{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:35:49Z","timestamp":1793021749829,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-026-01229-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T09:58:15Z","timestamp":1785751095000},"page":"863-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multidisciplinary Delphi consensus statement on minimal standards for clinical metadata and end points in microbiome studies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2195-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Schierwagen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Carraturo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anandhi","family":"Iyappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2879-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian J.","family":"Brol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-9172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celine","family":"Druart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9443-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mads","family":"Israelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Hassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8547-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Legent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5643-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrado","family":"Vecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida Falk","family":"Villesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Jarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0886-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manimozhiyan","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9598-4932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Krag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5452-3382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Maguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peer","family":"Bork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Human Microbiome Action Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Typas","family":"Nassos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dienty Hendrina Maria Johanna","family":"Hazenbrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hub","family":"Zwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Zitvogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Derosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Alves Costa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Blotti\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aicha","family":"Kriaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moez","family":"Rhimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Louis","family":"Prost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fay","family":"Betsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Cordaillat-Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Boutron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Ravaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Haller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira","family":"Metwaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"O\u2019Toole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aonghus","family":"Lavelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Claesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphaela","family":"Joos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Shkoporov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Loftus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjun","family":"Sarathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitalina","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Segata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Asnicar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Kampshoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8756-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Dor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7028-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonel","family":"Trebicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1229_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00525-18","volume":"9","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schloss, P. D. Identifying and overcoming threats to reproducibility, replicability, robustness, and generalizability in microbiome research. mBio 9, e00525-18 (2018).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"1229_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00856-3","volume":"8","author":"GCA Amos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amos, G. C. A. et al. Developing standards for the microbiome field. Microbiome 8, 98 (2020).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1229_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01313-z","volume":"10","author":"C Sergaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sergaki, C. et al. Developing whole cell standards for the microbiome field. Microbiome 10, 123 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1229_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11461-w","volume":"10","author":"Y Perez-Riverol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Perez-Riverol, Y. et al. Quantifying the impact of public omics data. Nat. Commun. 10, 3512 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1229_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-022-00425-1","volume":"17","author":"T Cernava","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cernava, T. et al. Metadata harmonization\u2014standards are the key for a better usage of omics data for integrative microbiome analysis. Environ. Microbiome 17, 33 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiome"},{"key":"1229_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsu, C.-C. & Sandford, B. A. The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 12, 10 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7275\/PDZ9-TH90 (2007).","DOI":"10.7275\/PDZ9-TH90"},{"key":"1229_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00457","volume":"8","author":"M Niederberger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niederberger, M. & Spranger, J. Delphi technique in health sciences: a map. Front. Public Health 8, 457 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"1229_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v11.i4.116","volume":"11","author":"P Nasa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasa, P., Jain, R. & Juneja, D. Delphi methodology in healthcare research: how to decide its appropriateness. World J. Methodol. 11, 116\u2013129 (2021).","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"1229_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.011","volume":"6","author":"J Rodriguez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rodriguez, J. et al. State of the art and the future of microbiome-based biomarkers: a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus. Lancet Microbe 6, 100948 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"1229_CR10","first-page":"317","volume":"13","author":"V Mahajan","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mahajan, V., Linstone, H. A. & Turoff, M. The Delphi method: techniques and applications. J. Mark. Res. 13, 317 (1976).","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"1229_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101401","volume":"8","author":"D Beiderbeck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beiderbeck, D., Frevel, N., von der Gracht, H. A., Schmidt, S. L. & Schweitzer, V. M. Preparing, conducting, and analyzing Delphi surveys: cross-disciplinary practices, new directions, and advancements. MethodsX 8, 101401 (2021).","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"1229_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2021.06.027","volume":"18","author":"S Drumm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drumm, S., Bradley, C. & Moriarty, F. \u2018More of an art than a science\u2019? The development, design and mechanics of the Delphi technique. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm. 18, 2230\u20132236 (2022).","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"1229_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1344-2","volume":"25","author":"I Douven","year":"2018","unstructured":"Douven, I. A Bayesian perspective on Likert scales and central tendency. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 25, 1203\u20131211 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"1229_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac8469","volume":"350","author":"PW O\u2019Toole","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole, P. W. & Jeffery, I. B. Gut microbiota and aging. Science 350, 1214\u20131215 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1229_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0330-6","volume":"14","author":"A Wilharm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilharm, A. et al. Microbiota-dependent expansion of testicular IL-17-producing V\u03b36+ \u03b3\u03b4 T cells upon puberty promotes local tissue immune surveillance. Mucosal Immunol. 14, 242\u2013252 (2021).","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"1229_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04955-7","volume":"25","author":"H Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Gender-specific protective effects of dietary index for gut microbiota on cardiovascular disease: insights from NHANES 2007\u20132020. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 25, 500 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"1229_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53837-z","volume":"14","author":"H-K Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, H.-K. et al. Gut microbiome signature of metabolically healthy obese individuals according to anthropometric, metabolic and inflammatory parameters. Sci. Rep. 14, 3449 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1229_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00243","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00243-25","volume":"10","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Multi-trajectories of BMI, waist circumference, gut microbiota, and incident dyslipidemia: a 27-year prospective study. mSystems 10, e00243-25 (2025).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"1229_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.09.001","volume":"95","author":"VT Pham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pham, V. T., Dold, S., Rehman, A., Bird, J. K. & Steinert, R. E. Vitamins, the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal health in humans. Nutr. Res. 95, 35\u201353 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"1229_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463570","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2463570","volume":"17","author":"HK Ast","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ast, H. K. et al. Gut microbiome changes with micronutrient supplementation in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: the MADDY study. Gut Microbes 17, 2463570 (2025).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1229_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46116-y","volume":"15","author":"M Ni Lochlainn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ni Lochlainn, M. et al. Effect of gut microbiome modulation on muscle function and cognition: the PROMOTe randomised controlled trial. Nat. Commun. 15, 1859 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1229_CR22","first-page":"101195","volume":"50","author":"R Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, R. et al. Association between gut microbiome profiles and host metabolic health across the life course: a population-based study. Lancet Reg. Health 50, 101195 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health"},{"key":"1229_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52598-7","volume":"15","author":"GP Schmartz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schmartz, G. P. et al. Decoding the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of microbiota using pan-body pan-disease microbiomics. Nat. Commun. 15, 8261 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1229_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-021-01007-5","volume":"13","author":"RL Walker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walker, R. L. et al. Population study of the gut microbiome: associations with diet, lifestyle, and cardiometabolic disease. Genome Med. 13, 188 (2021).","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"1229_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14177-z","volume":"11","author":"A Vich Vila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vich Vila, A. et al. Impact of commonly used drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Nat. Commun. 11, 362 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1229_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320204","volume":"69","author":"RK Weersma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weersma, R. K., Zhernakova, A. & Fu, J. Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. Gut 69, 1510\u20131519 (2020).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1229_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71571-4","volume":"14","author":"A Larsson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Larsson, A. et al. New connections of medication use and polypharmacy with the gut microbiota composition and functional potential in a large population. Sci. Rep. 14, 23723 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1229_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310376","volume":"65","author":"F Imhann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imhann, F. et al. Proton pump inhibitors affect the gut microbiome. Gut 65, 740\u2013748 (2016).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1229_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310861","volume":"65","author":"MA Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson, M. A. et al. Proton pump inhibitors alter the composition of the gut microbiota. Gut 65, 749\u2013756 (2016).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1229_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101805","volume":"77","author":"P Petakh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petakh, P., Kamyshna, I. & Kamyshnyi, A. Effects of metformin on the gut microbiota: a systematic review. Mol. Metab. 77, 101805 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"1229_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2269-x","volume":"581","author":"S Vieira-Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vieira-Silva, S. et al. Statin therapy is associated with lower prevalence of gut microbiota dysbiosis. Nature 581, 310\u2013315 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1229_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1175-y","volume":"15","author":"RK Singh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh, R. K. et al. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J. Transl. Med. 15, 73 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1229_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00375-4","volume":"18","author":"SK Gill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gill, S. K., Rossi, M., Bajka, B. & Whelan, K. Dietary fibre in gastrointestinal health and disease. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 101\u2013116 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1229_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3503","volume":"352","author":"G Falony","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falony, G. et al. Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science 352, 560\u2013564 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1229_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00376-3","volume":"18","author":"J Trebicka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Trebicka, J., Bork, P., Krag, A. & Arumugam, M. Utilizing the gut microbiome in decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 167\u2013180 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1229_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01552-x","volume":"27","author":"C Mirzayi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mirzayi, C. et al. Reporting guidelines for human microbiome research: the STORMS checklist. Nat. Med. 27, 1885\u20131892 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1229_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.09.022","volume":"115","author":"AJ McGuinness","year":"2024","unstructured":"McGuinness, A. J. et al. From hype to hope: considerations in conducting robust microbiome science. Brain Behav. Immun. 115, 120\u2013130 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"1229_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03560-1","volume":"81","author":"EL Brown","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brown, E. L. et al. C-reactive protein levels correlate with measures of dysglycemia and gut microbiome profiles. Curr. Microbiol. 81, 45 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"1229_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18871-1","volume":"11","author":"O Manor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manor, O. et al. Health and disease markers correlate with gut microbiome composition across thousands of people. Nat. Commun. 11, 5206 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1229_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020230","volume":"8","author":"H-Y Yoon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoon, H.-Y. et al. The relationship between platelet count and host gut microbiota: a population-based retrospective cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Med. 8, 230 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"1229_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwaa009","volume":"4","author":"BD Kyle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kyle, B. D. et al. Fecal calprotectin, CRP and leucocytes in IBD patients: comparison of biomarkers with biopsy results. J. Can. Assoc. Gastroenterol. 4, 84\u201390 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Can. Assoc. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1229_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306807","volume":"117","author":"J Fu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fu, J. et al. The gut microbiome contributes to a substantial proportion of the variation in blood lipids. Circ. Res. 117, 817\u2013824 (2015).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"1229_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvae079","volume":"70","author":"L Bonstingl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bonstingl, L. et al. Clinical application of ISO and CEN\/TS standards for liquid biopsies\u2014information everybody wants but nobody wants to pay for. Clin. Chem. 70, 1140\u20131150 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"1229_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2018.1527394","volume":"53","author":"R Kalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalla, R. et al. Patients\u2019 perceptions of faecal calprotectin testing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a prospective multicentre patient-based survey. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 53, 1437\u20131442 (2018).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1229_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2019.1618910","volume":"54","author":"A-M Puolanne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Puolanne, A.-M., Kolho, K.-L., Alfthan, H. & F\u00e4rkkil\u00e4, M. Is home monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease feasible? A randomized controlled study. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 54, 849\u2013854 (2019).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1229_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001140","volume":"23","author":"A Buisson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buisson, A. et al. Comparative acceptability and perceived clinical utility of monitoring tools: a nationwide survey of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 23, 1425\u20131433 (2017).","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"1229_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3960","volume":"35","author":"PI Costea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Costea, P. I. et al. Towards standards for human fecal sample processing in metagenomic studies. Nat. Biotechnol. 35, 1069\u20131076 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1229_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e684","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp14X682261","volume":"64","author":"DM Lecky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lecky, D. M., Hawking, M. K. D. & McNulty, C. A. M. Patients\u2019 perspectives on providing a stool sample to their GP: a qualitative study. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 64, e684\u2013e693 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"1229_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14803-9","volume":"12","author":"S Grego","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grego, S. et al. A hands-free stool sampling system for monitoring intestinal health and disease. Sci. Rep. 12, 10859 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1229_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889702","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.889702","volume":"13","author":"H Hua","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hua, H. et al. A wipe-based stool collection and preservation kit for microbiome community profiling. Front. Immunol. 13, 889702 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1229_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00818","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00818-24","volume":"10","author":"CR Kok","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kok, C. R. et al. Field expedient stool collection methods for gut microbiome analysis in deployed military environments. mSphere 10, e00818-24 (2025).","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"1229_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2024.12.007","volume":"10","author":"I Isali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Isali, I., Wong, T. R. & Tian, S. Best practice guidelines for collecting microbiome samples in research studies. Eur. Urol. Focus 10, 909\u2013913 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"1229_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-019-01346-2","volume":"78","author":"SR Hogue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hogue, S. R., Gomez, M. F., da Silva, W. V. & Pierce, C. M. A customized at-home stool collection protocol for use in microbiome studies conducted in cancer patient populations. Microb. Ecol. 78, 1030\u20131034 (2019).","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"1229_CR54","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization. Molecular In Vitro Diagnostic Examinations - Specifications for Pre-examination Processes for Human Specimens - Isolated Microbiome DNA. German version CEN\/TS 17626:2021 (European Committee for Standardization, 2022)."},{"key":"1229_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091976","volume":"14","author":"C Stumptner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stumptner, C. et al. The pre-analytical CEN\/TS standard for microbiome diagnostics\u2014how can research and development benefit? Nutrients 14, 1976 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1229_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309618","volume":"65","author":"D Vandeputte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vandeputte, D. et al. Stool consistency is strongly associated with gut microbiota richness and composition, enterotypes and bacterial growth rates. Gut 65, 57\u201362 (2016).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1229_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00984","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00984-25","volume":"10","author":"G Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang, G. et al. Metagenomic estimation of absolute bacterial biomass in the mammalian gut through host-derived read normalization. mSystems 10, e00984-25 (2025).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"1229_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.10.022","volume":"188","author":"S Nishijima","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nishijima, S. et al. Fecal microbial load is a major determinant of gut microbiome variation and a confounder for disease associations. Cell 188, 222\u2013236.e15 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1229_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1519-2","volume":"19","author":"S Moossavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moossavi, S. et al. Assessment of the impact of different fecal storage protocols on the microbiota diversity and composition: a pilot study. BMC Microbiol. 19, 145 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"1229_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2019.105668","volume":"164","author":"AC Ezzy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ezzy, A. C. et al. Storage and handling of human faecal samples affect the gut microbiome composition: a feasibility study. J. Microbiol. Methods 164, 105668 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"1229_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00021","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00021-16","volume":"1","author":"SJ Song","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song, S. J. et al. Preservation methods differ in fecal microbiome stability, affecting suitability for field studies. mSystems 1, e00021-16 (2016).","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"1229_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0639-8","volume":"16","author":"AY Voigt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voigt, A. Y. et al. Temporal and technical variability of human gut metagenomes. Genome Biol. 16, 73 (2015).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"1229_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22491-7","volume":"8","author":"JS Penington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Penington, J. S. et al. Influence of fecal collection conditions and 16S rRNA gene sequencing at two centers on human gut microbiota analysis. Sci. Rep. 8, 4386 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1229_CR64","volume":"14","author":"C Connan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Connan, C. et al. Associations among diet, health, lifestyle, and gut microbiota composition in the general French population: protocol for the Le French Gut - Le microbiote fran\u00e7ais study. J. Med. Internet Res. Res. Protoc. 14, e64894 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res. Res. Protoc."},{"key":"1229_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01991-x","volume":"12","author":"J Rodriguez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodriguez, J. et al. Microbiome testing in Europe: navigating analytical, ethical and regulatory challenges. Microbiome 12, 258 (2024).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1229_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.151803.112","volume":"23","author":"CA Lozupone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lozupone, C. A. et al. Meta-analyses of studies of the human microbiota. Genome Res. 23, 1704\u20131714 (2013).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"1229_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-19","volume":"2","author":"A Wesolowska-Andersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wesolowska-Andersen, A. et al. Choice of bacterial DNA extraction method from fecal material influences community structure as evaluated by metagenomic analysis. Microbiome 2, 19 (2014).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1229_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484183","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1484183","volume":"16","author":"J Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park, J. & Park, T. Composite quantile regression approach to batch effect correction in microbiome data. Front. Microbiol. 16, 1484183 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"1229_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-01954-4","volume":"10","author":"GI Austin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Austin, G. I. et al. Processing-bias correction with DEBIAS-M improves cross-study generalization of microbiome-based prediction models. Nat. Microbiol. 10, 897\u2013911 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"1229_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375679","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2375679","volume":"16","author":"S Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, S. & Lee, I. Comprehensive assessment of machine learning methods for diagnosing gastrointestinal diseases through whole metagenome sequencing data. Gut Microbes 16, 2375679 (2024).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1229_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.08.009","volume":"74","author":"E Sol\u00e0","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sol\u00e0, E. et al. Endpoints and design of clinical trials in patients with decompensated cirrhosis: position paper of the LiverHope Consortium. J. Hepatol. 74, 200\u2013219 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1229_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.04.019","volume":"71","author":"ME Rinella","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rinella, M. E., Tacke, F., Sanyal, A. J., Anstee, Q. M. & participants of the AASLD\/EASL Workshop. Report on the AASLD\/EASL joint workshop on clinical trial endpoints in NAFLD. J. Hepatol. 71, 823\u2013833 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1229_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-09156-x","volume":"22","author":"NA Thompson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thompson, N. A. et al. The MITRE trial protocol: a study to evaluate the microbiome as a biomarker of efficacy and toxicity in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. BMC Cancer 22, 99 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"1229_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113754","volume":"28","author":"L Velo-Suarez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Velo-Suarez, L. et al. Use of microbiome analysis as a complementary endpoint in clinical trials. iScience 28, 113754 (2025).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"1229_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.04.016","volume":"188","author":"S Porcari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Porcari, S. et al. The microbiome for clinicians. Cell 188, 2836\u20132844 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1229_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00311-X","volume":"10","author":"S Porcari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Porcari, S. et al. International consensus statement on microbiome testing in clinical practice. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 154\u2013167 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1229_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24460","volume":"551","author":"D Vandeputte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vandeputte, D. et al. Quantitative microbiome profiling links gut community variation to microbial load. Nature 551, 507\u2013511 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1229_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0175-0","volume":"4","author":"F St\u00e4mmler","year":"2016","unstructured":"St\u00e4mmler, F. et al. Adjusting microbiome profiles for differences in microbial load by spike-in bacteria. Microbiome 4, 28 (2016).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1229_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0841-8","volume":"16","author":"R Sinha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sinha, R., Abnet, C. C., White, O., Knight, R. & Huttenhower, C. The microbiome quality control project: baseline study design and future directions. Genome Biol. 16, 276 (2015).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"1229_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1798-3","volume":"27","author":"CAC Prinsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prinsen, C. A. C. et al. COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Qual. Life Res. 27, 1147\u20131157 (2018).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"1229_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111422","volume":"173","author":"EBM Elsman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elsman, E. B. M. et al. Guideline for reporting systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments (OMIs): PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs 2024. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 173, 111422 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1229_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2019.10.022","volume":"139","author":"ML Reale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reale, M. L. et al. Quality of life analysis in lung cancer: a systematic review of phase III trials published between 2012 and 2018. Lung Cancer 139, 47\u201354 (2020).","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"1229_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.102877","volume":"146","author":"P Lombardi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lombardi, P. et al. Quality of life assessment and reporting in colorectal cancer: a systematic review of phase III trials published between 2012 and 2018. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 146, 102877 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"1229_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00110-9","volume":"24","author":"L Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, L. et al. Single-arm studies involving patient-reported outcome data in oncology: a literature review on current practice. Lancet Oncol. 24, e197\u2013e206 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"1229_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0297","volume":"23","author":"MK Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson, M. K., Friedlander, M. L., Joly, F. & Oza, A. M. A systematic review of health-related quality of life reporting in ovarian cancer phase III clinical trials: room to improve. Oncologist 23, 203\u2013213 (2018).","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"1229_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29756","volume":"67","author":"EB Tapper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tapper, E. B. et al. Patient-reported outcomes in cirrhosis: a scoping review of the literature. Hepatology 67, 2375\u20132383 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1229_CR87","unstructured":"Adler, M. & Ziglio, E. Gazing into the Oracle: The Delphi Method and Its Application to Social Policy and Public Health (Kingsley, 1996)."},{"key":"1229_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457495","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2457495","volume":"17","author":"RI Lau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lau, R. I., Su, Q. & Ng, S. C. Long COVID and gut microbiome: insights into pathogenesis and therapeutics. Gut Microbes 17, 2457495 (2025).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1229_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650852","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650852","volume":"16","author":"JSY Lau","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lau, J. S. Y., Lewin, S. R. & Telwatte, S. HIV and the gut: implications for HIV persistence, immune dysfunction and cure strategies. Front. Immunol. 16, 1650852 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1229_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112437","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v32.i3.112437","volume":"32","author":"T Velikova","year":"2026","unstructured":"Velikova, T. et al. Interplay between viral infections and gut microbiota dysbiosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. World J. Gastroenterol. 32, 112437 (2026).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1229_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-02186-2","volume":"10","author":"JM Kelliher","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kelliher, J. M. et al. STREAMS guidelines: standards for technical reporting in environmental and host-associated microbiome studies. Nat. Microbiol. 10, 3059\u20133068 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"1229_CR92","unstructured":"Eloe-Fadrosh, E. A. et al. in Comparative Genomics, Vol. 2802 (eds Setubal, J. C. et al.) 587\u2013609 (Springer, 2024)."},{"key":"1229_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3981","volume":"35","author":"R Sinha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sinha, R. et al. Assessment of variation in microbial community amplicon sequencing by the Microbiome Quality Control (MBQC) project consortium. Nat. Biotechnol. 35, 1077\u20131086 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1229_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-020-01744-5","volume":"16","author":"R Mandal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mandal, R. et al. Workshop report: toward the development of a human whole stool reference material for metabolomic and metagenomic gut microbiome measurements. Metabolomics 16, 119 (2020).","journal-title":"Metabolomics"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01229-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01229-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01229-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:01:10Z","timestamp":1793019670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01229-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-026-01229-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors acknowledge that papers authored by scholars from historically excluded groups are systematically under-cited. Every attempt has been made to reference relevant papers in a manner that is equitable in terms of racial, ethnic, gender and geographical representation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Citation diversity statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"J.T. has received speaking and\/or consulting fees from Versantis, Gore, Boehringer Ingelheim, Falk, Grifols, Genfit and CSL Behring. C.D. is the inventor of a patent on the use of\n                      Akkermansia muciniphila\n                      and its components for obesity and related disorders. A.\u00a0Krag has served as a speaker and\/or consultant\/advisory board for Novo Nordisk, Norgine, Medscape, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, W4Cure, Sidera Bio, Madrigal and Gilead, all outside the submitted work. A.\u00a0Krag is a board member and co-founder of Evido. A.\u00a0Krag has served as a speaker for Novo Nordisk, Norgine and Siemens and participated in advisory boards for Siemens, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk, all outside the submitted work. A.\u00a0Krag received research support from Astra, Nordic Bioscience, GSK,\u00a0Norgine, Siemens, Nordic Bioscience and Echosense. M.J.B. received speaking fees from AbbVie, Chiesi and Mirum Pharmaceuticals. The other authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests for the wider consortium members are listed in Supplementary Table\n                      \n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}