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C.N.B. is supported by the Bingham Chair in Gastroenterology. C.N.B. has served on advisory boards for AbbVie Canada, Amgen Canada, Bristol Myers Squibb Canada, Eli Lilly Canada, JAMP Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Canada, Pendopharm Canada, Sandoz Canada, Takeda Canada and Pfizer Canada; has received educational grants from Abbvie Canada, Bristol Myers Squibb Canada, Ferring Canada, Pfizer Canada, Takeda Canada, Janssen Canada, Organon Canada, Eli Lilly Canada, Amgen Canada and Medtronic; is a member of the speaker\u2019s panel for Abbvie Canada, Eli Lilly, Janssen Canada, Pfizer Canada and Takeda Canada; and has received research funding from Abbvie Canada, Amgen Canada, Sandoz Canada, Takeda Canada and Pfizer Canada. I.D. has received consultancy fees or honoraria from Abbott, Abbvie, Athos, Arena, Altman Research, Cambridge Healthcare, Celltrion, Celgene\/B.M.S., Eli Lilly, Ferring, Falk Pharma, Food Industries Organization, Gilead, Galapagos, Iterative Scopes, Integra Holdings, Janssen, Neopharm, Pfzer, Rafa laboratories, Roche\/Genentech, Sangamo, Sublimity, Sandoz, Takeda and Wildbio; and grants from Altman Research, B.M.S. and Pfzer. A.D. has received fees for participation in clinical trials, review activities such as data monitoring boards, statistical analysis and end point committees from Abivax, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Dr Falk Pharma, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen and Pfizer; consultancy fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Dr Falk Foundation, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, J&J, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Sandoz, Stada, Takeda, Tillotts and Vifor Pharma; payments for lectures including service on speakers bureaus from AbbVie, Biogen, CED Service, Celltrion, Falk Foundation, Ferring, Galapagos, Gilead, High5MD, Janssen, Materia Prima, MedToday, MSD, Pfizer, Streamed-Up, Takeda, Tillotts and Vifor Pharma; and payments for manuscript preparation from Falk Foundation, Takeda, Thieme and UniMed Verlag. M.C.D. has received consultancy fees from Abbvie, Arena, BMS, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences and Takeda. R.B.G. has received research grants from Janssen, Zespri, Comvita; and is a member of advisory boards: AbbVie, Janssen, Celltrion, Zespri and Comvita. A.H. has received consultancy, advisory board member or speaker\u2019s fees from AbbVie, Arena, Atlantic, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Falk, Galapogos, Lilly, Janssen, MSD, Napp Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, Shire and Takeda. G.G.K. has received honoraria for speaking or consultancy from AbbVie, Amgen, Janssen, Pfizer and Takeda; grants for research from Ferring and for educational activities from AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ferring, Fresenius-Kabi, Janssen, Pfizer, Takeda; and shares ownership of a patent (Use of mirtazapine in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, autoimmune disease and PBC; patent WO2019046959A1). C.M. has received consultancy fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Amgen, AVIR Pharma, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Forte Biosciences, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead, Janssen, McKesson, Mirador Therapeutics, Mylan, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, Tillotts and Pharma; speaker\u2019s fees from AbbVie, Amgen, AVIR Pharma, Alimentiv, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Janssen, Merck, Organon, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda and Tillotts Pharma; royalties from Springer Publishing; and research support from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Ferring and Pfizer. F.M. has received fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Arena, Celgene\/ Bristol Myers Squibb, Falk, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Gilead, high5MD, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, Materia Prima, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pharmacosmos, Pfizer, Sandoz\/Hexal, Takeda, Tillotts and Vifor. S.C.N. has served as an advisory board member for Pfizer, Ferring, Janssen and Abbvie; has received honoraria as a speaker from Ferring, Tillotts, Menarini, Janssen, Abbvie and Takeda; has received research grants through her affiliated institutions from Olympus, Ferring and Abbvie; is a founder member, non-executive director, non-executive scientific adviser and shareholder of GenieBiome; receives patent royalties through her affiliated institutions; and is a named inventor on patent applications held by the CUHK and MagIC that cover the therapeutic and diagnostic use of microbiome. R.P. has received consultancy fees from Abbott, AbbVie, Abbivax, Alimentiv (formerly Robarts), Amgen, AnaptysBio, Arena Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Cosmos Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Elan, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Galapagos, Fresenius Kabi, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Glaxo-Smith Kline, JAMP Bio, Janssen, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Oppilan Pharma, Organon, Pandion Pharma, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Progenity, Prometheus Biosciences, Protagonist Therapeutics, Roche, Sandoz, Satisfai Health, Shire, Sublimity Therapeutics, Spyre Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Theravance Biopharma, Trellus, Union Biopharma, Viatris, Ventyx and UCB; speaker\u2019s fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Merck, Organon, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Shire and Takeda Pharmaceuticals; and is a member of advisory boards for AbbVie, Alimentiv (formerly Robarts), Amgen, Arena Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Glaxo-Smith Kline, JAMP Bio, Janssen, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Oppilan Pharma, Organon, Pandion Pharma, Pfizer, Progenity, Protagonist Therapeutics, Roche, SandozShire, Sublimity Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Ventyx. D.T.R. has received grant support from Takeda; and has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Altrubio, Bellatrix Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Syneos, Dizal Pharmaceuticals, Galapagos, Ichnos Sciences, InDex Pharmaceuticals, Iterative Health, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences, Reistone and Takeda. C.A.S. has served as a consultant for Abbvie, BMS, Boomerang, Buhlmann, Lilly, Janssen, Napo Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, ProciseDx, Prometheus Biosciences, Prometheus Labs, Roivant, Takeda and Trellus Health; has served as a speaker for CME activities for Abbvie, Janssen, Pfizer, Sandoz and Takeda; and has received grant support from Abbvie, BMS, Janssen, Lilly, Pfizer and Takeda. V.J. has received consultancy\/advisory board fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Arena pharmaceuticals, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Asieris, Astra Zeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Flagship Pioneering, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Merck, Mylan, Pandion, Pendopharm, Pfizer, Protagonist, Reistone Biopharma, Roche, Sandoz, Second Genome, Takeda, Teva, Topivert, Ventyx and Vividion; and speaker\u2019s fees from, Abbvie, Ferring, Galapagos, Janssen Pfizer Shire, Takeda and Fresenius Kabi. L.P.-B. has received consultancy fees from Abbvie, Abivax, Adacyte, Alimentiv, Amgen, Applied Molecular Transport, Arena, Banook, Biogen, BMS, Celltrion, Connect Biopharm, Cytoki Pharma, Enthera, Ferring, Fresenius Kabi, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, Gossamer Bio, GSK, IAC Image Analysis, Index Pharmaceuticals, Inotrem, Janssen, Lilly, Medac, Mopac, Morphic, MSD, Nordic Pharma, Novartis, Oncodesign Precision Medicine, ONO Pharma, OSE Immunotherapeuthics, Pandion Therapeuthics, Par\u2019 Immune, Pfizer, Prometheus, Protagonist, Roche, Samsung, Sandoz, Sanofi, Satisfay, Takeda, Telavant, Theravance, Thermo Fischer, Tigenix, Tillots, Viatris, Vectivbio, Ventyx and Ysopia; grants from: Celltrion, Fresenius Kabi, Medac, MSD and Takeda; lecture fees from Abbvie, Amgen, Arena, Biogen, Celltrion, Ferring, Galapagos, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Medac, MSD, Nordic Pharma, Pfizer, Sandoz, Takeda, Tillots and Viatris. S.D. has received consultancy fees from AbbVie, Alimentiv, Allergan, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Athos Therapeutics, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celltrion, Dr Falk Pharma, Eli Lilly, Enthera, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Hospira, Inotrem, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, MSD, Mundipharma, Mylan, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sublimity Therapeutics, Takeda, TiGenixa, UCB and Vifor; and lecture fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Gilead, Janssen, Mylan, Pfizer and Takeda. R.D., J.W.Y.M. and S.R. declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}