315494","volume":"68","author":"R Gaujoux","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gaujoux, R. et al. Cell-centred meta-Analysis reveals baseline predictors of anti-TNF\u03b1 non-response in biopsy and blood of patients with IBD. Gut 68, 604\u2013614 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.008","volume":"178","author":"JC Martin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin, J. C. et al. Single-cell analysis of Crohn\u2019s disease lesions identifies a pathogenic cellular module associated with resistance to anti-TNF therapy. Cell 178, 1493\u20131508 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1035_CR256","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Health Promotion Glossary (WHO, 1998)."},{"key":"1035_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328221","volume":"72","author":"P Sudhakar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sudhakar, P. et al. Holistic healthcare in inflammatory bowel disease: time for patient-centric approaches? Gut 72, 192\u2013204 (2023).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1035_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536701","volume":"34","author":"BM Calkins","year":"1989","unstructured":"Calkins, B. M. A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34, 1841\u20131854 (1989).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1035_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21864","volume":"18","author":"JL Benjamin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benjamin, J. L. et al. Smokers with active Crohn\u2019s disease have a clinically relevant dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 18, 1092\u20131100 (2012).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.08674.x","volume":"98","author":"BE Sands","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sands, B. E. et al. Risk of early surgery for Crohn\u2019s disease: implications for early treatment strategies. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 98, 2712\u20132718 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23231","volume":"120","author":"J Cosnes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cosnes, J., Beaugerie, L., Carbonnel, F. & Gendre, J. P. Smoking cessation and the course of Crohn\u2019s disease: an intervention study. Gastroenterology 120, 1093\u20131099 (2001).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.300","volume":"110","author":"S Coward","year":"2015","unstructured":"Coward, S. et al. Funding a smoking cessation program for Crohn\u2019s disease: An economic evaluation. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 110, 368\u2013377 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa254","volume":"15","author":"AS Bancil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bancil, A. S. et al. Food additive emulsifiers and their impact on gut microbiome, permeability, and inflammation: mechanistic insights in inflammatory bowel disease. J. Crohns Colitis 15, 1068\u20131079 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"1035_CR264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00893-5","volume":"21","author":"K Whelan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Whelan, K., Bancil, A. S., Lindsay, J. O. & Chassaing, B. Ultra-processed foods and food additives in gut health and disease. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 406\u2013427 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.01.012","volume":"21","author":"N Narula","year":"2023","unstructured":"Narula, N. et al. Food processing and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 2483\u20132495.e1 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.09.024","volume":"158","author":"SR Cox","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cox, S. R. et al. Effects of low FODMAP diet on symptoms, fecal microbiome, and markers of inflammation in patients with quiescent inflammatory bowel disease in a randomized trial. Gastroenterology 158, 176\u2013188 (2020).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1035_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102072","volume":"14","author":"Z Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng, Z., Yi, J. & Liu, X. A low-FODMAP diet provides benefits for functional gastrointestinal symptoms but not for improving stool consistency and mucosal inflammation in IBD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 14, 2072 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1035_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278480","volume":"17","author":"K Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones, K., Kimble, R., Baker, K. & Tew, G. A. Effects of structured exercise programmes on physiological and psychological outcomes in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 17, e0278480 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1035_CR269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab218","volume":"28","author":"M Raman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raman, M. et al. Physical activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a narrative review. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 28, 1100\u20131111 (2022).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1035_CR270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-01200-7","volume":"629","author":"G Conroy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conroy, G. Why is exercise good for you? Scientists are finding answers in our cells. Nature 629, 26\u201328 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1035_CR271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000608","volume":"115","author":"JJ Rozich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rozich, J. J., Holmer, A. & Singh, S. Effect of lifestyle factors on outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 115, 832\u2013840 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1035_CR272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0091-9","volume":"16","author":"NZ Borren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borren, N. Z., van der Woude, C. J. & Ananthakrishnan, A. N. Fatigue in IBD: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 16, 247\u2013259 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.01.021","volume":"11","author":"AN Ananthakrishnan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Long, M. D., Martin, C. F., Sandler, R. S. & Kappelman, M. D. Sleep disturbance and risk of active disease in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 11, 965\u2013971 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1035_CR274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000165","volume":"20","author":"I Habib","year":"2014","unstructured":"Habib, I., Mazulis, A., Roginsky, G. & Ehrenpreis, E. D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and inflammatory bowel disease: pathophysiology and clinical associations. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 20, 2493\u20132502 (2014).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01047-x","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000}}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-024-01035-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-024-01035-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-024-01035-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T08:02:09Z","timestamp":1748851329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-024-01035-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"references-count":274,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-024-01035-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-025-01047-x","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-025-01047-x","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"S.V. received speaker\u2019s fees from AbbVie, Celltrion, Ferring, Janssen, Takeda and support travel from AbbVie, Celltrion, Ferring, Galapagos, Janssen, Lilly, Pfizer and Takeda. V.J. has received consulting\/advisory board fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Arena pharmaceuticals, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Asieris, AstraZeneca, Avoro Capital, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Endpoint Health, Enthera, Ferring, Flagship Pioneering, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Gilde Healthcare, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Gilead, Innomar, JAMP, Janssen, Merck, Metacrine, Mylan, MRM Health, Pandion, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Protagonist, Prometheus Biosciences, Reistone Biopharma, Roche, Roivant, Sandoz, Second Genome, Sorriso, Synedgen, Takeda, TD Securities, Teva, Topivert, Ventyx, Vividion; speaker\u2019s fees from AbbVie, Ferring, Bristol Myers Squibb\u00a0(BMS), Galapagos, Janssen Pfizer Shire, Takeda, Fresenius Kabi. L.P.-B. declares consulting fees from AbbVie, Abivax, Adacyte, Alimentiv, Amgen, Applied Molecular Transport, Arena, Banook, Biogen, BMS, Celltrion, Connect Biopharm, Cytoki Pharma, Enthera, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, Gossamer Bio, GSK, IAC Image Analysis, Index Pharmaceuticals, Inotrem, Janssen, Lilly, Medac, Mopac, Morphic, MSD, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Oncodesign Precision Medicine, ONO Pharma, OSE Immunotherapeuthics, Pandion Therapeuthics, Par\u2019Immune, Pfizer, Prometheus, Protagonist, Roche, Samsung, Sandoz, Sanofi, Satisfay, Takeda, Telavant, Theravance, Thermo Fischer, Tigenix, Tillots, Viatris, Vectivbio, Ventyx, Ysopia; receives grant from Celltrion, Fresenius Kabi, Medac, MSD, Takeda; gives lecture for AbbVie, Alfasigma, Amgen, Arena, Biogen, Celltrion, Ferring, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Kern Pharma, Lilly, Medac, MSD, Nordic Pharma, Pfizer, Sandoz, Takeda, Tillots, Viatris; received support travel from AbbVie, Alfasigma, Amgen, Celltrion, Connect Biopharm, Ferring, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, Gossamer Bio, Janssen, Lilly, Medac, Morphic, MSD, Pfizer, Sandoz, Takeda, Thermo Fischer, Tillots. M.D. declares consulting fees from AbbVie, Abivax, AstraZeneca, BMS, Celltrion, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, Pfizer, Prometheus Labs, Sanofi, Spyre, Takeda. M.I. has received research grants and equipment loans from Pentax USA, Olympus and Fujifilm; is partially funded by NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham. F.M. declares grant support from GEDII and National Science Foundation; personal fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Celgene, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Hospira, Janssen, Laborat\u00f3rios Vit\u00f3ria, MSD, Pfizer, Sandoz, Takeda, UCB, Vifor. S.D. declares consultancy\/advisory fees from AbbVie, Allergan, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Celltrion, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences, Hospira, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Mundipharma, Pfizer Inc., Roche, Sandoz, Takeda, TiGenix, UCB and Vifor; lecture\/speaker fees: AbbVie, Amgen, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Mylan, Pfizer Inc., Takeda; and has directorship\/ownership interests in Gastroenterology and Endoscopy.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}