{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:41:15Z","timestamp":1793227275618,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-026-01200-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:11:40Z","timestamp":1776078700000},"page":"641-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Autoimmune gastritis: emerging insights and clinical management"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Vincenzo","family":"Lenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Miceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2976-7032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vanoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0302-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1200_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0187-8","volume":"6","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 6, 56 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"1200_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331164","volume":"73","author":"M Rugge","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rugge, M. et al. RE.GA.IN.: the Real-world Gastritis Initiative \u2014 updating the updates. Gut 73, 407\u2013441 (2024). The most recently updated classification of gastritis.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.08.011","volume":"18","author":"S Massironi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Massironi, S., Zilli, A., Elvevi, A. & Invernizzi, P. The changing face of chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis: an updated comprehensive perspective. Autoimmun. Rev. 18, 215\u2013222 (2019).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"1200_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2025.2522284","volume":"19","author":"S Massironi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Massironi, S. Autoimmune gastritis: an organ-specific disease or a model of systemic autoimmunity? Parallels, divergences, and emerging insights. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 19, 1209\u20131217 (2025).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1200_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.101","volume":"10","author":"WL Neumann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neumann, W. L., Coss, E., Rugge, M. & Genta, R. M. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis-pathogenesis, pathology and management. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 529\u2013541 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1200_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.70012","volume":"13","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. European Consensus on Malabsorption \u2014 UEG & SIGE, LGA, SPG, SRGH, CGS, ESPCG, EAGEN, ESPEN, and ESPGHAN. Part 1: Definitions, clinical phenotypes, and diagnostic testing for malabsorption. United European Gastroenterol. J. 13, 599\u2013613 (2025).","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"1200_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.70011","volume":"13","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. European Consensus on Malabsorption \u2014 UEG & SIGE, LGA, SPG, SRGH, CGS, ESPCG, EAGEN, ESPEN, and ESPGHAN: Part 2: Screening, special populations, nutritional goals, supportive care, primary care perspective. United European Gastroenterol. J. 13, 773\u2013797 (2025). Together with Part 1 (Lenti et al., United European Gastroenterol. J. 13, 599\u2013613), this is the first European consensus on malabsorption and related syndromes.","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"1200_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0901-0","volume":"18","author":"S Massironi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Massironi, S. et al. Relevance of vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis: a prospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 18, 172 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.231","volume":"104","author":"E Lahner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. Reassessment of intrinsic factor and parietal cell autoantibodies in atrophic gastritis with respect to cobalamin deficiency. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104, 2071\u20132079 (2009). Seminal study looking at the diagnostic accuracy of intrinsic factor and parietal cell autoantibodies in autoimmune gastritis.","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2012.702813","volume":"45","author":"BH Toh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toh, B. H., Kyaw, T., Taylor, R., Pollock, W. & Schlumberger, W. Parietal cell antibody identified by ELISA is superior to immunofluorescence, rises with age and is associated with intrinsic factor antibody. Autoimmunity 45, 527\u2013532 (2012).","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"1200_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8841-7","volume":"65","author":"BH Toh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toh, B. H. Pathophysiology and laboratory diagnosis of pernicious anemia. Immunol. Res. 65, 326\u2013330 (2017).","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"1200_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2025.100273","volume":"10","author":"MP Panozzo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Panozzo, M. P., Antico, A. & Bizzaro, N. Monitoring the follow-up of autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis using parietal cell antibodies and markers of gastric function. J. Transl. Autoimmun. 10, 100273 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"1200_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2025.100294","volume":"10","author":"M Osmola","year":"2025","unstructured":"Osmola, M. et al. A comparative study of different assays for autoantibodies detection in patients with autoimmune gastritis. J. Transl. Autoimmun. 10, 100294 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Transl. Autoimmun."},{"key":"1200_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-025-01583-4","volume":"79","author":"A Thain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thain, A., Hart, K. & Ahmadi, K. R. Addressing the gaps in the vitamin B12 deficiency 2024 NICE guidelines: highlighting the need for better recognition, diagnosis, and management of pernicious anaemia. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 79, 607\u2013610 (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"1200_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00040041097008","volume":"156","author":"R Carmel","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carmel, R. Prevalence of undiagnosed pernicious anemia in the elderly. Arch. Intern. Med. 156, 1097\u20131100 (1996).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103143","volume":"21","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Seronegative autoimmune diseases: a challenging diagnosis. Autoimmun. Rev. 21, 103143 (2022).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"1200_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.04.015","volume":"52","author":"L Conti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Conti, L. et al. Seronegative autoimmune atrophic gastritis is more common in elderly patients. Dig. Liver Dis. 52, 1310\u20131314 (2020).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2021.10.001","volume":"54","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Time course and risk factors of evolution from potential to overt autoimmune gastritis. Dig. Liver Dis. 54, 642\u2013644 (2022). First study specifically looking at the evolution of potential autoimmune gastritis.","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.866167","volume":"13","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Increase of deep intraepithelial lymphocytes in the oxyntic mucosa of patients with potential and overt autoimmune gastritis. Front. Immunol. 13, 866167 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1200_CR20","first-page":"441","volume":"117","author":"E Fuentes-Valenzuela","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fuentes-Valenzuela, E. et al. Prevalence and evolution of newly diagnosed autoimmune gastritis in a large Spanish retrospective cohort. Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig. 117, 441\u2013446 (2025).","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"1200_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15540","volume":"50","author":"E Miceli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miceli, E. et al. Natural history of autoimmune atrophic gastritis: a prospective, single centre, long-term experience. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 50, 1172\u20131180 (2019).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1200_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327827","volume":"72","author":"M Rugge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rugge, M. et al. Autoimmune gastritis: long-term natural history in na\u00efve Helicobacter pylori-negative patients. Gut 72, 30\u201338 (2023).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002327","volume":"118","author":"E Dilaghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dilaghi, E. et al. Incidence and predictors of gastric neoplastic lesions in corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis: a single-center cohort study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 118, 2157\u20132165 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002619","volume":"119","author":"E Miceli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miceli, E. et al. Long-term natural history of autoimmune gastritis: results from a prospective monocentric series. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 119, 837\u2013845 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i3.354","volume":"16","author":"AM Oksanen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oksanen, A. M., Haimila, K. E., Rautelin, H. I. & Partanen, J. A. Immunogenetic characteristics of patients with autoimmune gastritis. World J. Gastroenterol. 16, 354\u2013358 (2010).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2010.487918","volume":"45","author":"A Telaranta-Keerie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Telaranta-Keerie, A. et al. Prevalence of undiagnosed advanced atrophic corpus gastritis in Finland: an observational study among 4,256 volunteers without specific complaints. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 45, 1036\u20131041 (2010).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR27","first-page":"4062","volume":"84","author":"CE De Block","year":"1999","unstructured":"De Block, C. E., De Leeuw, I. H. & Van Gaal, L. F. High prevalence of manifestations of gastric autoimmunity in parietal cell antibody-positive type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. The Belgian Diabetes Registry. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 4062\u20134067 (1999). Seminal study looking at the association of type 1 diabetes mellitus with autoimmune gastritis.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1200_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.02.018","volume":"10","author":"E Miceli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miceli, E. et al. Common features of patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 812\u2013814 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1200_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i34.5351","volume":"11","author":"B Annibale","year":"2005","unstructured":"Annibale, B. et al. Lack of specific association between gastric autoimmunity hallmarks and clinical presentations of atrophic body gastritis. World J. Gastroenterol. 11, 5351\u20135357 (2005).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.09.025","volume":"121","author":"E Lahner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. Occurrence and risk factors for autoimmune thyroid disease in patients with atrophic body gastritis. Am. J. Med. 121, 136\u2013141 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005784","volume":"96","author":"M Carabotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carabotti, M. et al. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in autoimmune gastritis: a cross-sectional study. Medicine 96, e5784 (2017).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1200_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01862","volume":"152","author":"M Peracchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Peracchi, M. et al. Plasma chromogranin A in patients with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis, enterochromaffin-like cell lesions and gastric carcinoids. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 152, 443\u2013448 (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1200_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51533-7","volume":"264","author":"I Goldkorn","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goldkorn, I., Gleeson, P. A. & Toh, B. H. Gastric parietal cell antigens of 60-90, 92, and 100-120 kDa associated with autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia: role of N-glycans in the structure and antigenicity of the 60\u201390-kDa component. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 18768\u201318774 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1200_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6418","volume":"87","author":"BH Toh","year":"1990","unstructured":"Toh, B. H. et al. The 60- to 90-kDa parietal cell autoantigen associated with autoimmune gastritis is a beta subunit of the gastric H\u207a\/K\u207a-ATPase (proton pump). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6418\u20136422 (1990).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1200_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13091599","volume":"13","author":"M Osmola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osmola, M. et al. Atrophic gastritis and autoimmunity: results from a prospective, multicenter study. Diagnostics 13, 1599 (2023).","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"1200_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000338295","volume":"86","author":"I Soykan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soykan, I., Yakut, M., Keskin, O. & Bekta\u015f, M. Clinical profiles, endoscopic and laboratory features and associated factors in patients with autoimmune gastritis. Digestion 86, 20\u201326 (2012).","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"1200_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.03.025","volume":"31","author":"\u00c7 Kalkan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalkan, \u00c7 & Soykan, I. Polyautoimmunity in autoimmune gastritis. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 31, 79\u201383 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12832","volume":"17","author":"\u00c7 Kalkan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalkan, \u00c7 & Soykan, I. Differences between older and young patients with autoimmune gastritis. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 17, 1090\u20131095 (2017).","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"1200_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.16486","volume":"27","author":"\u00c7 Kalkan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kalkan, \u00c7, Karakaya, F. & Soykan, \u0130 Factors associated with elevated serum chromogranin A levels in patients with autoimmune gastritis. Turk. J. Gastroenterol. 27, 515\u2013520 (2016).","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2025.102556","volume":"49","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. A real-world study on the characteristics of autoimmune gastritis: a single-center retrospective cohort in China. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 49, 102556 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16912","volume":"40","author":"XY Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma, X. Y. et al. Risk factors analysis and predictive model construction for autoimmune gastritis: a nationwide multicenter case-control study in China. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 40, 1202\u20131212 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1200_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl240448","volume":"19","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. A retrospective study on clinical features of autoimmune gastritis: impact of age, sex, and autoimmune thyroid disease in China. Gut Liver 19, 528\u2013535 (2025).","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"1200_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2451-3071","volume":"57","author":"S Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. A novel endoscopic artificial intelligence system to assist in the diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis: a multicenter study. Endoscopy 57, 299\u2013309 (2025).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"1200_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02662-1","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. & Zhang, X. Chronic atrophic gastritis in different ages in South China: a 10-year retrospective analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 23, 37 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.5638-25","volume":"65","author":"K Adachi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Adachi, K. et al. Mucosal atrophy of the fornix as an important endoscopic finding for an autoimmune gastritis diagnosis. Intern. Med. 65, 88\u201395 (2026).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000002195","author":"M Sugimoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sugimoto, M. et al. Associations between antiparietal cell antibody values and atrophy in a South and Southeast Asian general population. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCG.0000000000002195 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14175","volume":"34","author":"T Kamada","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamada, T., Maruyama, Y., Monobe, Y. & Haruma, K. Endoscopic features and clinical importance of autoimmune gastritis. Dig. Endosc. 34, 700\u2013713 (2022).","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"1200_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13500","volume":"32","author":"S Terao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Terao, S. et al. Multicenter study of autoimmune gastritis in Japan: clinical and endoscopic characteristics. Dig. Endosc. 32, 364\u2013372 (2020).","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"1200_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001501","volume":"116","author":"A Gonzalez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonzalez, A. et al. Mucocutaneous manifestations in autoimmune gastritis: a prospective case-control study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 116, 2374\u20132384 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969241295348","volume":"33","author":"ZI Alruwaii","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alruwaii, Z. I. et al. Prevalence and clinicopathological features of autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: a regional study. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 33, 871\u2013876 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2023.45.79.34204","volume":"45","author":"Y Azzouz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Azzouz, Y., Abidi, S. & Chbicheb, S. Retrospective cross-sectional study of 34 cases of pernicious anemia at Mohammed V Military Training Hospital, Morocco. Pan Afr. Med. J. 45, 79 (2023).","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"1200_CR52","first-page":"439","volume":"27","author":"K Doh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doh, K., Thiam, I., Halim, A., Takin, R. C. A. & Woto-Gaye, G. Pathological overview of chronic gastritis in Senegal: results of upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopies. Med. Sante Trop. 27, 439\u2013442 (2017).","journal-title":"Med. Sante Trop."},{"key":"1200_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.70065","volume":"4","author":"M Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, M., Huang, Y., Liang, X. & Lu, H. Prevalence of autoimmune gastritis worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 4, e70065 (2025).","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"1200_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-1343","volume":"22","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Gastric parietal cell antibodies, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic atrophic gastritis: evidence from a large population-based study in Germany. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 22, 821\u2013826 (2013).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"1200_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.2292-18","volume":"58","author":"T Notsu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Notsu, T. et al. Prevalence of autoimmune gastritis in individuals undergoing medical checkups in Japan. Intern. Med. 58, 1817\u20131823 (2019).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.07.011","volume":"130","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Impact of an active case-finding strategy in autoimmune gastritis. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 130, 179\u2013181 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2016.1236397","volume":"52","author":"H Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis in Chinese: a study of 320 patients at a large tertiary medical center. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 52, 150\u2013156 (2017).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.04.001","volume":"13","author":"H Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song, H. et al. Increase in the prevalence of atrophic gastritis among adults aged 35 to 44 years old in Northern Sweden between 1990 and 2009. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 1592\u20131600 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1200_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00883-X","volume":"111","author":"B Annibale","year":"2001","unstructured":"Annibale, B. et al. Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. Am. J. Med. 111, 439\u2013445 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(03)00067-7","volume":"35","author":"B Annibale","year":"2003","unstructured":"Annibale, B., Capurso, G. & Delle Fave, G. The stomach and iron deficiency anaemia: a forgotten link. Dig. Liver Dis. 35, 288\u2013295 (2003).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101373","volume":"34","author":"E Lahner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. Thyro-entero-gastric autoimmunity: pathophysiology and implications for patient management. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 34, 101373 (2020).","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1200_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.860880","volume":"13","author":"G Boutzios","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boutzios, G. et al. Hashimoto thyroiditis, anti-parietal cell antibodies: associations with autoimmune diseases and malignancies. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 860880 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1200_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2134","volume":"93","author":"CE De Block","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Block, C. E., De Leeuw, I. H. & Van Gaal, L. F. Autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetes: a clinically oriented review. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 363\u2013371 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1200_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.82","volume":"26","author":"CE De Block","year":"2003","unstructured":"De Block, C. E. et al. Autoimmune gastropathy in type 1 diabetic patients with parietal cell antibodies: histological and clinical findings. Diabetes Care 26, 82\u201388 (2003).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1200_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2009.0939","volume":"20","author":"P Amerio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amerio, P. et al. Polyglandular autoimmune diseases in a dermatological clinical setting: vitiligo-associated autoimmune diseases. Eur. J. Dermatol. 20, 354\u2013358 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"1200_CR66","first-page":"31","volume":"2","author":"WJ Irvine","year":"1967","unstructured":"Irvine, W. J., Stewart, A. G. & Scarth, L. A clinical and immunological study of adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison\u2019s disease). Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2, 31\u201370 (1967).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"1200_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1628478","volume":"16","author":"S Massironi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Massironi, S. et al. Immunological and clinical overlap between autoimmune gastritis and autoimmune liver diseases: a prospective cohort study. Front. Immunol. 16, 1628478 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1200_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12318","volume":"79","author":"M Granot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Granot, M. et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with autoimmune gastritis. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 79, 501\u2013509 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"1200_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70187","volume":"81","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Pediatric autoimmune gastritis: an international, multicentric study. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 81, 1142\u20131150 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"1200_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939209146132","volume":"12","author":"K Murakami","year":"1992","unstructured":"Murakami, K. et al. Germ-free condition and the susceptibility of BALB\/c mice to post-thymectomy autoimmune gastritis. Autoimmunity 12, 69\u201370 (1992).","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"1200_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.08.004","volume":"14","author":"A Di Sabatino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Di Sabatino, A., Lenti, M. V., Giuffrida, P., Vanoli, A. & Corazza, G. R. New insights into immune mechanisms underlying autoimmune diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Autoimmun. Rev. 14, 1161\u20131169 (2015).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"1200_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.10.1.39","volume":"10","author":"R Fiasse","year":"1969","unstructured":"Fiasse, R., Brus, I., Code, C. F. & Glass, G. B. Short-term study of the effect of human parietal cell antibody on the secretion of hydrochloric acid in rats. Gut 10, 39\u201344 (1969).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199711133372007","volume":"337","author":"BH Toh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Toh, B. H., van Driel, I. R. & Gleeson, P. A. Pernicious anemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1441\u20131448 (1997).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198309153091102","volume":"309","author":"HJ De Aizpurua","year":"1983","unstructured":"De Aizpurua, H. J., Cosgrove, L. J., Ungar, B. & Toh, B. H. Autoantibodies cytotoxic to gastric parietal cells in serum of patients with pernicious anemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 309, 625\u2013629 (1983).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5214","volume":"247","author":"LH Osaki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Osaki, L. H. et al. Interferon-\u03b3 directly induces gastric epithelial cell death and is required for progression to metaplasia. J. Pathol. 247, 513\u2013523 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.12.012","volume":"5","author":"KA Bockerstett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bockerstett, K. A. et al. Interleukin-17A promotes parietal cell atrophy by inducing apoptosis. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 678\u2013690 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1200_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.09.012","volume":"13","author":"CN Noto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Noto, C. N. et al. IL13 Acts directly on gastric epithelial cells to promote metaplasia development during chronic gastritis. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13, 623\u2013642 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1200_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000510","volume":"13","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Mucosal overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 13, e00510 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.952674","volume":"13","author":"C Della Bella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Della Bella, C. et al. Gastric Th17 cells specific for H\u207a\/K\u207a-ATPase and serum IL-17 signature in gastric autoimmunity. Front. Immunol. 13, 952674 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1200_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.887256","volume":"13","author":"C Della Bella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Della Bella, C. et al. Elevated IL-19 serum levels in patients with pernicious anemia and autoimmune gastritis. Front. Immunol. 13, 887256 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1200_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.7704\/kjhugr.2025.0011","volume":"25","author":"YH Ahn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahn, Y. H. & Kim, Y. S. Autoimmune gastritis: unveiling the mystery. Korean J. Helicobacter Up. Gastrointest. Res. 25, 134\u2013145 (2025).","journal-title":"Korean J. Helicobacter Up. Gastrointest. Res."},{"key":"1200_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113344","volume":"81","author":"FA Karlsson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Karlsson, F. A., Burman, P., L\u00f6\u00f6f, L. & M\u00e5rdh, S. Major parietal cell antigen in autoimmune gastritis with pernicious anemia is the acid-producing H\u207a,K\u207a-adenosine triphosphatase of the stomach. J. Clin. Invest. 81, 475\u2013479 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1200_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.6.647","volume":"31","author":"K Valnes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Valnes, K., Huitfeldt, H. S. & Brandtzaeg, P. Relation between T cell number and epithelial HLA class II expression quantified by image analysis in normal and inflamed human gastric mucosa. Gut 31, 647\u2013652 (1990).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.21187","volume":"120","author":"MM D\u2019Elios","year":"2001","unstructured":"D\u2019Elios, M. M. et al. H+, K+-ATPase (proton pump) is the target autoantigen of Th1-type cytotoxic T cells in autoimmune gastritis. Gastroenterology 120, 377\u2013386 (2001). Seminal paper that describes the presence of T lymphocytes targeting the proton pump in autoimmune gastritis.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1200_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003787","volume":"188","author":"H Nishiura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nishiura, H. et al. Increased susceptibility to autoimmune gastritis in thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 188, 190\u2013197 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1200_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030530","volume":"198","author":"A Amedei","year":"2003","unstructured":"Amedei, A. et al. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori antigens and H+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase in human gastric autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1147\u20131156 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2004.06.001","volume":"10","author":"MM D\u2019Elios","year":"2004","unstructured":"D\u2019Elios, M. M., Appelmelk, B. J., Amedei, A., Bergman, M. P. & Del Prete, G. Gastric autoimmunity: the role of Helicobacter pylori and molecular mimicry. Trends Mol. Med. 10, 316\u2013323 (2004).","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(99)80041-7","volume":"195","author":"G Faller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Faller, G. et al. Decrease of antigastric autoantibodies in Helicobacter pylori gastritis after cure of infection. Pathol. Res. Pract. 195, 243\u2013246 (1999).","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"1200_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-328345","volume":"72","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V., Broglio, G. & Di Sabatino, A. Unravelling the risk of developing gastric cancer in autoimmune gastritis. Gut 72, 1429\u20131430 (2023).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.8.1102","volume":"52","author":"M Ohana","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ohana, M. et al. Inhibitory effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on murine autoimmune gastritis. Gut 52, 1102\u20131110 (2003).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.04.011","volume":"42","author":"E Lahner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. HLA-DRB1*03 and DRB1*04 are associated with atrophic gastritis in an Italian population. Dig. Liver Dis. 42, 854\u2013859 (2010).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-1415.158055","volume":"43","author":"L El-Ahwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Ahwal, L. & AbdEL-Bar, E. S. The frequency of HLA DRB1-DQB1 alleles in autoimmune type 1 diabetes with or without autoimmune thyroid disease. Tanta Med. J. 43, 66\u201371 (2015).","journal-title":"Tanta Med. J."},{"key":"1200_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002948","volume":"119","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Distinguishing features of autoimmune gastritis depending on previous Helicobacter pylori infection or positivity to anti-parietal cell antibodies: results from the Autoimmune gastRitis Italian netwOrk Study grOup (ARIOSO). Am. J. Gastroenterol. 119, 2408\u20132417 (2024). Large multicentre study investigating the clinical differences in patients with autoimmune gastritis depending on exposure to H. pylori.","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11050648","volume":"11","author":"V De Re","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Re, V. et al. Polymorphism in Toll-like receptors and Helicobacter pylori motility in autoimmune atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. Cancers 11, 648 (2019).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"1200_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.5395","volume":"8","author":"M Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song, M. et al. Association of antiparietal cell and anti-intrinsic factor antibodies with risk of gastric cancer. JAMA Oncol. 8, 268\u2013274 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"1200_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081938","volume":"8","author":"G Pivetta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pivetta, G. et al. Gastric microbiota gender differences in subjects with healthy stomachs and autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Microorganisms 8, 1938 (2023).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"1200_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880499","volume":"15","author":"M Torbenson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Torbenson, M., Abraham, S. C., Boitnott, J., Yardley, J. H. & Wu, T. T. Autoimmune gastritis: distinct histological and immunohistochemical findings before complete loss of oxyntic glands. Mod. Pathol. 15, 102\u2013109 (2002).","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000481","volume":"39","author":"ME Pittman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pittman, M. E., Voltaggio, L., Bhaijee, F., Robertson, S. A. & Montgomery, E. A. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis: recognizing precursor lesions for appropriate patient evaluation. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 39, 1611\u20131620 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.09.003","volume":"53","author":"M Rugge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rugge, M. et al. Histological assessment of gastric pseudopyloric metaplasia: intra- and inter-observer consistency. Dig. Liver Dis. 53, 61\u201365 (2021).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-854-PACMIA","volume":"127","author":"NC Jhala","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jhala, N. C. et al. Pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia in autoimmune gastritis. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 127, 854\u2013857 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01301.x","volume":"16","author":"M Rugge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rugge, M. et al. Gastric mucosal atrophy: interobserver consistency using new criteria for classification and grading. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 16, 1249\u20131259 (2002).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1200_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.106666","volume":"56","author":"M Rugge","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rugge, M. et al. Gastritis staging in clinical practice: the OLGA staging system. Gut 56, 631\u2013636 (2007).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2021.07.002","volume":"116","author":"O Kulak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kulak, O., Gurram, B., Montgomery, E. A. & Park, J. Y. Pediatric autoimmune gastritis: clinical correlates and histologic features. Hum. Pathol. 116, 31\u201338 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-337458","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Novel insights into autoimmune gastritis: clinical profile and gastric neoplastic risk from an international multicentre study. Gut https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-337458 (2026).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000489902","volume":"107","author":"A Vanoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vanoli, A. et al. Prognostic evaluations tailored to specific gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: analysis of 200 cases with extended follow-up. Neuroendocrinology 107, 114\u2013126 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"1200_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100098","volume":"36","author":"JC Poveda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poveda, J. C., Chahar, S., Garcia-Buitrago, M. T., Montgomery, E. A. & McDonald, O. G. The morphologic spectrum of gastric type 1 enterochromaffin-like cell neuroendocrine tumors. Mod. Pathol. 36, 100098 (2023).","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.02.005","volume":"44","author":"A Vanoli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vanoli, A. et al. Histologic changes in type A chronic atrophic gastritis indicating increased risk of neuroendocrine tumor development: the predictive role of dysplastic and severely hyperplastic enterochromaffin-like cell lesions. Hum. Pathol. 44, 1827\u20131837 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181f623af","volume":"34","author":"JY Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park, J. Y., Cornish, T. C., Lam-Himlin, D., Shi, C. & Montgomery, E. Gastric lesions in patients with autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) in a tertiary care setting. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 34, 1591\u20131598 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2024.100491","volume":"37","author":"V Angerilli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Angerilli, V. et al. Gastric carcinoma in autoimmune gastritis: a histopathologic and molecular study. Mod. Pathol. 37, 100491 (2024).","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619891580","volume":"8","author":"F Weise","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weise, F. et al. Gastric cancer in autoimmune gastritis: a case-control study from the German centers of the staR project on gastric cancer research. U Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 8, 175\u2013184 (2020).","journal-title":"U Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"1200_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111992","volume":"8","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Cell blood count alterations and patterns of anaemia in autoimmune atrophic gastritis at diagnosis: a multicentre study. J. Clin. Med. 8, 1992 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100861","volume":"75","author":"C Camaschella","year":"2020","unstructured":"Camaschella, C. & Girelli, D. The changing landscape of iron deficiency. Mol. Asp. Med. 75, 100861 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.40","volume":"3","author":"R Green","year":"2017","unstructured":"Green, R. et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3, 17040 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"1200_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15317","volume":"50","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Determinants of diagnostic delay in autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 50, 167\u2013175 (2019).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1200_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-09-3534","volume":"107","author":"C Hershko","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hershko, C. et al. Variable hematologic presentation of autoimmune gastritis: age-related progression from iron deficiency to cobalamin depletion. Blood 107, 1673\u20131679 (2006).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1200_CR116","first-page":"204","volume":"32","author":"[No authors listed]","year":"1974","unstructured":"[No authors listed] Abnormal fatty acid synthesis associated with faulty utilization of vitamin B12. Nutr. Rev. 32, 204\u2013206 (1974).","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"1200_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198806303182604","volume":"318","author":"J Lindenbaum","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lindenbaum, J. et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 318, 1720\u20131728 (1988).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5216.1840","volume":"2","author":"AD Smith","year":"1960","unstructured":"Smith, A. D. Megaloblastic madness. Br. Med. J. 2, 1840\u20131845 (1960).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"1200_CR119","volume":"16","author":"H Xiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiang, H. & Cai, M. Coexistence of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord due to autoimmune gastritis: a case report and literature review. Cureus 16, e63084 (2024).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1200_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029226","volume":"101","author":"Z Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, Z. & Yu, X. A case report: subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord and pernicious anemia caused by autoimmune gastritis. Medicine 101, e29226 (2022).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"1200_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.4684-20","volume":"59","author":"K Ota","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ota, K. et al. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord caused by autoimmune gastritis. Intern. Med. 59, 2113\u20132116 (2020).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.619176","volume":"12","author":"RV Behere","year":"2021","unstructured":"Behere, R. V. et al. Maternal vitamin B12 status during pregnancy and its association with outcomes of pregnancy and health of the offspring: a systematic review and implications for policy in India. Front. Endocrinol. 12, 619176 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1200_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1823-0","volume":"13","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Infertility and recurrent miscarriage in a patient with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Intern. Emerg. Med. 13, 815\u2013816 (2018).","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2022.10.003","volume":"55","author":"E Miceli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miceli, E. et al. Pregnancy-related complications in autoimmune atrophic gastritis: a monocentric experience. Dig. Liver Dis. 55, 146\u2013148 (2023).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i23.3733","volume":"29","author":"RE Rossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rossi, R. E. et al. Paradoxical association between dyspepsia and autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis: insights into mechanisms, pathophysiology, and treatment options. World J. Gastroenterol. 29, 3733\u20133747 (2023).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-3033","volume":"30","author":"V Pilotto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pilotto, V. et al. Objective evidence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease is rare in patients with autoimmune gastritis. J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis. 30, 30\u201336 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12723","volume":"28","author":"A Tenca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tenca, A. et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux and antisecretory drugs use among patients with chronic autoimmune atrophic gastritis: a study with pH-impedance monitoring. Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 28, 274\u2013280 (2016). Study reporting the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with autoimmune gastritis.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"1200_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.07.024","volume":"57","author":"S Massironi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Massironi, S. et al. Occurrence and characteristics of endoscopic gastric polyps in patients with autoimmune gastritis (AGAPE study): a multicentric cross-sectional study. Dig. Liver Dis. 57, 198\u2013205 (2025).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-025-01649-z","volume":"28","author":"A Takasu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Takasu, A. Comparison of clinicopathological features of gastric carcinoma in autoimmune gastritis with and without Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastric Cancer 28, 1182\u20131189 (2025).","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"1200_CR130","first-page":"100","volume":"89","author":"KI Rodriguez-Castro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Castro, K. I. et al. Autoimmune diseases in autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Acta Biomed. 89, 100\u2013103 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"1200_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08830180590884413","volume":"24","author":"S Whittingham","year":"2005","unstructured":"Whittingham, S. & Mackay, I. R. Autoimmune gastritis: historical antecedents, outstanding discoveries, and unresolved problems. Int. Rev. Immunol. 24, 1\u201329 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1200_CR132","first-page":"376","volume":"67","author":"A Van den Driessche","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van den Driessche, A., Eenkhoorn, V., Van Gaal, L. & De Block, C. Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome: a clinical review. Neth. J. Med. 67, 376\u2013387 (2009).","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01820.x","volume":"19","author":"L Santarelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Santarelli, L. et al. Atrophic gastritis as a cause of hyperhomocysteinaemia. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 19, 107\u2013111 (2004).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1200_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101780","volume":"46","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V. et al. Red flags for the diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. 46, 101780 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-022-01954-9","volume":"58","author":"T Kamada","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamada, T. et al. Diagnostic criteria and endoscopic and histological findings of autoimmune gastritis in Japan. J. Gastroenterol. 58, 185\u2013195 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-022-01617-5","volume":"15","author":"T Kotera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kotera, T., Yamanishi, M., Kushima, R. & Haruma, K. Early autoimmune gastritis presenting with a normal endoscopic appearance. Clin. J. Gastroenterol. 15, 547\u2013552 (2022). This study found that patients with early-stage autoimmune gastritis can have no endoscopic signs of gastritis.","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1159\/000103886","volume":"25","author":"GL de Angelis","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Angelis, G. L. et al. Usefulness of a serological panel test in the assessment of gastritis in symptomatic children. Dig. Dis. 25, 206\u2013213 (2007).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14248","volume":"46","author":"RM Zagari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zagari, R. M. et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: diagnostic performance of the combination of pepsinogen, gastrin-17 and anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies serum assays for the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 46, 657\u2013667 (2017).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1200_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000101","volume":"49","author":"E Miceli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miceli, E. et al. A laboratory score in the diagnosis of autoimmune atrophic gastritis: a prospective study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 49, e1\u2013e5 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199610000-00001","volume":"20","author":"MF Dixon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dixon, M. F., Genta, R. M., Yardley, J. H. & Correa, P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 20, 1161\u20131167 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"1200_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000140","volume":"114","author":"S Pikkarainen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pikkarainen, S. et al. A high prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations in common variable immunodeficiency. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 114, 648\u2013655 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.09.016","volume":"51","author":"E Lahner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. Chronic atrophic gastritis: natural history, diagnosis and therapeutic management. A position paper by the Italian Society of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Digestive Endoscopists (AIGO), the Italian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SIED), the Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE), and the Italian Society of Internal Medicine (SIMI). Dig. Liver Dis. 51, 1621\u20131632 (2019).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.10.015","volume":"58","author":"E Lahner","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. Autoimmune gastritis: Diagnosis, clinical management and natural history. A position paper by the Autoimmune gastRitis Italian netwOrk Study grOup (ARIOSO). Dig. Liver Dis. 58, 38\u201350 (2026).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1200_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2020.200912","author":"JP Rothen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rothen, J. P. et al. Identification of patients with cobalamin deficiency crucially depends on the diagnostic strategy. Clin. Lab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2020.200912 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"1200_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-06224-8","volume":"15","author":"R Dastidar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dastidar, R. & Sikder, K. Diagnostic reliability of serum active B12 (holo-transcobalamin) in true evaluation of vitamin B12 deficiency: relevance in current perspective. BMC Res. Notes 15, 329 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"1200_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06656-x","volume":"66","author":"E Miceli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miceli, E. et al. Impaired quality of life in patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Dig. Dis. Sci. 66, 3322\u20133329 (2021).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1200_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1113996","volume":"368","author":"SP Stabler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stabler, S. P. Clinical practice. Vitamin B12 deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 149\u2013160 (2013).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2015.1.8","volume":"2015","author":"C Camaschella","year":"2015","unstructured":"Camaschella, C. Iron deficiency: new insights into diagnosis and treatment. Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program 2015, 8\u201313 (2015).","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"1200_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194199","volume":"15","author":"L Dottori","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dottori, L. et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with corpus atrophic gastritis: a retrospective study. Nutrients 15, 4199 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1200_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)90650-4","volume":"1","author":"JM Scott","year":"1981","unstructured":"Scott, J. M. & Weir, D. G. The methyl folate trap. A physiological response in man to prevent methyl group deficiency in kwashiorkor (methionine deficiency) and an explanation for folic-acid induced exacerbation of subacute combined degeneration in pernicious anaemia. Lancet 1, 337\u2013340 (1981).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1200_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v15.i8.1451","volume":"15","author":"S Massironi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Massironi, S. et al. Incidence and prevalence of gastric neuroendocrine tumors in patients with chronic atrophic autoimmune gastritis. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 15, 1451\u20131460 (2023).","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"1200_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031062","volume":"12","author":"C Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, C., Yang, Y., Li, P. & Hu, H. Incidence of gastric neoplasms arising from autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis: a systematic review and case reports. J. Clin. Med. 12, 1062 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"1200_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-023-14712-9","volume":"31","author":"C Sok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sok, C., Ajay, P. S., Tsagkalidis, V., Kooby, D. A. & Shah, M. M. Management of gastric neuroendocrine tumors: a review. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 31, 1509\u20131518 (2024).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"1200_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181ebb168","volume":"39","author":"MH Kulke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kulke, M. H. et al. NANETS treatment guidelines: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach and pancreas. Pancreas 39, 735\u2013752 (2010).","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"1200_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12177","volume":"37","author":"L Vannella","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vannella, L., Lahner, E., Osborn, J. & Annibale, B. Systematic review: gastric cancer incidence in pernicious anaemia. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 37, 375\u2013382 (2013).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"1200_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3867","volume":"351","author":"H Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song, H. et al. Incidence of gastric cancer among patients with gastric precancerous lesions: observational cohort study in a low risk Western population. BMJ 351, h3867 (2015).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1200_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000862","volume":"16","author":"E Lahner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lahner, E. et al. Clinical and endoscopic-histological features of multifocal and corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis patients with non-cardia gastric cancer or dysplasia: a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol. 16, e00862 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122734","volume":"15","author":"K Halczuk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Halczuk, K., Ka\u017amierczak-Bara\u0144ska, J., Karwowski, B. T., Karma\u0144ska, A. & Cie\u015blak, M. Vitamin B12-multifaceted in vivo functions and in vitro applications. Nutrients 15, 2734 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1200_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2529-5025","volume":"57","author":"M Dinis-Ribeiro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dinis-Ribeiro, M. et al. Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and early neoplasia of the stomach (MAPS III): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG) and European Society of Pathology (ESP) guideline update 2025. Endoscopy 57, 504\u2013554 (2025).","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"1200_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003350","volume":"120","author":"DR Morgan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Morgan, D. R. et al. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of gastric premalignant conditions. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 120, 709\u2013737 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003522","volume":"120","author":"MV Lenti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lenti, M. V., Miceli, E., Camargo, M. C. & Di Sabatino, A. Letter to the Editor. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 120, 2964 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1200_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.08.032","volume":"168","author":"SG Hoft","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoft, S. G. et al. Unveiling cancer-related metaplastic cells in both Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune gastritis. Gastroenterology 168, 53\u201367 (2025).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1200_CR163","first-page":"359","volume":"3","author":"AJ Wall","year":"1968","unstructured":"Wall, A. J., Whittingham, S., Mackay, I. R. & Ungar, B. Prednisolone and gastric atrophy. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 3, 359\u2013366 (1968).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"1200_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.14.2.104","volume":"14","author":"AD Jorge","year":"1973","unstructured":"Jorge, A. D. & Sanchez, D. The effect of azathioprine on gastric mucosal histology and acid secretion in chronic gastritis. Gut 14, 104\u2013106 (1973).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1200_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.950553","volume":"26","author":"R De Bastiani","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Bastiani, R., Fassan, M., Businello, G. & Tursi, A. Improvement in chronic atrophic gastritis after treatment with zinc L-carnosine. Am. J. Case Rep. 26, e950553 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"1200_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5781","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i42.5781","volume":"29","author":"YF Yu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu, Y. F. et al. Research status and hotspots of autoimmune gastritis: a bibliometric analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 29, 5781\u20135799 (2023).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01200-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01200-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01200-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T12:01:55Z","timestamp":1785240115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01200-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-026-01200-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}