{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:29:22Z","timestamp":1787149762982,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":272,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-026-01244-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T12:47:05Z","timestamp":1787143625000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sexual dimorphism in the liver"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1959-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anisha","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8437-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satdarshan P.","family":"Monga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1244_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859931","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.859931","volume":"13","author":"WD Lassek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lassek, W. D. & Gaulin, S. J. C. Substantial but misunderstood human sexual dimorphism results mainly from sexual selection on males and natural selection on females. Front. Psychol. 13, 859931 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"1244_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.05.025","volume":"471","author":"D Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng, D., Wang, X., Antonson, P., Gustafsson, J. & Li, Z. Genomics of sex hormone receptor signaling in hepatic sexual dimorphism. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 471, 33\u201341 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa134","author":"JK DiStefano","year":"2020","unstructured":"DiStefano, J. K. NAFLD and NASH in postmenopausal women: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa134 (2020).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1244_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13092085","author":"G Carruba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carruba, G. Estrogens in hepatocellular carcinoma: friends or foes? Cancers https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13092085 (2021).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"1244_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31559","volume":"73","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarkar, M. et al. Reproductive health and liver disease: practice guidance by the american association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology 73, 318\u2013365 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001","volume":"116","author":"N Fuentes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuentes, N. & Silveyra, P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol. 116, 135\u2013170 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093316","author":"CV Dieni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dieni, C. V., Contemori, S., Biscarini, A. & Panichi, R. De novo synthesized estradiol: a role in modulating the cerebellar function. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21093316 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1244_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22164","volume":"26","author":"CW Colvin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Colvin, C. W. & Abdullatif, H. Anatomy of female puberty: the clinical relevance of developmental changes in the reproductive system. Clin. Anat. 26, 115\u2013129 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"1244_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)81012-6","volume":"181","author":"WC Boon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boon, W. C., Chow, J. D. & Simpson, E. R. The multiple roles of estrogens and the enzyme aromatase. Prog. Brain Res. 181, 209\u2013232 (2010).","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"1244_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040861","author":"S Farkas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farkas, S. et al. Estradiol and estrogen-like alternative therapies in use: the importance of the selective and non-classical actions. Biomedicines https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10040861 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1244_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235625","author":"F Fruzzetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fruzzetti, F., Fidecicchi, T., Montt Guevara, M. M. & Simoncini, T. Estetrol: a new choice for contraception. J. Clin. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10235625 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(03)00360-1","volume":"86","author":"ER Simpson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Simpson, E. R. Sources of estrogen and their importance. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 86, 225\u2013230 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-107672","volume":"22","author":"CS Watson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Watson, C. S., Jeng, Y. J. & Kochukov, M. Y. Nongenomic actions of estradiol compared with estrone and estriol in pituitary tumor cell signaling and proliferation. Faseb j. 22, 3328\u20133336 (2008).","journal-title":"Faseb j."},{"key":"1244_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294278","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/294278","volume":"2015","author":"M Shen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shen, M. & Shi, H. Sex hormones and their receptors regulate liver energy homeostasis. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2015, 294278 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR15","first-page":"2410","volume":"44","author":"B Fisher","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fisher, B., Gunduz, N., Saffer, E. A. & Zheng, S. Relation of estrogen and its receptor to rat liver growth and regeneration. Cancer Res. 44, 2410\u20132415 (1984).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"1244_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(86)80026-9","volume":"91","author":"A Francavilla","year":"1986","unstructured":"Francavilla, A. et al. Sex hormone-related functions in regenerating male rat liver. Gastroenterology 91, 1263\u20131270 (1986).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1244_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1203","volume":"2","author":"M Tran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tran, M., Liu, Y., Huang, W. & Wang, L. Nuclear receptors and liver disease: summary of the 2017 basic research symposium. Hepatol. Commun. 2, 765\u2013777 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"1244_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023506","volume":"6","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Transcriptional profiling of human liver identifies sex-biased genes associated with polygenic dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease. PLoS ONE 6, e23506 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1244_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.4.8","volume":"58","author":"K Dahlman-Wright","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dahlman-Wright, K. et al. International union of pharmacology. LXIV. Estrogen receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 58, 773\u2013781 (2006).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"1244_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.10.036","volume":"23","author":"CK Osborne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Osborne, C. K. & Schiff, R. Estrogen-receptor biology: continuing progress and therapeutic implications. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 1616\u20131622 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1244_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70178-3_12","volume":"1043","author":"BT Palmisano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmisano, B. T., Zhu, L. & Stafford, J. M. Role of estrogens in the regulation of liver lipid metabolism. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1043, 227\u2013256 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2003-0441","volume":"18","author":"VR Bourdeau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bourdeau, V. R. et al. Genome-wide identification of high-affinity estrogen response elements in human and mouse. Mol. Endocrinol. 18, 1411\u20131427 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273164","volume":"17","author":"K Nishi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nishi, K., Fu, W. & Kiyama, R. Novel estrogen-responsive genes (ERGs) for the evaluation of estrogenic activity. PLoS ONE 17, e0273164 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1244_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-019-0194-5","volume":"24","author":"Y Meng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meng, Y. & Zong, L. Estrogen stimulates SREBP2 expression in hepatic cell lines via an estrogen response element in the SREBP2 promoter. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett. 24, 65 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"1244_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.14.2905","volume":"29","author":"CM Klinge","year":"2001","unstructured":"Klinge, C. M. Estrogen receptor interaction with estrogen response elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 2905\u20132919 (2001).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1244_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26951","volume":"59","author":"SI Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han, S. I. et al. Estrogen receptor ligands ameliorate fatty liver through a nonclassical estrogen receptor\/Liver X receptor pathway in mice. Hepatology 59, 1791\u20131802 (2014).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0486","volume":"19","author":"L Bj\u00f6rnstr\u00f6m","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rnstr\u00f6m, L. & Sj\u00f6berg, M. Mechanisms of estrogen receptor signaling: convergence of genomic and nongenomic actions on target genes. Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 833\u2013842 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.12.2424","volume":"25","author":"R Galien","year":"1997","unstructured":"Galien, R. & Garcia, T. Estrogen receptor impairs interleukin-6 expression by preventing protein binding on the NF-kappaB site. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 2424\u20132429 (1997).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"1244_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78818-0_1","volume":"630","author":"JQ Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, J. Q., Brown, T. R. & Yager, J. D. Mechanisms of hormone carcinogenesis: evolution of views, role of mitochondria. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 630, 1\u201318 (2008).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21936","volume":"105","author":"CM Klinge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Klinge, C. M. Estrogenic control of mitochondrial function and biogenesis. J. Cell Biochem. 105, 1342\u20131351 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"1244_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01235.x","volume":"163","author":"BO Nilsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nilsson, B. O., Olde, B. & Leeb-Lundberg, L. M. G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (GPER1)\/GPR30: a new player in cardiovascular and metabolic oestrogenic signalling. Br. J. Pharmacol. 163, 1131\u20131139 (2011).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"1244_CR32","first-page":"892","volume":"76","author":"SB Cheng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheng, S. B., Graeber, C. T., Quinn, J. A. & Filardo, E. J. Retrograde transport of the transmembrane estrogen receptor, G-protein-coupled-receptor-30 (GPR30\/GPER) from the plasma membrane towards the nucleus. Steroids 76, 892\u2013896 (2011).","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"1244_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa190","author":"H Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Mechanisms of estradiol-induced EGF-like factor expression and oocyte maturation via G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Endocrinology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa190 (2020).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1244_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.06.012","volume":"165","author":"M Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, M. et al. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor enhances melanogenesis via cAMP-protein kinase (PKA) by upregulating microphthalmia-related transcription factor-tyrosinase in melanoma. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 165, 236\u2013246 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1997.4972","volume":"45","author":"C Carmeci","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carmeci, C., Thompson, D. A., Ring, H. Z., Francke, U. & Weigel, R. J. Identification of a gene (GPR30) with homology to the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily associated with estrogen receptor expression in breast cancer. Genomics 45, 607\u2013617 (1997).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"1244_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1605","volume":"148","author":"E Filardo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Filardo, E. et al. Activation of the novel estrogen receptor G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) at the plasma membrane. Endocrinology 148, 3236\u20133245 (2007).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1244_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.05.191","volume":"346","author":"T Funakoshi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Funakoshi, T., Yanai, A., Shinoda, K., Kawano, M. M. & Mizukami, Y. G protein-coupled receptor 30 is an estrogen receptor in the plasma membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 346, 904\u2013910 (2006).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"1244_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.06.014","volume":"153","author":"ER Prossnitz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prossnitz, E. R. & Hathaway, H. J. What have we learned about GPER function in physiology and disease from knockout mice? J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 153, 114\u2013126 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.08.005","volume":"14","author":"RP Barros","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barros, R. P. & Gustafsson, J. \u00c5 Estrogen receptors and the metabolic network. Cell Metab. 14, 289\u2013299 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1244_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.010","volume":"156","author":"S Chaturantabut","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chaturantabut, S. et al. Estrogen activation of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 regulates phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mtor signaling to promote liver growth in Zebrafish and proliferation of human hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 156, 1788\u20131804.e1713 (2019).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1244_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000444","volume":"17","author":"L Tian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tian, L. et al. The developmental Wnt signaling pathway effector \u03b2-catenin\/TCF mediates hepatic functions of the sex hormone estradiol in regulating lipid metabolism. PLoS Biol. 17, e3000444 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010030","author":"K Komposch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Komposch, K. & Sibilia, M. EGFR signaling in liver diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17010030 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1244_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191418","volume":"13","author":"X Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu, X., Stallone, J. N., Heaps, C. L. & Han, G. The activation of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor induces relaxation via cAMP as well as potentiates contraction via EGFR transactivation in porcine coronary arteries. PLoS ONE 13, e0191418 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1244_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30696","volume":"70","author":"B Bhushan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhushan, B. et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor suppresses nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a murine fast-food diet model. Hepatology 70, 1546\u20131563 (2019).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210828","volume":"14","author":"S Choung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choung, S. et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS ONE 14, e0210828 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1244_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3031","volume":"16","author":"H Lanaya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lanaya, H. et al. EGFR has a tumour-promoting role in liver macrophages during hepatocellular carcinoma formation. Nat. Cell Biol. 16, 972\u2013981 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00725","volume":"10","author":"S Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, S., Yu, S., Dong, D. & Lee, L. T. O. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor: a potential therapeutic target in cancer. Front. Endocrinol. 10, 725 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-022-02506-4","volume":"42","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. GPER-mediated stabilization of HIF-1\u03b1 contributes to upregulated aerobic glycolysis in tamoxifen-resistant cells. Oncogene 42, 184\u2013197 (2023).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"1244_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.172247","volume":"286","author":"AG Recchia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Recchia, A. G. et al. The G protein-coupled receptor 30 is up-regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in breast cancer cells and cardiomyocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 10773\u201310782 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1244_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.12.007","volume":"442","author":"P Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu, P. et al. GPER\/ERK&AKT\/NF-\u03baB pathway is involved in cadmium-induced proliferation, invasion and migration of GPER-positive thyroid cancer cells. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 442, 68\u201380 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2016.01.002","volume":"10","author":"ZJ Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, Z. J. et al. Activation of GPER suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition of triple negative breast cancer cells via NF-\u03baB signals. Mol. Oncol. 10, 775\u2013788 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"1244_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI79573","volume":"125","author":"X Zhou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Estrogen regulates hippo signaling via GPER in breast cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 2123\u20132135 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1244_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-019-00652-0","volume":"39","author":"B Brie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brie, B. et al. Brain control of sexually dimorphic liver function and disease: the endocrine connection. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 39, 169\u2013180 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"1244_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqac059","author":"CN Goldfarb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goldfarb, C. N., Karri, K., Pyatkov, M. & Waxman, D. J. Interplay between GH-regulated, sex-biased liver transcriptome and hepatic zonation revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Endocrinology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endocr\/bqac059 (2022).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1244_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.056705","volume":"76","author":"DJ Waxman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Waxman, D. J. & Holloway, M. G. Sex differences in the expression of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. Mol. Pharmacol. 76, 215\u2013228 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"1244_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.27.601003","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Chi, L., Hsiao, Y.-C. & Lu, K. Sex-specific effects of gut microbiome on shaping bile acid metabolism. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.06.27.601003 (2024).","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"1244_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31695-w","volume":"8","author":"A Baars","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baars, A. et al. Sex differences in lipid metabolism are affected by presence of the gut microbiota. Sci. Rep. 8, 13426 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1244_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx127","volume":"73","author":"VK Gibbs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gibbs, V. K., Brewer, R. A., Miyasaki, N. D., Patki, A. & Smith, D. L. Jr. Sex-dependent differences in liver and gut metabolomic profiles with acarbose and calorie restriction in C57BL\/6 Mice. J. Gerontol.: Ser. A 73, 157\u2013165 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.: Ser. A"},{"key":"1244_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008796","volume":"16","author":"D Lau-Corona","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lau-Corona, D., Bae, W. K., Hennighausen, L. & Waxman, D. J. Sex-biased genetic programs in liver metabolism and liver fibrosis are controlled by EZH1 and EZH2. PLoS Genet. 16, e1008796 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"1244_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32055","volume":"74","author":"BM Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller, B. M., Oderberg, I. M. & Goessling, W. Hepatic nervous system in development, regeneration, and disease. Hepatology 74, 3513\u20133522 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00974-5","volume":"21","author":"P Burra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burra, P. et al. Hepatic immune regulation and sex disparities. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 869\u2013884 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.036","volume":"80","author":"XN Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, X. N. et al. Sex-determining region Y gene promotes liver fibrosis and accounts for sexual dimorphism in its pathophysiology. J. Hepatol. 80, 928\u2013940 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82252-x","volume":"11","author":"TH Helms","year":"2021","unstructured":"Helms, T. H. et al. Inhibition of androgen\/AR signaling inhibits diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced tumour initiation and remodels liver immune cell networks. Sci. Rep. 11, 3646 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1244_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R165","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0283","volume":"21","author":"WL Ma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ma, W. L., Lai, H. C., Yeh, S., Cai, X. & Chang, C. Androgen receptor roles in hepatocellular carcinoma, fatty liver, cirrhosis and hepatitis. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 21, R165\u2013R182 (2014).","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"1244_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004422","volume":"276","author":"J Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong, J. et al. SRY is a key mediator of sexual dimorphism in hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion injury. Ann. Surg. 276, 345\u2013356 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1244_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11520-x","volume":"15","author":"H Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. Analysis of the factors influencing liver regeneration after hepatectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma patients and the relationship between liver regeneration and prognosis. Sci. Rep. 15, 26874 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1244_CR67","first-page":"29","volume":"2006","author":"K Waki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waki, K. UNOS Liver Registry: ten year survivals. Clin. Transpl. 2006, 29\u201339 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"1244_CR68","first-page":"633","volume":"9","author":"J Guy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guy, J. & Peters, M. G. Liver disease in women: the influence of gender on epidemiology, natural history, and patient outcomes. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 633\u2013639 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150412","volume":"15","author":"C Liddle","year":"1992","unstructured":"Liddle, C., Hollands, M., Little, J. M. & Farrell, G. C. The effects of partial hepatectomy on serum sex steroids in humans. Hepatology 15, 623\u2013628 (1992).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G884","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00471.2009","volume":"298","author":"LK Mullany","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mullany, L. K. et al. Cyclin D1 regulates hepatic estrogen and androgen metabolism. Am. J. Physiol.Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 298, G884\u2013G895 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"1244_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12782","volume":"20","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. MiR-17~92 ablation impairs liver regeneration in an estrogen-dependent manner. J. Cell Mol. Med. 20, 939\u2013948 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.09.002","volume":"30","author":"S He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He, S. et al. Spatial-temporal proliferation of hepatocytes during pregnancy revealed by genetic lineage tracing. Cell Stem Cell 30, 1549\u20131558.e1545 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"1244_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn-24-185","volume":"14","author":"F Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao, F. et al. Impact of donor-recipient sex-matching patterns on liver transplantation outcomes: a cohort study based on United Network of organ sharing data. Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr. 14, 949\u2013962 (2024).","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"1244_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.11.023","volume":"62","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sarkar, M., Watt, K. D., Terrault, N. & Berenguer, M. Outcomes in liver transplantation: does sex matter? J. Hepatol. 62, 946\u2013955 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.050","volume":"161","author":"WR Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, W. R. et al. MELD 3.0: the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease updated for the modern era. Gastroenterology 161, 1887\u20131895.e1884 (2021).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1244_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i20.2203","volume":"24","author":"Q Lai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lai, Q. et al. Donor-to-recipient gender match in liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J. Gastroenterol. 24, 2203\u20132210 (2018).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1244_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.3586","volume":"156","author":"RS Karnam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karnam, R. S. et al. Sex disparity in liver transplant and access to living donation. JAMA Surg. 156, 1010\u20131017 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"1244_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14512","volume":"40","author":"JB Rubin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rubin, J. B., Cullaro, G., Ge, J. & Lai, J. C. Women who undergo liver transplant have longer length of stay post-transplant compared with men. Liver Int. 40, 1725\u20131735 (2020).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1244_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hep.0000000000001581","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tanaka, T., Shane, D. M. & Lai, J. C. Sex and body size disparities under MELD 3.0: Evaluation of persisting gaps in liver transplant access. Hepatology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/hep.0000000000001581 (2026).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.12.010","volume":"23","author":"AM G\u00f3mez-Orellana","year":"2025","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Orellana, A. M. et al. Gender-Equity Model for Liver Allocation using artificial intelligence (GEMA-AI) for waiting list liver transplant prioritization. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 23, 2187\u20132196 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.59249\/JTIV4138","volume":"97","author":"M Chandra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chandra, M. & Paray, A. A. Natural physiological changes during pregnancy. Yale J. Biol. Med. 97, 85\u201392 (2024).","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0552","volume":"44","author":"JB Echouffo-Tcheugui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Guan, J., Retnakaran, R. & Shah, B. R. Gestational diabetes and incident heart failure: a cohort study. Diabetes Care 44, 2346\u20132352 (2021).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1244_CR83","first-page":"145","volume":"119","author":"WM Merz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merz, W. M., Fischer-Betz, R., Hellwig, K., Lamprecht, G. & Gembruch, U. Pregnancy and autoimmune disease. Dtsch. Arztebl Int. 119, 145\u2013156 (2022).","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl Int."},{"key":"1244_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0351-2","volume":"16","author":"F F\u00f6rger","year":"2020","unstructured":"F\u00f6rger, F. & Villiger, P. M. Immunological adaptations in pregnancy that modulate rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 16, 113\u2013122 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"1244_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2007.01.002","volume":"33","author":"ME Clowse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clowse, M. E. Lupus activity in pregnancy. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 33, 237\u2013252 (2007).","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"1244_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12060925","volume":"12","author":"F Invernizzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Invernizzi, F. et al. Gender and autoimmune liver diseases: relevant aspects in clinical practice. J. Pers. Med. 12, 925 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591380","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591380","volume":"11","author":"AG Bozward","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bozward, A. G., Wootton, G. E., Podstawka, O. & Oo, Y. H. Autoimmune hepatitis: tolerogenic immunological state during pregnancy and immune escape in post-partum. Front. Immunol. 11, 591380 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1244_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28988","volume":"65","author":"GK Michalopoulos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michalopoulos, G. K. Hepatostat: liver regeneration and normal liver tissue maintenance. Hepatology 65, 1384\u20131392 (2017).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.371","volume":"23","author":"K Fukazawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fukazawa, K. & Nishida, S. Size mismatch in liver transplantation. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci. 23, 457\u2013466 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"1244_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90274-5","volume":"93","author":"DH Van Thiel","year":"1987","unstructured":"Van Thiel, D. H. et al. Rapid growth of an intact human liver transplanted into a recipient larger than the donor. Gastroenterology 93, 1414\u20131419 (1987).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1244_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107269118","volume":"118","author":"A Q Bartlett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Q Bartlett, A. et al. Pregnancy and weaning regulate human maternal liver size and function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2107269118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1244_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2011.011076","volume":"236","author":"G Dai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dai, G. et al. Maternal hepatic growth response to pregnancy in the mouse. Exp. Biol. Med. 236, 1322\u20131332 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11075-6","volume":"261","author":"Y Liu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Hyde, J. F. & Vore, M. Prolactin regulates maternal bile secretory function post partum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 261, 560\u2013566 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"1244_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0822","volume":"7","author":"ET Goddard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goddard, E. T. et al. The rodent liver undergoes weaning-induced involution and supports breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Discov. 7, 177\u2013187 (2017).","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"1244_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.01.060","volume":"163","author":"NA Terrault","year":"2022","unstructured":"Terrault, N. A. & Williamson, C. Pregnancy-associated liver diseases. Gastroenterology 163, 97\u2013117.e111 (2022).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1244_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.03.220","volume":"4","author":"A Goel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goel, A., Jamwal, K. D., Ramachandran, A., Balasubramanian, K. A. & Eapen, C. E. Pregnancy-related liver disorders. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 4, 151\u2013162 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2017-100924","volume":"9","author":"C Kelly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kelly, C. & Pericleous, M. Pregnancy-associated liver disease: a curriculum-based review. Frontline Gastroenterol. 9, 170\u2013174 (2018).","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1244_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2011.03.009","volume":"40","author":"NM Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, N. M. & Saha, S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am. 40, 309\u2013334 (2011).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"1244_CR99","first-page":"2313675","volume":"2018","author":"E Sticova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sticova, E., Jirsa, M. & Paw\u0142owska, J. New insights in genetic cholestasis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical implications. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018, 2313675 (2018).","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000524","volume":"73","author":"AM Wood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wood, A. M., Livingston, E. G., Hughes, B. L. & Kuller, J. A. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a review of diagnosis and management. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 73, 103\u2013109 (2018).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"1244_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i23.7134","volume":"21","author":"S Ozkan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ozkan, S., Ceylan, Y., Ozkan, O. V. & Yildirim, S. Review of a challenging clinical issue: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. World J. Gastroenterol. 21, 7134\u20137141 (2015).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1244_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000346","volume":"124","author":"C Williamson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williamson, C. & Geenes, V. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 124, 120\u2013133 (2014).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"1244_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26444","volume":"58","author":"HU Marschall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marschall, H. U., Wikstr\u00f6m Shemer, E., Ludvigsson, J. F. & Stephansson, O. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and associated hepatobiliary disease: a population-based cohort study. Hepatology 58, 1385\u20131391 (2013).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010322","volume":"19","author":"SK Natarajan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Natarajan, S. K. & Ibdah, J. A. Role of 3-hydroxy fatty acid-induced hepatic lipotoxicity in acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 322 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1244_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92993-4","volume":"341","author":"B Wilcken","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilcken, B., Leung, K. C., Hammond, J., Kamath, R. & Leonard, J. V. Pregnancy and fetal long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency. Lancet 341, 407\u2013408 (1993).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1244_CR106","first-page":"339","volume":"19","author":"WR Treem","year":"1994","unstructured":"Treem, W. R. et al. Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase deficiency. Hepatology 19, 339\u2013345 (1994).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.06.005","volume":"64","author":"KR Blish","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blish, K. R. & Ibdah, J. A. Maternal heterozygosity for a mitochondrial trifunctional protein mutation as a cause for liver disease in pregnancy. Med. Hypotheses 64, 96\u2013100 (2005).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"1244_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199906033402204","volume":"340","author":"JA Ibdah","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ibdah, J. A. et al. A fetal fatty-acid oxidation disorder as a cause of liver disease in pregnant women. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1723\u20131731 (1999).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200001000-00005","volume":"47","author":"I Tein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tein, I. Metabolic disease in the fetus predisposes to maternal hepatic complications of pregnancy. Pediatric Res. 47, 6\u20136 (2000).","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"1244_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2015.122","volume":"48","author":"H-S Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, H.-S., Kang, G., Kim, J. S., Choi, B. H. & Koo, S.-H. Regulation of glucose metabolism from a liver-centric perspective. Exp. Mol. Med. 48, e218\u2013e218 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2015.09.003","volume":"46","author":"K Sharabi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharabi, K., Tavares, C. D., Rines, A. K. & Puigserver, P. Molecular pathophysiology of hepatic glucose production. Mol. Asp. Med. 46, 21\u201333 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/53.2.137","volume":"53","author":"JC Stanley","year":"1981","unstructured":"Stanley, J. C. The regulation of glucose production. The role of liver glycogen and gluconeogenesis in the liver and kidney cortex. Br. J. Anaesth. 53, 137\u2013146 (1981).","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"1244_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.02.003","volume":"26","author":"M Barton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barton, M. & Prossnitz, E. R. Emerging roles of GPER in diabetes and atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 26, 185\u2013192 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1244_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05891-x","volume":"66","author":"A Kautzky-Willer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kautzky-Willer, A., Leutner, M. & Harreiter, J. Sex differences in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 66, 986\u20131002 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1244_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.6.1344","volume":"50","author":"JP Frias","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frias, J. P. et al. Decreased susceptibility to fatty acid-induced peripheral tissue insulin resistance in women. Diabetes 50, 1344\u20131350 (2001).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1244_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1614-1","volume":"48","author":"J Kuhl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuhl, J. et al. Characterisation of subjects with early abnormalities of glucose tolerance in the Stockholm Diabetes Prevention Programme: the impact of sex and type 2 diabetes heredity. Diabetologia 48, 35\u201340 (2005).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1244_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0552","volume":"92","author":"MR Soeters","year":"2007","unstructured":"Soeters, M. R. et al. Gender-related differences in the metabolic response to fasting. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 3646\u20133652 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1244_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45100496","volume":"45","author":"T Ciarambino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ciarambino, T., Crispino, P., Guarisco, G. & Giordano, M. Gender differences in insulin resistance: new knowledge and perspectives. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 45, 7845\u20137861 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"1244_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.1.31","volume":"44","author":"P Nuutila","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nuutila, P. et al. Gender and insulin sensitivity in the heart and in skeletal muscles. Studies using positron emission tomography. Diabetes 44, 31\u201336 (1995).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1244_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2098","volume":"154","author":"X Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, X., McClusky, R., Itoh, Y., Reue, K. & Arnold, A. P. X and Y chromosome complement influence adiposity and metabolism in mice. Endocrinology 154, 1092\u20131104 (2013).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"1244_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1159\/000176496","volume":"25","author":"H Ahmed-Sorour","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ahmed-Sorour, H. & Bailey, C. J. Role of ovarian hormones in the long-term control of glucose homeostasis, glycogen formation and gluconeogenesis. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 25, 208\u2013212 (1981).","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"1244_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0105-3","volume":"49","author":"G Bryzgalova","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bryzgalova, G. et al. Evidence that oestrogen receptor-alpha plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in mice: insulin sensitivity in the liver. Diabetologia 49, 588\u2013597 (2006).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1244_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E370","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00209.2013","volume":"308","author":"N Yamabe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamabe, N., Kang, K. S., Lee, W., Kim, S. N. & Zhu, B. T. Estriol blunts postprandial blood glucose rise in male rats through regulating intestinal glucose transporters. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 308, E370\u2013E379 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1244_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2015.00182","volume":"6","author":"KW Ter Horst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ter Horst, K. W. et al. Sexual dimorphism in hepatic, adipose tissue, and peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity in obese humans. Front. Endocrinol. 6, 182 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E580","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.4.E580","volume":"278","author":"S McKenzie","year":"2000","unstructured":"McKenzie, S. et al. Endurance exercise training attenuates leucine oxidation and BCOAD activation during exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 278, E580\u2013E587 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1244_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.3.1175","volume":"85","author":"AL Friedlander","year":"1998","unstructured":"Friedlander, A. L. et al. Training-induced alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in women: women respond differently from men. J. Appl. Physiol. 85, 1175\u20131186 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"1244_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.05.011","volume":"191","author":"M De Paoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Paoli, M., Zakharia, A. & Werstuck, G. H. The role of estrogen in insulin resistance: a review of clinical and preclinical data. Am. J. Pathol. 191, 1490\u20131498 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"1244_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev072","volume":"30","author":"MA de Wilde","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Wilde, M. A. et al. Insulin action in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and its relation to gestational diabetes. Hum. Reprod. 30, 1447\u20131453 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"1244_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1054","volume":"58","author":"Y Macotela","year":"2009","unstructured":"Macotela, Y., Boucher, J., Tran, T. T. & Kahn, C. R. Sex and depot differences in adipocyte insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Diabetes 58, 803\u2013812 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1244_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47687-6","volume":"15","author":"W Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, W. et al. An estrogen receptor \u03b1-derived peptide improves glucose homeostasis during obesity. Nat. Commun. 15, 3410 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1244_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.04.003","volume":"15","author":"T Zore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zore, T., Palafox, M. & Reue, K. Sex differences in obesity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation-A role for the sex chromosomes? Mol. Metab. 15, 35\u201344 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"1244_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102615","volume":"10","author":"N Boulet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boulet, N., Briot, A., Galitzky, J. & Bouloumi\u00e9, A. The sexual dimorphism of human adipose depots. Biomedicines 10, 2615 (2022).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1244_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2061","volume":"96","author":"X Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, X., Magkos, F. & Mittendorfer, B. Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it\u2019s not just about sex hormones. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 885\u2013893 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1244_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-3-13","volume":"3","author":"K Karastergiou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karastergiou, K., Smith, S. R., Greenberg, A. S. & Fried, S. K. Sex differences in human adipose tissues \u2014 the biology of pear shape. Biol. Sex. Differ. 3, 13 (2012).","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"1244_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(84)90229-4","volume":"33","author":"H Yki-J\u00e4rvinen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Yki-J\u00e4rvinen, H. Sex and insulin sensitivity. Metabolism 33, 1011\u20131015 (1984).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1244_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21047","volume":"113","author":"S Nielsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nielsen, S., Guo, Z., Johnson, C. M., Hensrud, D. D. & Jensen, M. D. Splanchnic lipolysis in human obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 1582\u20131588 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1244_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904944106","volume":"106","author":"E Fabbrini","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fabbrini, E. et al. Intrahepatic fat, not visceral fat, is linked with metabolic complications of obesity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 15430\u201315435 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1244_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78425","volume":"125","author":"E Fabbrini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fabbrini, E. et al. Metabolically normal obese people are protected from adverse effects following weight gain. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 787\u2013795 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1244_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5644.595","volume":"1","author":"DR Boyns","year":"1969","unstructured":"Boyns, D. R., Crossley, J. N., Abrams, M. E., Jarrett, R. J. & Keen, H. Oral glucose tolerance and related factors in a normal population sample. I. Blood sugar, plasma insulin, glyceride, and cholesterol measurements and the effects of age and sex. Br. Med. J. 1, 595\u2013598 (1969).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"1244_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100835","volume":"5","author":"PC Eng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eng, P. C. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women \u2014 current knowledge and emerging concepts. JHEP Rep. 5, 100835 (2023).","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"1244_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.2024.39.S1.483","volume":"39","author":"T Martini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martini, T. et al. A sexually dimorphic hepatic cycle of very low density lipoprotein uptake and assembly. Physiology 39, 483 (2024).","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"1244_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","volume":"64","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Younossi, Z. M. et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease \u2014 meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 64, 73\u201384 (2016).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7661","volume":"28","author":"M Sarkar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarkar, M. Testosterone levels in women: implications for fatty liver and beyond. J. Womens Health 28, 1015\u20131016 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"1244_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236506","volume":"15","author":"JJ Yoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoo, J. J. et al. Risk of fatty liver after long-term use of tamoxifen in patients with breast cancer. PLoS ONE 15, e0236506 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1244_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08538-5","volume":"21","author":"D Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, D. et al. Effects of tamoxifen vs. toremifene on fatty liver development and lipid profiles in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 21, 798 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"1244_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14434","volume":"40","author":"B Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, B. et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of tamoxifen-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int. 40, 1344\u20131355 (2020).","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"1244_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10697","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.18.10697","volume":"271","author":"E Hu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hu, E., Liang, P. & Spiegelman, B. M. AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 10697\u201310703 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1244_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0587","volume":"221","author":"K Maeda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maeda, K. et al. cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 221, 286\u2013289 (1996).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"1244_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311113200","volume":"279","author":"UB Pajvani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pajvani, U. B. et al. Complex distribution, not absolute amount of adiponectin, correlates with thiazolidinedione-mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 12152\u201312162 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1244_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26746","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.45.26746","volume":"270","author":"PE Scherer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Scherer, P. E., Williams, S., Fogliano, M., Baldini, G. & Lodish, H. F. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26746\u201326749 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1244_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010073","author":"S Becerril","year":"2022","unstructured":"Becerril, S. et al. Sex- and age-dependent changes in the adiponectin\/leptin ratio in experimental diet-induced obesity in mice. Nutrients https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15010073 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1244_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.104018","volume":"53","author":"J Berger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Berger, J. & Moller, D. E. The mechanisms of action of PPARs. Annu. Rev. Med. 53, 409\u2013435 (2002).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27989","volume":"116","author":"P Lefebvre","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lefebvre, P., Chinetti, G., Fruchart, J.-C. & Staels, B. Sorting out the roles of PPAR\u03b1 in energy metabolism and vascular homeostasis. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 571\u2013580 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1244_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.8.1319","volume":"46","author":"D Auboeuf","year":"1997","unstructured":"Auboeuf, D. et al. Tissue distribution and quantification of the expression of mRNAs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptor-alpha in humans: no alteration in adipose tissue of obese and NIDDM patients. Diabetes 46, 1319\u20131327 (1997).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1244_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166097","volume":"1867","author":"A Berthier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berthier, A., Johanns, M., Zummo, F. P., Lefebvre, P. & Staels, B. PPARs in liver physiology. Biochim. et. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1867, 166097 (2021).","journal-title":"Biochim. et. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"1244_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2004.05.003","volume":"53","author":"S Jeong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jeong, S. et al. Effects of fenofibrate on high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and adiposity in female C57BL\/6J mice. Metabolism 53, 1284\u20131289 (2004).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1244_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00088-3","volume":"302","author":"M Yoon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yoon, M. et al. Fenofibrate improves lipid metabolism and obesity in ovariectomized LDL receptor-null mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 302, 29\u201334 (2003).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"1244_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9456020","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9456020","volume":"2017","author":"E Olokpa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olokpa, E., Moss, P. E. & Stewart, L. V. Crosstalk between the androgen receptor and PPAR gamma signaling pathways in the prostate. PPAR Res. 2017, 9456020 (2017).","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"1244_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061839","volume":"204","author":"SE Dunn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dunn, S. E. et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha expression in T cells mediates gender differences in development of T cell-mediated autoimmunity. J. Exp. Med. 204, 321\u2013330 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28495","volume":"6","author":"HJ Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park, H. J., Park, H. S., Lee, J. U., Bothwell, A. L. & Choi, J. M. Gender-specific differences in PPAR\u03b3 regulation of follicular helper T cell responses with estrogen. Sci. Rep. 6, 28495 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1244_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2007.02.013","volume":"1771","author":"M Ricote","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ricote, M. & Glass, C. K. PPARs and molecular mechanisms of transrepression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771, 926\u2013935 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"1244_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0115-5","volume":"7","author":"PS Burgoyne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burgoyne, P. S. & Arnold, A. P. A primer on the use of mouse models for identifying direct sex chromosome effects that cause sex differences in non-gonadal tissues. Biol. Sex. Differ. 7, 68 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"1244_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000014954","volume":"80","author":"PS Burgoyne","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burgoyne, P. S., Mahadevaiah, S. K., Perry, J., Palmer, S. J. & Ashworth, A. The Y* rearrangement in mice: new insights into a perplexing PAR. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 80, 37\u201340 (1998).","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Cell Genet."},{"key":"1244_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9005","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-20-09005.2002","volume":"22","author":"GJ De Vries","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Vries, G. J. et al. A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits. J. Neurosci. 22, 9005\u20139014 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1244_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4161\/adip.23320","volume":"2","author":"JC Link","year":"2013","unstructured":"Link, J. C., Chen, X., Arnold, A. P. & Reue, K. Metabolic impact of sex chromosomes. Adipocyte 2, 74\u201379 (2013).","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"1244_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"J109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.10.003","volume":"38","author":"OL Quintero","year":"2012","unstructured":"Quintero, O. L., Amador-Patarroyo, M. J., Montoya-Ortiz, G., Rojas-Villarraga, A. & Anaya, J. M. Autoimmune disease and gender: plausible mechanisms for the female predominance of autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 38, J109\u2013J119 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"1244_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.03.005","volume":"62","author":"MP Manns","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manns, M. P., Lohse, A. W. & Vergani, D. Autoimmune hepatitis \u2013 update 2015. J. Hepatol. 62, S100\u2013S111 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10654","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810654","volume":"23","author":"K Sayaf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sayaf, K., Gabbia, D., Russo, F. P. & De Martin, S. The role of sex in acute and chronic liver damage. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 10654 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1244_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32653","volume":"77","author":"T Bittermann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bittermann, T., Lewis, J. D., Levy, C. & Goldberg, D. S. Sociodemographic and geographic differences in the US epidemiology of autoimmune hepatitis with and without cirrhosis. Hepatology 77, 367\u2013378 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i4.160","volume":"6","author":"A Castiella","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castiella, A., Zapata, E., Lucena, M. I. & Andrade, R. J. Drug-induced autoimmune liver disease: a diagnostic dilemma of an increasingly reported disease. World J. Hepatol. 6, 160\u2013168 (2014).","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0715-8","volume":"41","author":"D Schwinge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwinge, D. & Schramm, C. Sex-related factors in autoimmune liver diseases. Semin. Immunopathol. 41, 165\u2013175 (2019).","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"1244_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01567","volume":"11","author":"L Henze","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henze, L., Schwinge, D. & Schramm, C. The effects of androgens on T cells: clues to female predominance in autoimmune liver diseases? Front. Immunol. 11, 1567 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1244_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1258\/om.2012.110014","volume":"5","author":"L Airas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Airas, L. & Kaaja, R. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis. Obstet. Med. 5, 94\u201397 (2012).","journal-title":"Obstet. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.03.014","volume":"120","author":"E Buzzetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buzzetti, E., Parikh, P. M., Gerussi, A. & Tsochatzis, E. Gender differences in liver disease and the drug-dose gender gap. Pharmacol. Res. 120, 97\u2013108 (2017).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"1244_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27983","volume":"62","author":"MM Kirstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kirstein, M. M. et al. Prediction of short- and long-term outcome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 62, 1524\u20131535 (2015).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13808-1","volume":"362","author":"JA Talwalkar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Talwalkar, J. A. & Lindor, K. D. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 362, 53\u201361 (2003).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1244_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01303-5","volume":"404","author":"A Tanaka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tanaka, A., Ma, X., Takahashi, A. & Vierling, J. M. Primary biliary cholangitis. Lancet 404, 1053\u20131066 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1244_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.10.007","volume":"97","author":"KL Phiel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Phiel, K. L., Henderson, R. A., Adelman, S. J. & Elloso, M. M. Differential estrogen receptor gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations. Immunol. Lett. 97, 107\u2013113 (2005).","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"1244_CR179","first-page":"185","volume":"24","author":"KZ Matalka","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matalka, K. Z. The effect of estradiol, but not progesterone, on the production of cytokines in stimulated whole blood, is concentration-dependent. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 24, 185\u2013191 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"1244_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02815","volume":"10","author":"H Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao, H., Zhu, B., Qu, Y. & Zhang, W. Abnormal expression of ER\u03b1 in cholangiocytes of patients with primary biliary cholangitis mediated intrahepatic bile duct inflammation. Front. Immunol. 10, 2815 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1244_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i22.3537","volume":"12","author":"D Alvaro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alvaro, D. et al. Estrogens and the pathophysiology of the biliary tree. World J. Gastroenterol. 12, 3537\u20133545 (2006).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1244_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29625","volume":"67","author":"M Carbone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carbone, M., Bonato, G. & Invernizzi, P. Female preponderance of primary biliary cholangitis is all about our understanding of its autoimmune nature. Hepatology 67, 1210\u20131212 (2018).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.06.009","volume":"7","author":"A Lleo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lleo, A., Battezzati, P. M., Selmi, C., Gershwin, M. E. & Podda, M. Is autoimmunity a matter of sex? Autoimmun. Rev. 7, 626\u2013630 (2008).","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"1244_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.015","volume":"95","author":"A Gerussi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gerussi, A., Cristoferi, L., Carbone, M., Asselta, R. & Invernizzi, P. The immunobiology of female predominance in primary biliary cholangitis. J. Autoimmun. 95, 124\u2013132 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"1244_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.034","volume":"79","author":"L Adorini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adorini, L. & Trauner, M. FXR agonists in NASH treatment. J. Hepatol. 79, 1317\u20131331 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761255","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.761255","volume":"12","author":"Y Zu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zu, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, C. & Liu, D. The pathological mechanisms of estrogen-induced cholestasis: current perspectives. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 761255 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"1244_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.08.023","volume":"145","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, S., Yuan, X., Lu, D., Guo, L. & Wu, B. Farnesoid X receptor regulates SULT1E1 expression through inhibition of PGC1\u03b1 binding to HNF4\u03b1. Biochem. Pharmacol. 145, 202\u2013209 (2017).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"1244_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12759","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.001789","volume":"293","author":"X Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Cholestasis-induced bile acid elevates estrogen level via farnesoid X receptor-mediated suppression of the estrogen sulfotransferase SULT1E1. J. Biol. Chem. 293, 12759\u201312769 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1244_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29145","volume":"66","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. The role of long noncoding RNA H19 in gender disparity of cholestatic liver injury in multidrug resistance 2 gene knockout mice. Hepatology 66, 869\u2013884 (2017).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1077-9","volume":"9","author":"M Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, M. et al. Estrogen receptor \u03b2 upregulated by lncRNA-H19 to promote cancer stem-like properties in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 9, 1120 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"1244_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25634","volume":"10","author":"D Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, D., Ma, J., Zhao, C. & Tai, W. Reasons why women are more likely to develop primary biliary cholangitis. Heliyon 10, e25634 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"1244_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0098-9","volume":"7","author":"A Lleo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lleo, A. et al. DNA methylation profiling of the X chromosome reveals an aberrant demethylation on CXCR3 promoter in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Epigenetics 7, 61 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"1244_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes3030015","volume":"3","author":"P Arvaniti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arvaniti, P. et al. Epigenetic modifications in generalized autoimmune epithelitis: sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and primary biliary cholangitis. Epigenomes 3, 15 (2019).","journal-title":"Epigenomes"},{"key":"1244_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.1.575","volume":"175","author":"P Invernizzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Invernizzi, P. et al. X chromosome monosomy: a common mechanism for autoimmune diseases. J. Immunol. 175, 575\u2013578 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1244_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21696","volume":"46","author":"M Miozzo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miozzo, M. et al. Preferential X chromosome loss but random inactivation characterize primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 46, 456\u2013462 (2007).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.12.028","volume":"17","author":"AC Cheung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheung, A. C. et al. Effects of age and sex of response to ursodeoxycholic acid and transplant-free survival in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 2076\u20132084.e2072 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06402-3","volume":"66","author":"AC Adejumo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adejumo, A. C. et al. Gender and racial differences in hospitalizations for primary biliary cholangitis in the USA. Dig. Dis. Sci. 66, 1461\u20131476 (2021).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"1244_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.12.005","volume":"144","author":"M Carbone","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carbone, M. et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 144, 560\u2013569.e567 (2013).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1244_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31776","volume":"74","author":"BV John","year":"2021","unstructured":"John, B. V. et al. Male sex is associated with higher rates of liver-related mortality in primary biliary cholangitis and cirrhosis. Hepatology 74, 879\u2013891 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022","volume":"67","author":"TH Karlsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karlsen, T. H., Folseraas, T., Thorburn, D. & Vesterhus, M. Primary sclerosing cholangitis \u2014 a comprehensive review. J. Hepatol. 67, 1298\u20131323 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1506330","volume":"375","author":"KN Lazaridis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lazaridis, K. N. & LaRusso, N. F. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 1161\u20131170 (2016).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl16510","volume":"12","author":"C Palmela","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palmela, C., Peerani, F., Castaneda, D., Torres, J. & Itzkowitz, S. H. Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review of the phenotype and associated specific features. Gut Liver 12, 17\u201329 (2018).","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"1244_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60096-3","volume":"382","author":"GM Hirschfield","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hirschfield, G. M., Karlsen, T. H., Lindor, K. D. & Adams, D. H. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Lancet 382, 1587\u20131599 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1244_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02302","volume":"9","author":"A Ruggieri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruggieri, A., Gagliardi, M. C. & Anticoli, S. Sex-dependent outcome of hepatitis B and C viruses infections: synergy of sex hormones and immune responses? Front. Immunol. 9, 2302 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1244_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17601.3","volume":"7","author":"R Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown, R., Goulder, P. & Matthews, P. C. Sexual dimorphism in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: evidence to inform elimination efforts. Wellcome Open. Res. 7, 32 (2022).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open. Res."},{"key":"1244_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110430","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v17.i10.110430","volume":"17","author":"GD Feyissa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feyissa, G. D. Sex-related differences in treatment outcomes of chronic hepatitis C with direct-acting antivirals. World J. Hepatol. 17, 110430 (2025).","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111637","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i47.111637","volume":"31","author":"B Coco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Coco, B. et al. Sex-based differences in hepatitis delta virus infection: Insights from the Italian PITER hepatitis delta virus cohort. World J. Gastroenterol. 31, 111637 (2025).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1244_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01343-9","volume":"17","author":"C Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, C., Wu, X. & Xia, J. Hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy. Virol. J. 17, 73 (2020).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"1244_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327113512860","volume":"33","author":"DE Amacher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Amacher, D. E. Female gender as a susceptibility factor for drug-induced liver injury. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 33, 928\u2013939 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"1244_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2005.14.19","volume":"14","author":"GD Anderson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Anderson, G. D. Sex and racial differences in pharmacological response: where is the evidence? Pharmacogenetics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. J. Womens Health 14, 19\u201329 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"1244_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122786","volume":"10","author":"M Mennecozzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mennecozzi, M., Landesmann, B., Palosaari, T., Harris, G. & Whelan, M. Sex differences in liver toxicity\u2014do female and male human primary hepatocytes react differently to toxicants in vitro? PLOS ONE 10, e0122786 (2015).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"1244_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2097-0660","volume":"43","author":"M Kotulkar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kotulkar, M., Robarts, D. R. & Apte, U. HNF4\u03b1 in hepatocyte health and disease. Semin. Liver Dis. 43, 234\u2013244 (2023).","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1244_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0129","volume":"18","author":"CA Wiwi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wiwi, C. A., Gupte, M. & Waxman, D. J. Sexually dimorphic P450 gene expression in liver-specific hepatocyte nuclear factor 4\u03b1-deficient mice. Mol. Endocrinol. 18, 1975\u20131987 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waxman, D. J. In Mechanisms and Biological Significance of Pulsatile Hormone Secretion (eds Chadwick, D. J. & Goode, J. A.) 61\u201381 (Wiley, 2000).","DOI":"10.1002\/0470870796.ch5"},{"key":"1244_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.11.0547","volume":"14","author":"T Kawamoto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kawamoto, T., Kakizaki, S., Yoshinari, K. & Negishi, M. Estrogen activation of the nuclear orphan receptor CAR (Constitutive Active Receptor) in induction of the mouse Cyp2b10 gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 14, 1897\u20131905 (2000).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56570-0","volume":"9","author":"C Lukowicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lukowicz, C. et al. Dimorphic metabolic and endocrine disorders in mice lacking the constitutive androstane receptor. Sci. Rep. 9, 20169 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1244_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.054866","volume":"307","author":"V Lamba","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lamba, V. et al. Hepatic CYP2B6 expression: gender and ethnic differences and relationship to CYP2B6 genotype and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) expression. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307, 906\u2013922 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"1244_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411318200","volume":"280","author":"K Swales","year":"2005","unstructured":"Swales, K. et al. Novel CAR-mediated mechanism for synergistic activation of two distinct elements within the human cytochrome P450 2B6 gene in HepG2 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 3458\u20133466 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1244_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-100101942","volume":"31","author":"S Ekins","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ekins, S. & Wrighton, S. A. The role of CYP2B6 in human xenobiotic metabolism. Drug. Metab. Rev. 31, 719\u2013754 (1999).","journal-title":"Drug. Metab. Rev."},{"key":"1244_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.017","volume":"79","author":"H Devarbhavi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Devarbhavi, H. et al. Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update. J. Hepatology 79, 516\u2013537 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR221","unstructured":"Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018 (World Health Organization, 2018)."},{"key":"1244_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.08.020","volume":"96","author":"CA Kezer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kezer, C. A., Simonetto, D. A. & Shah, V. H. Sex differences in alcohol consumption and alcohol-associated liver disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 96, 1006\u20131016 (2021).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"1244_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6270.1140","volume":"282","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1981","unstructured":"Saunders, J. B., Davis, M. & Williams, R. Do women develop alcoholic liver disease more readily than men? Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 282, 1140\u20131143 (1981).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed."},{"key":"1244_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00413-0","volume":"38","author":"T Poynard","year":"2003","unstructured":"Poynard, T. et al. A comparison of fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases. J. Hepatol. 38, 257\u2013265 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12370","volume":"11","author":"D Bizzaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bizzaro, D. et al. Influence of sex in alcohol-related liver disease: pre-clinical and clinical settings. U Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 11, 218\u2013227 (2023).","journal-title":"U Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"1244_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199001113220205","volume":"322","author":"M Frezza","year":"1990","unstructured":"Frezza, M. et al. High blood alcohol levels in women. The role of decreased gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and first-pass metabolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 95\u201399 (1990).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00050-2","volume":"35","author":"HA J\u00e4rvel\u00e4inen","year":"2001","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4inen, H. A., Lukkari, T. A., Heinaro, S., Sippel, H. & Lindros, K. O. The antiestrogen toremifene protects against alcoholic liver injury in female rats. J. Hepatol. 35, 46\u201352 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR228","first-page":"G669","volume":"274","author":"K Ikejima","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ikejima, K. et al. Estrogen increases sensitivity of hepatic Kupffer cells to endotoxin. Am. J. Physiol. 274, G669\u2013G676 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1244_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00102-8","volume":"193","author":"A Colantoni","year":"2002","unstructured":"Colantoni, A., Emanuele, M. A., Kovacs, E. J., Villa, E. & Van Thiel, D. H. Hepatic estrogen receptors and alcohol intake. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 193, 101\u2013104 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"1244_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13944","volume":"43","author":"JL Mellinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mellinger, J. L. et al. Gender disparities in alcohol use disorder treatment among privately insured patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 43, 334\u2013341 (2019).","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"1244_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32205-X","volume":"73","author":"G Klatskin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Klatskin, G. Hepatic tumors: possible relationship to use of oral contraceptives. Gastroenterology 73, 386\u2013394 (1977).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1244_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03300070040020","volume":"242","author":"JB Rooks","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rooks, J. B. et al. Epidemiology of hepatocellular adenoma: the role of oral contraceptive use. JAMA 242, 644\u2013648 (1979).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1244_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.001","volume":"65","author":"M Columbo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Columbo, M. et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of benign liver tumours. J. Hepatol. 65, 386\u2013398 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12654","volume":"43","author":"HM Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, H. M., Zhao, X. H., He, Y. F. & Sun, L. R. Liver injury induced by clomiphene citrate: a case report and literature reviews. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 43, 299\u2013301 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"1244_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.09.011","volume":"72","author":"MP Gaspersz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gaspersz, M. P. et al. Growth of hepatocellular adenoma during pregnancy: a prospective study. J. Hepatol. 72, 119\u2013124 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR236","first-page":"276","volume":"24","author":"P Labrune","year":"1997","unstructured":"Labrune, P., Trioche, P., Duvaltier, I., Chevalier, P. & Odi\u00e8vre, M. Hepatocellular adenomas in glycogen storage disease type I and III: a series of 43 patients and review of the literature. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 24, 276\u2013279 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"1244_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e402","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-e402-HAIGSD","volume":"127","author":"KE Volmar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Volmar, K. E., Burchette, J. L. & Creager, A. J. Hepatic adenomatosis in glycogen storage disease type Ia: report of a case with unusual histology. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 127, e402\u2013e405 (2003).","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.17849\/insm-48-2-1-1.1","volume":"48","author":"DS Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams, D. S. Hepatic adenoma. J. Insurance Med. 48, 165\u2013167 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Insurance Med."},{"key":"1244_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32734","volume":"77","author":"A Demory","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demory, A. et al. Body weight changes and duration of estrogen exposure modulate the evolution of hepatocellular adenomas after contraception discontinuation. Hepatology 77, 430\u2013442 (2023).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehpc.2021.200501","volume":"24","author":"CM Chandler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chandler, C. M., Labadie, K. P., Park, J. O. & Truong, C. D. Hepatocellular carcinoma arising within a \u03b2-catenin mutated inflammatory hepatic adenoma. Hum. Pathol. Case Rep. 24, 200501 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol. Case Rep."},{"key":"1244_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000509145","volume":"36","author":"KJ Oldhafer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oldhafer, K. J., Habbel, V., Horling, K., Makridis, G. & Wagner, K. C. Benign liver tumors. Visc. Med. 36, 292\u2013303 (2020).","journal-title":"Visc. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.34.207","volume":"34","author":"T Saegusa","year":"1995","unstructured":"Saegusa, T. et al. Enlargement of multiple cavernous hemangioma of the liver in association with pregnancy. Intern. Med. 34, 207\u2013211 (1995).","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"1244_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61451-1","volume":"352","author":"D Mathieu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mathieu, D., Kobeiter, H., Cherqui, D., Rahmouni, A. & Dhumeaux, D. Oral contraceptive intake in women with focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Lancet 352, 1679\u20131680 (1998).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1244_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70262-9","volume":"118","author":"D Mathieu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mathieu, D. et al. Oral contraceptive use and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Gastroenterology 118, 560\u2013564 (2000).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1244_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31288","volume":"73","author":"KA McGlynn","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGlynn, K. A., Petrick, J. L. & El-Serag, H. B. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 73 (Suppl. 1), 4\u201313 (2021).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.061","volume":"132","author":"HB El-Serag","year":"2007","unstructured":"El-Serag, H. B. & Rudolph, K. L. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 132, 2557\u20132576 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1244_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.03.004","volume":"57","author":"VW Keng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Keng, V. W., Largaespada, D. A. & Villanueva, A. Why men are at higher risk for hepatocellular carcinoma? J. Hepatol. 57, 453\u2013454 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR248","first-page":"763","volume":"12","author":"JKH Ho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ho, J. K. H., Thurairajah, P. H., Huang, D. Q. & Fan, K. H. The rising burden of hepatocellular carcinoma: is the gender gap narrowing? J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol. 12, 763\u2013764 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5945","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5945","volume":"14","author":"M Kalra","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kalra, M., Mayes, J., Assefa, S., Kaul, A. K. & Kaul, R. Role of sex steroid receptors in pathobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol. 14, 5945\u20135961 (2008).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"1244_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-2993(11)80418-5","volume":"45","author":"R Yamamoto","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yamamoto, R., Iishi, H., Tatsuta, M., Tsuji, M. & Terada, N. Suppressive effect of estrogen on hepatocellular tumorigenesis induced in mice by 3\u2032-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 45, 325\u2013328 (1993).","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"1244_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1140485","volume":"317","author":"WE Naugler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Naugler, W. E. et al. Gender disparity in liver cancer due to sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production. Science 317, 121\u2013124 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1244_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.1.112","volume":"42","author":"I Shimizu","year":"1998","unstructured":"Shimizu, I. et al. Suppressive effect of oestradiol on chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Gut 42, 112\u2013119 (1998).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"1244_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.11.026","volume":"148","author":"Z Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li, Z., Tuteja, G., Schug, J. & Kaestner, K. H. Foxa1 and Foxa2 are essential for sexual dimorphism in liver cancer. Cell 148, 72\u201383 (2012).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1244_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-3371","volume":"82","author":"M Castaneda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castaneda, M., Hollander, P. D. & Mani, S. A. Forkhead box transcription factors: double-edged swords in cancer. Cancer Res. 82, 2057\u20132065 (2022).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"1244_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.25","volume":"16","author":"PS Steeg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steeg, P. S. Targeting metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 16, 201\u2013218 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"1244_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.09.017","volume":"328","author":"M Katoh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katoh, M., Igarashi, M., Fukuda, H., Nakagama, H. & Katoh, M. Cancer genetics and genomics of human FOX family genes. Cancer Lett. 328, 198\u2013206 (2013).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"1244_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25980","volume":"57","author":"J Hou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hou, J. et al. Estrogen-sensitive PTPRO expression represses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by control of STAT3. Hepatology 57, 678\u2013688 (2013).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"1244_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11111646","volume":"11","author":"C Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, C. & Cheung, S. T. STAT3: An emerging therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers 11, 1646 (2019).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"1244_CR259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.08.012","volume":"382","author":"T Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei, T. et al. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor deficiency accelerates liver tumorigenesis by enhancing inflammation and fibrosis. Cancer Lett. 382, 195\u2013202 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"1244_CR260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07564","volume":"4","author":"MR Meyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meyer, M. R. et al. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor protects from atherosclerosis. Sci. Rep. 4, 7564 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1244_CR261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638171","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.638171","volume":"11","author":"YA Qiu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiu, Y. A. et al. GPER-Induced ERK signaling decreases cell viability of hepatocellular carcinoma. Front. Oncol. 11, 638171 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"1244_CR262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-20-0173","volume":"18","author":"G Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng, G. et al. G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 promotes gender disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma via modulation of SIN1 and mTOR complex 2 activity. Mol. Cancer Res. 18, 1863\u20131875 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"1244_CR263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CLIP Group (Cancer of the Liver Italian Programme). Tamoxifen in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 352, 17\u201320 (1998).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)01259-8"},{"key":"1244_CR264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612024607063","volume":"8","author":"F Perrone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perrone, F. et al. Tamoxifen in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: 5-year results of the CLIP-1 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Curr. Pharm. Des. 8, 1013\u20131019 (2002).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"1244_CR265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/348448a0","volume":"348","author":"P Berta","year":"1990","unstructured":"Berta, P. et al. Genetic evidence equating SRY and the testis-determining factor. Nature 348, 448\u2013450 (1990).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1244_CR266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12070984","volume":"12","author":"R Nevola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nevola, R. et al. Gender differences in the pathogenesis and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biology 12, 984 (2023).","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"1244_CR267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870840","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.870840","volume":"12","author":"C Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, C. et al. Characterization of the estrogen response helps to predict prognosis and identify potential therapeutic targets in cholangiocarcinoma. Front. Oncol. 12, 870840 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"1244_CR268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963753","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.963753","volume":"12","author":"M Ledenko","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ledenko, M. et al. Sex-related disparities in outcomes of cholangiocarcinoma patients in treatment trials. Front. Oncol. 12, 963753 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"1244_CR269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.046","volume":"73","author":"SS Jackson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson, S. S. et al. Associations between reproductive factors and biliary tract cancers in women from the biliary tract cancers pooling project. J. Hepatol. 73, 863\u2013872 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"1244_CR270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2008.02.015","volume":"41","author":"A Mancino","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mancino, A. et al. Estrogens stimulate the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma by inducing the expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. Dig. Liver Dis. 41, 156\u2013163 (2009).","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"1244_CR271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0835-5","volume":"123","author":"JL Petrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petrick, J. L. et al. Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors and risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma among women: results from cohort studies in the liver cancer pooling project and the UK biobank. Br. J. Cancer 123, 316\u2013324 (2020).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"1244_CR272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000277","volume":"79","author":"P Toniutto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toniutto, P. et al. Role of sex in liver tumor occurrence and clinical outcomes: a comprehensive review. Hepatology 79, 1141\u20131157 (2024).","journal-title":"Hepatology"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01244-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01244-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01244-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:02:50Z","timestamp":1787148170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41575-026-01244-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":272,"alternative-id":["1244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-026-01244-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5045","1759-5053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5045","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-5053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}