{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:29:01Z","timestamp":1793122141612,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01159-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:02:30Z","timestamp":1767571350000},"page":"411-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0544-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. K.","family":"Sarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anupam","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadim","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soek-Siam","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kessarin","family":"Thanapirom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7236-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantine J.","family":"Karvellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1159_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09946-3","volume":"13","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarin, S. K. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL): an update. Hepatol. Int. 13, 353\u2013390 (2019).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.219","volume":"13","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarin, S. K. & Choudhury, A. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: terminology, mechanisms and management. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 131\u2013149 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12325","volume":"45","author":"S Imura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Imura, S., Shimada, M. & Utsunomiya, T. Recent advances in estimating hepatic functional reserve in patients with chronic liver damage. Hepatol. Res. 45, 10\u201319 (2015).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"1159_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2015.08.002","volume":"18","author":"T Chapelle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chapelle, T. et al. Future remnant liver function estimated by combining liver volumetry on magnetic resonance imaging with total liver function on 99mTc-mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy: can this tool predict post-hepatectomy liver failure? HPB 18, 494\u2013503 (2016).","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"1159_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E665","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00271.2003","volume":"286","author":"SF Previs","year":"2004","unstructured":"Previs, S. F. et al. Quantifying rates of protein synthesis in humans by use of 2H2O: application to patients with end-stage renal disease. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 286, E665\u2013E672 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1159_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.021","volume":"79","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2023","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver EASL clinical practice guidelines on acute-on-chronic liver failure. J. Hepatol. 79, 461\u2013491 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","volume":"144","author":"R Moreau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moreau, R. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 144, 1426\u20131437.e9 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2023.101140","volume":"28","author":"A Torre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torre, A. et al. Consensus document on acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) established by the Mexican Association of Hepatology. Ann. Hepatol. 28, 101140 (2023).","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-021-01834-8","volume":"56","author":"N Nakayama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakayama, N. et al. Nationwide survey for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure occurring between 2017 and 2019 and diagnosed according to proposed Japanese criteria. J. Gastroenterol. 56, 1092\u20131106 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.03.036","volume":"81","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A. V. & Sarin, S. K. Acute-on-chronic liver failure \u2014 steps towards harmonization of the definition!. J. Hepatol. 81, 360\u2013366 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.11.019","volume":"74","author":"J Trebicka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trebicka, J. et al. PREDICT identifies precipitating events associated with the clinical course of acutely decompensated cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 74, 1097\u20131108 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-024-10773-4","volume":"19","author":"A Choudhury","year":"2025","unstructured":"Choudhury, A. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF): the \u2018Kyoto Consensus\u2019 \u2014 steps from Asia. Hepatol. Int. 19, 1\u201369 (2025).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2024.101347","volume":"14","author":"A Choudhury","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choudhury, A., Adali, G., Kaewdech, A., Giri, S. & Kumar, R. Liver transplantation in chronic liver disease and acute on chronic liver failure \u2014 indication, timing and practices. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 14, 101347 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00363-1","volume":"9","author":"F Artru","year":"2024","unstructured":"Artru, F., Trovato, F., Morrison, M., Bernal, W. & McPhail, M. Liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 564\u2013576 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.06.012","volume":"61","author":"R Jalan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jalan, R. et al. Development and validation of a prognostic score to predict mortality in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J. Hepatol. 61, 1038\u20131047 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.05.033","volume":"165","author":"AQ Farias","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farias, A. Q. et al. Genetic ancestry, race, and severity of acutely decompensated cirrhosis in Latin America. Gastroenterology 165, 696\u2013716 (2023).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.13763","volume":"52","author":"S Mochida","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mochida, S. et al. Diagnostic criteria for acute-on-chronic liver failure and related disease conditions in Japan. Hepatol. Res. 52, 417\u2013421 (2022).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Res."},{"key":"1159_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002951","volume":"120","author":"A Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, A. et al. Impact of diabetes, drug-induced liver injury, and sepsis on outcomes in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 120, 816\u2013826 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00098-5","volume":"8","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bajaj, J. S. et al. Global disparities in mortality and liver transplantation in hospitalised patients with cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study for the CLEARED Consortium. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 8, 611\u2013622 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10144-3","volume":"15","author":"H Devarbhavi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Devarbhavi, H. et al. Drug-induced liver injury: Asia Pacific Association of Study of Liver consensus guidelines. Hepatol. Int. 15, 258\u2013282 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094557","volume":"22","author":"A Gerussi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gerussi, A. et al. Immune-mediated drug-induced liver injury: immunogenetics and experimental models. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 4557 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1159_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32689","volume":"77","author":"RJ Fontana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fontana, R. J. et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology 77, 1036\u20131065 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1904","volume":"6","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A. V. et al. Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy)-induced liver injury during the COVID-19 pandemic-multicenter nationwide study from India. Hepatol. Commun. 6, 1289\u20131300 (2022).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"1159_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.02.002","volume":"156","author":"T Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen, T. et al. Incidence and etiology of drug-induced liver injury in mainland China. Gastroenterology 156, 2230\u20132241.e11 (2019).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000201","volume":"114","author":"H Devarbhavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Devarbhavi, H. et al. Drug-induced acute-on-chronic liver failure in Asian patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 114, 929\u2013937 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00520-7","volume":"19","author":"A Albillos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albillos, A. et al. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 112\u2013134 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28740","volume":"64","author":"J Cl\u00e0ria","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cl\u00e0ria, J. et al. Systemic inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis: characterization and role in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 64, 1249\u20131264 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29581","volume":"67","author":"S Macdonald","year":"2018","unstructured":"Macdonald, S. et al. Cell death markers in patients with cirrhosis and acute decompensation. Hepatology 67, 989\u20131002 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00464","volume":"8","author":"A Khanam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khanam, A. et al. Blockade of neutrophil\u2019s chemokine receptors CXCR1\/2 abrogate liver damage in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Front. Immunol. 8, 464 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.94","volume":"12","author":"G Szabo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Szabo, G. & Petrasek, J. Inflammasome activation and function in liver disease. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 12, 387\u2013400 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16830","volume":"40","author":"SP Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh, S. P. et al. Bowel colonization with carbapenem-resistant bacteria is associated with short-term outcomes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 40, 528\u2013536 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","volume":"454","author":"R Medzhitov","year":"2008","unstructured":"Medzhitov, R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454, 428\u2013435 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1159_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2024.02.001","volume":"24","author":"F Artru","year":"2024","unstructured":"Artru, F. & McPhail, M. J. Immunopathogenesis of acute on chronic liver failure. Am. J. Transpl. 24, 724\u2013732 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"1159_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28896","volume":"65","author":"J Alcaraz-Quiles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alcaraz-Quiles, J. et al. Polymorphisms in the IL-1 gene cluster influence systemic inflammation in patients at risk for acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 65, 202\u2013216 (2017).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320170","volume":"70","author":"S Monteiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Monteiro, S. et al. Differential inflammasome activation predisposes to acute-on-chronic liver failure in human and experimental cirrhosis with and without previous decompensation. Gut 70, 379\u2013387 (2021).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1159_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00850122","volume":"17","author":"S Kuwabara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kuwabara, S., Goggins, E. & Okusa, M. D. The pathophysiology of sepsis-associated AKI. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17, 1050\u20131069 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1159_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2215289","volume":"388","author":"MK Nadim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nadim, M. K. & Garcia-Tsao, G. Acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 733\u2013745 (2023).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1159_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","volume":"2","author":"T Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, T., Zhang, L., Joo, D. & Sun, S. C. NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 2, 17023 (2017).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"1159_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.054","volume":"160","author":"C Sol\u00e9","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sol\u00e9, C. et al. Alterations in gut microbiome in cirrhosis as assessed by quantitative metagenomics: relationship with acute-on-chronic liver failure and prognosis. Gastroenterology 160, 206\u2013218.e13 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10438-0","volume":"17","author":"A Pande","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pande, A. et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation compared with prednisolone in severe alcoholic hepatitis patients: a randomized trial. Hepatol. Int. 17, 249\u2013261 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1185993","volume":"14","author":"Z Bao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bao, Z. et al. Landscapes of gut microbiome and bile acid signatures and their interaction in HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure. Front. Microbiol. 14, 1185993 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"1159_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300510","volume":"68","author":"L Sparfel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sparfel, L., Ratodiarivony, S., Boutet-Robinet, E., Ellero-Simatos, S. & Jolivet-Gougeon, A. Akkermansia muciniphila and alcohol-related liver diseases. a systematic review. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 68, e2300510 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"1159_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30832","volume":"71","author":"S Lang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lang, S. et al. Intestinal fungal dysbiosis and systemic immune response to fungi in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 71, 522\u2013538 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52768\/jjgastro\/1195","volume":"4","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Gan, D., Zeng, Y. & Xiong, M. Exploring the interaction between bile acid and intestinal microbiota in acute-onchronic liver failure and the progress of treatment strategies. J. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 4, 1195 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"1159_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041739","volume":"37","author":"R Martins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martins, R. et al. Disease tolerance as an inherent component of immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 37, 405\u2013437 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.11.009","volume":"72","author":"R Moreau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moreau, R. et al. Blood metabolomics uncovers inflammation-associated mitochondrial dysfunction as a potential mechanism underlying ACLF. J. Hepatol. 72, 688\u2013701 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.003","volume":"64","author":"MJW McPhail","year":"2016","unstructured":"McPhail, M. J. W. et al. Multivariate metabotyping of plasma predicts survival in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 64, 1058\u20131067 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100807","volume":"5","author":"J Cl\u00e0ria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cl\u00e0ria, J., Arroyo, V. & Moreau, R. Roles of systemic inflammatory and metabolic responses in the pathophysiology of acute-on-chronic liver failure. JHEP Rep. 5, 100807 (2023).","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"1159_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15644","volume":"45","author":"C Engelmann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Engelmann, C., Zhang, I. W. & Cl\u00e0ria, J. Mechanisms of immunity in acutely decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 45, e15644 (2025).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.856587","volume":"13","author":"D Maheshwari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maheshwari, D. et al. Bioenergetic failure drives functional exhaustion of monocytes in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Front. Immunol. 13, 856587 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316888","volume":"68","author":"H Korf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korf, H. et al. Inhibition of glutamine synthetase in monocytes from patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure resuscitates their antibacterial and inflammatory capacity. Gut 68, 1872\u20131883 (2019).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1159_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323395","volume":"71","author":"J Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. PBMC transcriptomics identifies immune-metabolism disorder during the development of HBV-ACLF. Gut 71, 163\u2013175 (2022).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1159_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.06.023","volume":"360","author":"W Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan, W. et al. High expression of interleukin-33\/ST2 predicts the progression and poor prognosis in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic flare. Am. J. Med. Sci. 360, 656\u2013661 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"1159_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.165","volume":"14","author":"F Venet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venet, F. & Monneret, G. Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 14, 121\u2013137 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"1159_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3398","volume":"17","author":"SC Cheng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cheng, S. C. et al. Broad defects in the energy metabolism of leukocytes underlie immunoparalysis in sepsis. Nat. Immunol. 17, 406\u2013413 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113164","volume":"42","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, W., Yang, Y., Yang, L., Chang, N. & Li, L. Monocyte-derived Kupffer cells dominate in the Kupffer cell pool during liver injury. Cell Rep. 42, 113164 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1159_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.828949","volume":"13","author":"R Sehgal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sehgal, R. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor modulates myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Treg activity in decompensated cirrhotic patients with sepsis. Front. Immunol. 13, 828949 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1949","volume":"6","author":"P Yadav","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yadav, P. et al. Soluble factors and suppressive monocytes can predict early development of sepsis in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol. Commun. 6, 2105\u20132120 (2022).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"1159_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14875","volume":"41","author":"S Baweja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baweja, S. et al. Circulating extracellular vesicles induce monocyte dysfunction and are associated with sepsis and high mortality in cirrhosis. Liver Int. 41, 1614\u20131628 (2021).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14564","volume":"47","author":"S Sukriti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sukriti, S. et al. Microvesicles in hepatic and peripheral vein can predict nonresponse to corticosteroid therapy in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 47, 1151\u20131161 (2018).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1159_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.07.005","volume":"69","author":"TN Bukong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bukong, T. N. et al. Abnormal neutrophil traps and impaired efferocytosis contribute to liver injury and sepsis severity after binge alcohol use. J. Hepatol. 69, 1145\u20131154 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.11.045","volume":"148","author":"C Bernsmeier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernsmeier, C. et al. Patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure have increased numbers of regulatory immune cells expressing the receptor tyrosine kinase MERTK. Gastroenterology 148, 603\u2013615.e14 (2015).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0554","volume":"31","author":"N Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma, N. et al. Plasma lipidomics and fungal peptide-based community analysis identifies distinct signatures of early mortality in acute liver failure. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 31, 1233\u20131251 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000907","volume":"81","author":"R Feio-Azevedo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feio-Azevedo, R. et al. Distinct immunometabolic signatures in circulating immune cells define disease outcome in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 81, 509\u2013522 (2025).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15932","volume":"52","author":"C Bernsmeier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernsmeier, C. et al. Leucocyte ratios are biomarkers of mortality in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 52, 855\u2013865 (2020).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1159_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.620365","volume":"12","author":"W Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, W. et al. Circulating neutrophil dysfunction in HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Front. Immunol. 12, 620365 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000868","volume":"81","author":"Q Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, Q. et al. NK-cell-elicited gasdermin-D-dependent hepatocyte pyroptosis induces neutrophil extracellular traps that facilitate HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 81, 917\u2013931 (2025).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.07.014","volume":"14","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. FGL2-MCOLN3-autophagy axis-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate liver injury in fulminant viral hepatitis. Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 1077\u20131101 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.06.041","volume":"33","author":"M Yadav","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yadav, M. et al. Circulating urobilinogen augments inflammation and corticosteroid non-response in severe alcohol-induced hepatitis. Mol. Ther. 33, 5263\u20135280 (2025).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"1159_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.08.029","volume":"78","author":"Y Cho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cho, Y. et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to liver damage and increase defective low-density neutrophils in alcohol-associated hepatitis. J. Hepatol. 78, 28\u201344 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.12.005","volume":"64","author":"A Boussif","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boussif, A. et al. Impaired intracellular signaling, myeloperoxidase release and bactericidal activity of neutrophils from patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 64, 1041\u20131048 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.11.027","volume":"142","author":"V Garg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garg, V. et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilizes CD34+ cells and improves survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 142, 505\u2013512.e1 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.534731","volume":"11","author":"S Rueschenbaum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rueschenbaum, S. et al. Dysregulated adaptive immunity is an early event in liver cirrhosis preceding acute-on-chronic liver failure. Front. Immunol. 11, 534731 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46047-8","volume":"15","author":"X Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu, X. et al. BTLA contributes to acute-on-chronic liver failure infection and mortality through CD4+ T-cell exhaustion. Nat. Commun. 15, 1835 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1159_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1041176","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Characterization of intrahepatic B cells in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Front. Immunol. 13, 1041176 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28897","volume":"65","author":"S Das","year":"2017","unstructured":"Das, S. et al. Hyperoxidized albumin modulates neutrophils to induce oxidative stress and inflammation in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 65, 631\u2013646 (2017).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31836","volume":"74","author":"RK Jagdish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jagdish, R. K., Maras, J. S. & Sarin, S. K. Albumin in advanced liver diseases: the good and bad of a drug!. Hepatology 74, 2848\u20132862 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0012.0916","volume":"17","author":"JR Carvalho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carvalho, J. R. & Verdelho Machado, M. New insights about albumin and liver disease. Ann. Hepatol. 17, 547\u2013560 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-018-9887-5","volume":"12","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarin, S. K. & Choudhury, A. Management of acute-on-chronic liver failure: an algorithmic approach. Hepatol. Int. 12, 402\u2013416 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-016-0535-8","volume":"18","author":"SK Sarin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarin, S. K. & Choudhury, A. Acute-on-chronic liver failure. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 18, 61 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"1159_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-023-08144-4","volume":"69","author":"A Jindal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jindal, A. et al. Severity of acute portal hypertension determines the clinical outcomes in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 69, 298\u2013307 (2024).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1159_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12191","volume":"28","author":"H Garg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garg, H. et al. Hepatic and systemic hemodynamic derangements predict early mortality and recovery in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 28, 1361\u20131367 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0421-9","volume":"54","author":"A Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar, A. et al. Hemodynamic studies in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Dig. Dis. Sci. 54, 869\u2013878 (2009).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1159_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09986-9","volume":"13","author":"M Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar, M. et al. Treatment with carvedilol improves survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol. Int. 13, 800\u2013813 (2019).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10372-1","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma et al. Acute variceal bleeding portends poor outcomes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: a propensity score matched study from the APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC). Hepatol. Int. 16, 1234\u20131243 (2022).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2025.24375","volume":"36","author":"U Mutlu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mutlu, U. et al. Intra-abdominal hypertension and its prognostic impact on mortality in cirrhotic patients with ascites: the role of paracentesis. Turk. J. Gastroenterol. 36, 390\u2013397 (2025).","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31071","volume":"72","author":"V Arora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arora, V. et al. Paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction with modest-volume paracentesis is partly ameliorated by albumin infusion in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 72, 1043\u20131055 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13799","volume":"32","author":"A Choudhury","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choudhury, A. et al. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome in acute-on-chronic liver failure: relevance of \u2018golden window\u2019: a prospective study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 32, 1989\u20131997 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25913","volume":"27","author":"N Mahmud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmud, N. et al. The predictive role of model for end-stage liver disease \u2014 lactate and lactate clearance for in-hospital mortality among a national cirrhosis cohort. Liver Transpl. 27, 177\u2013189 (2021).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"1159_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31199","volume":"72","author":"N Sarmast","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarmast, N. et al. Model for end-stage liver disease \u2014 lactate and prediction of inpatient mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 72, 1747\u20131757 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.026","volume":"75","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Development and validation of a new prognostic score for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. J. Hepatol. 75, 1104\u20131115 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2025.05.026","volume":"169","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bajaj, J. S. et al. Defining organ failures in patients with cirrhosis: consensus statements. Gastroenterology 169, 1043\u20131062 (2025).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.03.016","volume":"21","author":"J Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo, J. et al. Predicting the onset of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 681\u2013693 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.011","volume":"79","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Metabolic biomarkers significantly enhance the prediction of HBV-related ACLF occurrence and outcomes. J. Hepatol. 79, 1159\u20131171 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15858","volume":"44","author":"M Yadav","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yadav, M. et al. Comparative metabolome analysis reveals higher potential of haemoperfusion adsorption in providing favourable outcome in ACLF patients. Liver Int. 44, 1189\u20131201 (2024).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27636","volume":"61","author":"JS Maras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maras, J. S. et al. Dysregulated iron homeostasis is strongly associated with multiorgan failure and early mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 61, 1306\u20131320 (2015).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04540-4","volume":"27","author":"J Luo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luo, J. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: far to go \u2014 a review. Crit. Care 27, 259 (2023).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"1159_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15634","volume":"45","author":"P Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, P., Liang, X., Luo, J. & Li, J. Omics in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 45, e15634 (2025).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10206-6","volume":"15","author":"A Choudhury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choudhury, A. et al. \u2018First week\u2019 is the crucial period for deciding living donor liver transplantation in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol. Int. 15, 1376\u20131388 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00224-3","volume":"9","author":"Z Cao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cao, Z. et al. Global prevalence and characteristics of infections and clinical outcomes in hospitalised patients with cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study for the CLEARED Consortium. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 997\u20131009 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10637-3","volume":"18","author":"T Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, T. et al. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of end-stage liver disease complicated by infections. Hepatol. Int. 18, 817\u2013832 (2024).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.10.008","volume":"78","author":"B Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Prognostic and therapeutic significance of microbial cell-free DNA in plasma of people with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. J. Hepatol. 78, 322\u2013332 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09396-9","volume":"24","author":"P Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi, P. et al. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in optimizing the diagnosis of ascitic infection in patients with liver cirrhosis. BMC Infect. Dis. 24, 503 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02946-22","volume":"11","author":"HX Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, H. X. et al. Clinical evaluation of metagenomic next-generation sequencing method for the diagnosis of suspected ascitic infection in patients with liver cirrhosis in a clinical laboratory. Microbiol. Spectr. 11, e0294622 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"1159_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093100","volume":"12","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Clinical characteristics and early diagnosis of spontaneous fungal peritonitis\/fungiascites in hospitalized cirrhotic patients with ascites: a case-control study. J. Clin. Med. 12, 3100 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"1159_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-024-10650-0","volume":"18","author":"R Maiwall","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maiwall, R. et al. APASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of acute kidney injury in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol. Int. 18, 833\u2013869 (2024).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29773","volume":"67","author":"JG O\u2019Leary","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary, J. G. et al. NACSELD acute-on-chronic liver failure (NACSELD-ACLF) score predicts 30-day survival in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 67, 2367\u20132374 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9653-x","volume":"9","author":"R Maiwall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maiwall, R. et al. AKI in patients with acute on chronic liver failure is different from acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Hepatol. Int. 9, 627\u2013639 (2015).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30208","volume":"71","author":"V Arora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arora, V. et al. Terlipressin is superior to noradrenaline in the management of acute kidney injury in acute on chronic liver failure. Hepatology 71, 600\u2013610 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.08.016","volume":"79","author":"JM Belcher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belcher, J. M. et al. Terlipressin and the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome: how the CONFIRM trial moves the story forward. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 79, 737\u2013745 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08423-8","volume":"69","author":"A Jindal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jindal, A. et al. Early versus standard initiation of terlipressin for acute kidney injury in ACLF: a randomized controlled trial (eTerli Study). Dig. Dis. Sci. 69, 2204\u20132214 (2024).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1159_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.012","volume":"27","author":"BD Badal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Badal, B. D. & Bajaj, J. S. Hepatic encephalopathy in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Clin. Liver Dis. 27, 691\u2013702 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10221-7","volume":"15","author":"N Verma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verma, N. et al. Dynamic assessments of hepatic encephalopathy and ammonia levels predict mortality in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol. Int. 15, 970\u2013982 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9553-0","volume":"29","author":"G Wright","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wright, G., Sharifi, Y., Jover-Cobos, M. & Jalan, R. The brain in acute on chronic liver failure. Metab. Brain Dis. 29, 965\u2013973 (2014).","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730971","volume":"41","author":"R Maiwall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maiwall, R. & Sarin, S. K. Plasma exchange in acute and acute on chronic liver failure. Semin. Liver Dis. 41, 476\u2013494 (2021).","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i2.219","volume":"26","author":"EX Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan, E. X., Wang, M. X., Pang, J. & Lee, G. H. Plasma exchange in patients with acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review. World J. Gastroenterol. 26, 219\u2013245 (2020).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03369.x","volume":"26","author":"A Tripodi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tripodi, A., Caldwell, S. H., Hoffman, M., Trotter, J. F. & Sanyal, A. J. Review article: the prothrombin time test as a measure of bleeding risk and prognosis in liver disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 26, 141\u2013148 (2007).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1159_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.976","volume":"16","author":"M Premkumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Premkumar, M. & Sarin, S. K. Current concepts in coagulation profile in cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Clin. Liver Dis. 16, 158\u2013167 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14034","volume":"39","author":"M Premkumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Premkumar, M. et al. Coagulation failure is associated with bleeding events and clinical outcome during systemic inflammatory response and sepsis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: an observational cohort study. Liver Int. 39, 694\u2013704 (2019).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30103","volume":"68","author":"A Blasi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blasi, A. et al. Coagulation failure in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure and decompensated cirrhosis: beyond the international normalized ratio. Hepatology 68, 2325\u20132337 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787062","volume":"44","author":"J Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, J., Bj\u00f6rnsson, E. S. & Chalasani, N. Hepatotoxicity of antibiotics and antifungals and their safe use in hepatic impairment. Semin. Liver Dis. 44, 239\u2013257 (2024).","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.03.070","volume":"157","author":"JG O\u2019Leary","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary, J. G., Greenberg, C. S., Patton, H. M. & Caldwell, S. H. AGA clinical practice update: coagulation in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 157, 34\u201343.e1 (2019).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15343","volume":"43","author":"MS Schulz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schulz, M. S. et al. Pulmonary impairment independently determines mortality in critically ill patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 43, 180\u2013193 (2023).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e173","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004192","volume":"48","author":"R Nanchal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nanchal, R. et al. Guidelines for the management of adult acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure in the ICU: cardiovascular, endocrine, hematologic, pulmonary, and renal considerations. Crit. Care Med. 48, e173\u2013e191 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"1159_CR125","first-page":"190","volume":"28","author":"MM Berger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berger, M. M. & Hurni, C. A. Management of gastrointestinal failure in the adult critical care setting. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care 28, 190\u2013197 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"1159_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-025-00786-y","volume":"13","author":"T Oami","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oami, T. et al. Gut integrity in intensive care: alterations in host permeability and the microbiome as potential therapeutic targets. J. Intensive Care 13, 16 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"1159_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05309-7","volume":"29","author":"DE Soranno","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soranno, D. E. et al. A review of gut failure as a cause and consequence of critical illness. Crit. Care 29, 91 (2025).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"1159_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07185-x","volume":"67","author":"R Vijayaraghavan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vijayaraghavan, R. et al. Reversal of feed intolerance by prokinetics improves survival in critically Ill cirrhosis patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 67, 4223\u20134233 (2022).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1159_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1394","volume":"14","author":"JJ Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, J. J., Venkatesh, V., Gao, J., Adler, E. & Brenner, D. M. Efficacy and safety of neostigmine and decompressive colonoscopy for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction: a single-center analysis. Gastroenterol. Res. 14, 157\u2013164 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res."},{"key":"1159_CR130","first-page":"425","volume":"8","author":"H Tripathi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tripathi, H. et al. Identifying critically ill patients with cirrhosis who benefit from nutrition therapy: the mNUTRIC score study. J. Clin. Transl. Res. 8, 425\u2013433 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"1159_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.022","volume":"38","author":"M Plauth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Plauth, M. et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin. Nutr. 38, 485\u2013521 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1159_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64420-x","volume":"14","author":"N Geng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geng, N. et al. Association of myosteatosis with short-term outcomes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Sci. Rep. 14, 13609 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1159_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15400","volume":"36","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A. V. et al. Omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsions are safe and effective in reducing endotoxemia and sepsis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: an open-label randomized controlled trial. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 36, 1953\u20131961 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.163","volume":"67","author":"W Hou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hou, W. et al. Effect of a carbohydrate-containing late-evening snack on energy metabolism and fasting substrate utilization in adults with acute-on-chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 1251\u20131256 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1159_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.03.013","volume":"27","author":"S Incicco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Incicco, S., Angeli, P. & Piano, S. Bacterial infections in acute on chronic liver failure. Clin. Liver Dis. 27, 703\u2013716 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10164-z","volume":"15","author":"CA Philips","year":"2021","unstructured":"Philips, C. A. et al. Comparison of 5% human albumin and normal saline for fluid resuscitation in sepsis induced hypotension among patients with cirrhosis (FRISC study): a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol. Int. 15, 983\u2013994 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.03.043","volume":"77","author":"R Maiwall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maiwall, R. et al. A randomized-controlled trial comparing 20% albumin to plasmalyte in patients with cirrhosis and sepsis-induced hypotension [ALPS trial]. J. Hepatol. 77, 670\u2013682 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001229","volume":"100","author":"MJ Krowka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krowka, M. J. et al. International Liver Transplant Society practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension. Transplantation 100, 1440\u20131452 (2016).","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"1159_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.04.011","volume":"83","author":"P Angeli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Angeli, P. et al. Albumin infusion in hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury: new evidence challenges recent consensus. J. Hepatol. 83, 800\u2013802 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.10.018","volume":"64","author":"RP Mookerjee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mookerjee, R. P. et al. Treatment with non-selective beta blockers is associated with reduced severity of systemic inflammation and improved survival of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J. Hepatol. 64, 574\u2013582 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10536-7","volume":"17","author":"V Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, V. et al. Asia-Pacific Association for Study of Liver guidelines on management of ascites in liver disease. Hepatol. Int. 17, 792\u2013826 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-023-00600-z","volume":"22","author":"MA Elfeki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elfeki, M. A., Singal, A. K. & Kamath, P. S. Pharmacotherapies for portal hypertension: current status and expanding indications. Curr. Hepatol. Rep. 22, 44\u201350 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Hepatol. Rep."},{"key":"1159_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.16033","volume":"44","author":"C Vashishtha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vashishtha, C., Bhardwaj, A., Jindal, A., Kumar, M. & Sarin, S. K. Effect of midodrine on HVPG in advanced chronic liver disease and acute-on-chronic liver failure \u2014 a pilot study. Liver Int. 44, 2714\u20132723 (2024).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-024-10687-1","volume":"18","author":"A Ranjan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ranjan, A. et al. Midodrine plus propranolol versus propranolol alone in preventing first bleed in patients with cirrhosis and severe ascites: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol. Int. 18, 1261\u20131270 (2024).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-025-10841-3","volume":"19","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A. V. et al. Addition of midodrine to albumin reduces the incidence of complications of large-volume paracentesis: an RCT comparing midodrine, terlipressin, and albumin. Hepatol. Int. 19, 1231\u20131241 (2025).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-025-10894-4","volume":"19","author":"Lesmana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lesmana et al. Management of acute variceal bleeding: updated APASL guidelines. Hepatol. Int. 19, 1003\u20131031 (2025).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.024","volume":"73","author":"J Trebicka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trebicka, J. et al. Rebleeding and mortality risk are increased by ACLF but reduced by pre-emptive TIPS. J. Hepatol. 73, 1082\u20131091 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2023.01.009","volume":"13","author":"JSN Sujith Reddy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sujith Reddy, J. S. N. et al. Midodrine versus albumin to prevent paracentesis induced circulatory dysfunction in acute on chronic liver failure patients in the outpatient clinic-a randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 13, 576\u2013585 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.10.013","volume":"45","author":"S Condon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Condon, S. & Jophlin, L. L. Past, present, and future therapies for alcohol-associated hepatitis. Clin. Ther. 45, 1171\u20131176 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"1159_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10463-z","volume":"17","author":"R Maiwall","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maiwall, R. et al. AARC score determines outcomes in patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis: a multinational study. Hepatol. Int. 17, 662\u2013675 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.154","volume":"109","author":"V Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh, V. et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized pilot study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 109, 1417\u20131423 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003038","volume":"120","author":"AK Mishra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mishra, A. K., Shasthry, S. M., Vijayaraghavan, R., Kumar, G. & Sarin, S. K. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor improves prednisolone responsiveness and 90-day survival in steroid-eligible severe alcohol-associated hepatitis: the GPreAH study a randomized trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 120, 1087\u20131097 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719177","volume":"41","author":"CK Kedarisetty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kedarisetty, C. K., Kumar, A. & Sarin, S. K. Insights into the role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Semin. Liver Dis. 41, 67\u201378 (2021).","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1101214","volume":"365","author":"E Nguyen-Khac","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nguyen-Khac, E. et al. Glucocorticoids plus N-acetylcysteine in severe alcoholic hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 1781\u20131789 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1159_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24109","volume":"53","author":"H Garg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garg, H. et al. Tenofovir improves the outcome in patients with spontaneous reactivation of hepatitis B presenting as acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatology 53, 774\u2013780 (2011).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31065","volume":"72","author":"CL Mack","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mack, C. L. et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in adults and children: 2019 practice guidance and guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 72, 671\u2013722 (2020).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-024-10714-1","volume":"18","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tanaka, A. & Harada, K. Acute presentation of autoimmune hepatitis \u2014 from acute hepatitis to ALF and ACLF. Hepatol. Int. 18, 1385\u20131395 (2024).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30205","volume":"70","author":"L Anand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anand, L. et al. Flare of autoimmune hepatitis causing acute on chronic liver failure: diagnosis and response to corticosteroid therapy. Hepatology 70, 587\u2013596 (2019).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10482-4","volume":"17","author":"S Sharma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sharma, S. et al. Identifying the early predictors of non-response to steroids in patients with flare of autoimmune hepatitis causing acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol. Int. 17, 989\u2013999 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR160","first-page":"971","volume":"63","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2055","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver EASL clinical practice guidelines: autoimmune hepatitis. J. Hepatol. 63, 971\u20131004 (2055).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR161","first-page":"S2127","volume":"80","author":"SRV Sarvesh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sarvesh, S. R. V. et al. Predictors of reversal of acute on chronic liver failure and need for therapeutic goals to extend timelines beyond 90 days [abstract 1631]. Hepatology 80, S2127 (2024) .","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13732","volume":"29","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Reversibility of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome in hepatitis B virus-infected patients with and without prior decompensation. J. Viral Hepat. 29, 890\u2013898 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"1159_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27849","volume":"62","author":"T Gustot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gustot, T. et al. Clinical course of acute-on-chronic liver failure syndrome and effects on prognosis. Hepatology 62, 243\u2013252 (2015).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.914611","volume":"9","author":"GH Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, G. H. et al. Liver transplantation in acute-on-chronic liver failure: excellent outcome and difficult posttransplant course. Front. Surg. 9, 914611 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"1159_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2023.0563","volume":"30","author":"DS Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song, D. S. et al. Dynamic analysis of acute deterioration in chronic liver disease patients using modified quick sequential organ failure assessment. Clin. Mol. Hepatol. 30, 388\u2013405 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101067","volume":"46","author":"W Bernal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bernal, W. et al. Liver transplantation for critically ill patients with acute on chronic liver failure: a prospective national programme of waitlist prioritisation. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 46, 101067 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"1159_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100929","volume":"6","author":"SC Sacleux","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sacleux, S. C. et al. Liver transplant selection criteria and outcomes in critically ill patients with ACLF. JHEP Rep. 6, 100929 (2024).","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"1159_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-020-00519-9","volume":"19","author":"N Mahmud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmud, N., Hernaez, R., Wu, T. & Sundaram, V. Early transplantation in acute on chronic liver failure: who and when. Curr. Hepatol. Rep. 19, 168\u2013173 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Hepatol. Rep."},{"key":"1159_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10548-3","volume":"17","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A. V. et al. Healthcare utilization and outcomes of living donor liver transplantation for patients with APASL-defined acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol. Int. 17, 1233\u20131240 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26280","volume":"28","author":"B Michard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michard, B. et al. Pretransplant intensive care unit management and selection of grade 3 acute-on-chronic liver failure transplant candidates. Liver Transpl. 28, 17\u201326 (2022).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"1159_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.007","volume":"156","author":"V Sundaram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sundaram, V. et al. Factors associated with survival of patients with severe acute-on-chronic liver failure before and after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 156, 1381\u20131391.e3 (2019).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2156-0","volume":"22","author":"C Engelmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Engelmann, C. et al. Validation of CLIF-C ACLF score to define a threshold for futility of intensive care support for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Crit. Care 22, 254 (2018).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"1159_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15852","volume":"20","author":"T Artzner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Artzner, T. et al. Liver transplantation for critically ill cirrhotic patients: stratifying utility based on pretransplant factors. Am. J. Transpl. 20, 2437\u20132448 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transpl."},{"key":"1159_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001595","volume":"117","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bajaj, J. S. et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure clinical guidelines. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 117, 225\u2013252 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.26499","volume":"28","author":"T Artzner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Artzner, T. et al. Location and allocation: inequity of access to liver transplantation for patients with severe acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe. Liver Transpl. 28, 1429\u20131440 (2022).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"1159_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.03.030","volume":"75","author":"LS Belli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belli, L. S. et al. Liver transplantation for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in Europe: results of the ELITA\/EF-CLIF collaborative study (ECLIS). J. Hepatol. 75, 610\u2013622 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.07.007","volume":"69","author":"PJ Thuluvath","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thuluvath, P. J., Thuluvath, A. J., Hanish, S. & Savva, Y. Liver transplantation in patients with multiple organ failures: feasibility and outcomes. J. Hepatol. 69, 1047\u20131056 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-023-08011-2","volume":"68","author":"JJ Alukal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alukal, J. J., Li, F. & Thuluvath, P. J. Liver transplantation within 7-days of listing improves survival in ACLF-3. Dig. Dis. Sci. 68, 3268\u20133276 (2023).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1159_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15263","volume":"42","author":"AK Singal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singal, A. K. et al. High-risk liver transplant recipients with grade 3 acute on chronic liver failure should receive the good quality graft. Liver Int. 42, 1629\u20131637 (2022).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101476","volume":"49","author":"L Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia, L. et al. Transplantation for EASL-CLIF and APASL acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients: the TEA cohort to evaluate long-term post-Transplant outcomes. EClinicalMedicine 49, 101476 (2022).","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1159_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.06.039","volume":"82","author":"F Artru","year":"2025","unstructured":"Artru, F. et al. Long-term outcome following liver transplantation of patients with ACLF grade 3. J. Hepatol. 82, 62\u201371 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-023-10629-3","volume":"18","author":"DS Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, D. S. et al. Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines on liver transplantation. Hepatol. Int. 18, 299\u2013383 (2024).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14739","volume":"36","author":"T Toshima","year":"2022","unstructured":"Toshima, T. et al. Outcomes of living-donor liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure based on newly proposed criteria in Japan. Clin. Transpl. 36, e14739 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"1159_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675334","volume":"39","author":"AJ MacDonald","year":"2018","unstructured":"MacDonald, A. J. & Karvellas, C. J. Emerging role of extracorporeal support in acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: recent developments. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 39, 625\u2013634 (2018).","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"1159_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.013","volume":"79","author":"B Agarwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agarwal, B. et al. Randomized, controlled clinical trial of the DIALIVE liver dialysis device versus standard of care in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. J. Hepatol. 79, 79\u201392 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14806","volume":"41","author":"R Maiwall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maiwall, R. et al. Therapeutic plasma-exchange improves systemic inflammation and survival in acute-on-chronic liver failure: a propensity-score matched study from AARC. Liver Int. 41, 1083\u20131096 (2021).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/LVT.0000000000000231","volume":"30","author":"A Beran","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beran, A. et al. Plasma exchange for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl. 30, 127\u2013141 (2024).","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"1159_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70018","volume":"45","author":"SE Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, S. E. et al. Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure improves survival \u2014 an updated meta-analysis. Liver Int. 45, e70018 (2025).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.056","volume":"142","author":"A Kribben","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kribben, A. et al. Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 142, 782\u2013789.e3 (2012).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1159_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26185","volume":"57","author":"R Ba\u00f1ares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ba\u00f1ares, R. et al. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial. Hepatology 57, 1153\u20131162 (2013).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002562","volume":"45","author":"HU Gerth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gerth, H. U. et al. Molecular adsorbent recirculating system can reduce short-term mortality among patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure-a retrospective analysis. Crit. Care Med. 45, 1616\u20131624 (2017).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"1159_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284819879565","volume":"12","author":"R Ba\u00f1ares","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ba\u00f1ares, R. et al. Meta-analysis of individual patient data of albumin dialysis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: focus on treatment intensity. Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol. 12, 1756284819879565 (2019).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2021.07.010","volume":"12","author":"SE Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, S. E. et al. Low volume plasma exchange and low dose steroid improve survival in patients with alcohol-related acute on chronic liver failure and severe alcoholic hepatitis \u2014 preliminary experience. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 12, 372\u2013378 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-022-10312-z","volume":"16","author":"A Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma, A. et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation in alcohol-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure: an open-label clinical trial. Hepatol. Int. 16, 433\u2013446 (2022).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001611","volume":"117","author":"AV Kulkarni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kulkarni, A. V. et al. Primary norfloxacin prophylaxis for APASL-defined acute-on-chronic liver failure: a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 117, 607\u2013616 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1159_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111680","volume":"22","author":"SE Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, S. E. et al. The role of gut dysbiosis in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 11680 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1159_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15207","volume":"42","author":"C Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, C. et al. Effect of rifaximin on infections, acute-on-chronic liver failure and mortality in alcoholic hepatitis: a pilot study (RIFA-AH). Liver Int. 42, 1109\u20131120 (2022).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.029","volume":"15","author":"CA Philips","year":"2017","unstructured":"Philips, C. A. et al. Healthy donor fecal microbiota transplantation in steroid-ineligible severe alcoholic hepatitis: a pilot study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 600\u2013602 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2022.01.001","volume":"12","author":"CA Philips","year":"2022","unstructured":"Philips, C. A., Ahamed, R., Rajesh, S., Abduljaleel, J. K. P. & Augustine, P. Long-term outcomes of stool transplant in alcohol-associated hepatitis \u2014 analysis of clinical outcomes, relapse, gut microbiota and comparisons with standard care. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 12, 1124\u20131132 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0618-8278(19)30181-1","volume":"70","author":"J Ahmad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmad, J. et al. Faecal microbiota transplantation with tenofovir is superior to tenofovir alone in improving clinical outcomes in acute-on-chronic liver failure due to hepatitis B: an open label randomized controlled trial (NCT02689245) [abstract PS-163]. J. Hepatol. 70, e102 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.12.006","volume":"189","author":"B Bhushan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhushan, B. & Apte, U. Liver regeneration after acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Am. J. Pathol. 189, 719\u2013729 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"1159_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.04.008","volume":"29","author":"S Ben-Moshe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben-Moshe, S. et al. The spatiotemporal program of zonal liver regeneration following acute injury. Cell Stem Cell 29, 973\u2013989.e10 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1159_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0342-4","volume":"18","author":"GK Michalopoulos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Michalopoulos, G. K. & Bhushan, B. Liver regeneration: biological and pathological mechanisms and implications. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 40\u201355 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.031","volume":"73","author":"P Starkey Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Starkey Lewis, P. et al. Alternatively activated macrophages promote resolution of necrosis following acute liver injury. J. Hepatol. 73, 349\u2013360 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332033","volume":"73","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Novel IL-4\/HB-EGF-dependent crosstalk between eosinophils and macrophages controls liver regeneration after ischaemia and reperfusion injury. Gut 73, 1543\u20131553 (2024).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1159_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10244-0","volume":"15","author":"N Nautiyal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nautiyal, N. et al. Establishment of a murine model of acute-on-chronic liver failure with multi-organ dysfunction. Hepatol. Int. 15, 1389\u20131401 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308410","volume":"64","author":"L Dubuquoy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dubuquoy, L. et al. Progenitor cell expansion and impaired hepatocyte regeneration in explanted livers from alcoholic hepatitis. Gut 64, 1949\u20131960 (2015).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1159_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-014-1547-0","volume":"464","author":"A Rastogi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rastogi, A. et al. Two-tier regenerative response in liver failure in humans. Virchows Arch. 464, 565\u2013573 (2014).","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"1159_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09983-y","volume":"13","author":"S Shubham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shubham, S. et al. Cellular and functional loss of liver endothelial cells correlates with poor hepatocyte regeneration in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol. Int. 13, 777\u2013787 (2019).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"1159_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.11.013","volume":"72","author":"X Xiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiang, X. et al. Interleukin-22 ameliorates acute-on-chronic liver failure by reprogramming impaired regeneration pathways in mice. J. Hepatol. 72, 736\u2013745 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28754","volume":"64","author":"C Bihari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bihari, C. et al. Bone marrow stem cells and their niche components are adversely affected in advanced cirrhosis of the liver. Hepatology 64, 1273\u20131288 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2017.01.004","volume":"38","author":"S Boettcher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boettcher, S. & Manz, M. G. Regulation of inflammation- and infection-driven hematopoiesis. Trends Immunol. 38, 345\u2013357 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"1159_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2007.08.006","volume":"39","author":"C Di Campli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Di Campli, C. et al. Safety and efficacy profile of G-CSF therapy in patients with acute on chronic liver failure. Dig. Liver Dis. 39, 1071\u20131076 (2007).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294818","volume":"18","author":"B Qiu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu, B., Liang, J. X. & Romero G\u00f3mez, M. The efficacy and safety of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 18, e0294818 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1159_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12415","volume":"34","author":"A Khanam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khanam, A. et al. Altered frequencies of dendritic cells and IFN-\u03b3-secreting T cells with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy in acute-on- chronic liver failure. Liver Int. 34, 505\u2013513 (2014).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.3.579","volume":"163","author":"E Roilides","year":"1991","unstructured":"Roilides, E., Walsh, T. J., Pizzo, P. A. & Rubin, M. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of normal and defective human neutrophils. J. Infect. Dis. 163, 579\u2013583 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13923","volume":"39","author":"L Anand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anand, L. et al. Early cirrhosis and a preserved bone marrow niche favour regenerative response to growth factors in decompensated cirrhosis. Liver Int. 39, 115\u2013126 (2019).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1159_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.033","volume":"75","author":"C Engelmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Engelmann, C. et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to treat acute-on-chronic liver failure: a multicenter randomized trial (GRAFT study). J. Hepatol. 75, 1346\u20131354 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.07.006","volume":"77","author":"C Engelmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engelmann, C. et al. Combination of G-CSF and a TLR4 inhibitor reduce inflammation and promote regeneration in a mouse model of ACLF. J. Hepatol. 77, 1325\u20131338 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2008.04.006","volume":"29","author":"YL Cui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cui, Y. L. et al. Recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor for liver failure. Contemp. Clin. Trials 29, 696\u2013704 (2008).","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"1159_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e328338b7d5","volume":"17","author":"I Pusic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pusic, I. & DiPersio, J. F. Update on clinical experience with AMD3100, an SDF-1\/CXCL12-CXCR4 inhibitor, in mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 17, 319\u2013326 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"1159_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29189","volume":"66","author":"BL Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, B. L. et al. Allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 66, 209\u2013219 (2017).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1159_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03455-9","volume":"14","author":"YH Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y. H. et al. The high level of IL-1\u03b2 in the serum of ACLF patients induces increased IL-8 expression in hUC-MSCs and reduces the efficacy of hUC-MSCs in liver failure. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 14, 231 (2023).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"1159_CR224","first-page":"503","volume":"9","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zheng, Y. et al. Serum from acute-on-chronic liver failure patients may affect mesenchymal stem cells transplantation by impairing the immunosuppressive function of cells. J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol. 9, 503\u2013513 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"1159_CR225","volume":"2019","author":"WX Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, W. X. et al. Combination treatments of plasma exchange and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a clinical trial in China. Stem Cell Int. 2019, 4130757 (2019).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Int."},{"key":"1159_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-016-9683-3","volume":"12","author":"YH Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, Y. H. et al. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in hepatitis B virus related acute-on-chronic liver failure treated with plasma exchange and entecavir: a 24-month prospective study. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 12, 645\u2013653 (2016).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"1159_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05303-9","volume":"13","author":"D Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, D. et al. Mesenchymal stem cells exosomal let-7a-5p improve autophagic flux and alleviate liver injury in acute-on-chronic liver failure by promoting nuclear expression of TFEB. Cell Death Dis. 13, 865 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"1159_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.650536","volume":"12","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Potential networks regulated by MSCs in acute-on-chronic liver failure: exosomal miRNAs and intracellular target genes. Front. Genet. 12, 650536 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-025-01159-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-025-01159-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-025-01159-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:03:11Z","timestamp":1777550591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-025-01159-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":228,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-025-01159-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}