{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:05:52Z","timestamp":1790946352945,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-026-01099-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T10:01:56Z","timestamp":1784023316000},"page":"721-738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The kidney distal tubule potassium switch, modern diet and hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0719-8705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Welling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Delpire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-265X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David H.","family":"Ellison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Staub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stowasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1623-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-024-01622-w","volume":"47","author":"K Kario","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kario, K., Okura, A., Hoshide, S. & Mogi, M. The WHO Global report 2023 on hypertension warning the emerging hypertension burden in globe and its treatment strategy. Hypertens. Res. 47, 1099\u20131102 (2024).","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"1099_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60655-8","volume":"371","author":"CM Lawes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawes, C. M., Vander Hoorn, S., Rodgers, A. & International Society of Hypertension. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet 371, 1513\u20131518 (2008).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1099_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","volume":"380","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray, C. J. et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 380, 2197\u20132223 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1099_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e193933","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3933","volume":"2","author":"MS Pantell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pantell, M. S., Prather, A. A., Downing, J. M., Gordon, N. P. & Adler, N. E. Association of social and behavioral risk factors with earlier onset of adult hypertension and diabetes. JAMA Netw. Open 2, e193933 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"1099_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","volume":"75","author":"T Unger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unger, T. et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension 75, 1334\u20131357 (2020).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311890","volume":"371","author":"S Yusuf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yusuf, S. et al. Cardiovascular risk and events in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 818\u2013827 (2014).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpac111","volume":"36","author":"O Blazek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Blazek, O. & Bakris, G. L. Novel therapies on the horizon of hypertension management. Am. J. Hypertens. 36, 73\u201381 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"1099_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.16189","volume":"53","author":"RJ Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan, R. J., Helmeczi, W. & Hiremath, S. S. Revisiting resistant hypertension: a comprehensive review. Intern. Med. J. 53, 1739\u20131751 (2023).","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"1099_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.19487","volume":"81","author":"R Little","year":"2024","unstructured":"Little, R. & Ellison, D. H. Modifying dietary sodium and potassium intake: an end to the \u2018salt wars\u2019? Hypertension 81, 415\u2013425 (2024).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2030212","volume":"385","author":"DH Ellison","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ellison, D. H. & Welling, P. Insights into salt handling and blood pressure. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1981\u20131993 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpad094","volume":"37","author":"S Sriperumbuduri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sriperumbuduri, S., Welling, P., Ruzicka, M., Hundemer, G. L. & Hiremath, S. Potassium and hypertension: a state-of-the-art review. Am. J. Hypertens. 37, 91\u2013100 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"1099_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03128-6","volume":"62","author":"C Reddin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reddin, C. et al. Global mean potassium intake: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Eur. J. Nutr. 62, 2027\u20132037 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"1099_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f1378","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1378","volume":"346","author":"NJ Aburto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aburto, N. J. et al. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 346, f1378 (2013).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1099_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0174967","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174967","volume":"12","author":"J Poorolajal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poorolajal, J. et al. Oral potassium supplementation for management of essential hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE 12, e0174967 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1099_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015719","volume":"9","author":"T Filippini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filippini, T. et al. Potassium intake and blood pressure: a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 9, e015719 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"1099_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.0000000988","author":"AM Assmus","year":"2025","unstructured":"Assmus, A. M., Rosenbaek, L. K. & Fenton, R. A. How does dietary potassium influence BP? J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.0000000988 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000074668.08704.6E","volume":"42","author":"S Akita","year":"2003","unstructured":"Akita, S., Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Conlin, P. R. & Kimura, G. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on the pressure-natriuresis relationship. Hypertension 42, 8\u201313 (2003).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.06.041","volume":"118","author":"W Vongpatanasin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vongpatanasin, W. et al. Effects of potassium magnesium citrate supplementation on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and oxidative stress marker in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects. Am. J. Cardiol. 118, 849\u2013853 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"1099_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000158264.36590.19","volume":"45","author":"FJ He","year":"2005","unstructured":"He, F. J., Markandu, N. D., Coltart, R., Barron, J. & MacGregor, G. A. Effect of short-term supplementation of potassium chloride and potassium citrate on blood pressure in hypertensives. Hypertension 45, 571\u2013574 (2005).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311989","volume":"371","author":"A Mente","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mente, A. et al. Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 601\u2013611 (2014).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311889","volume":"371","author":"M O\u2019Donnell","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, M. et al. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion, mortality, and cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 612\u2013623 (2014).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.1.18","volume":"33","author":"RC Morris Jr.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Morris, R. C. Jr., Sebastian, A., Forman, A., Tanaka, M. & Schmidlin, O. Normotensive salt sensitivity: effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension 33, 18\u201323 (1999).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105675","volume":"385","author":"B Neal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neal, B. et al. Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1067\u20131077 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22410","volume":"81","author":"J Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu, J. et al. Secondary Analysis of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS): effects of potassium-enriched salt on cardiac outcomes. Hypertension 81, 1031\u20131040 (2024).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02286-8","volume":"29","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan, Y. et al. Salt substitution and salt-supply restriction for lowering blood pressure in elderly care facilities: a cluster-randomized trial. Nat. Med. 29, 973\u2013981 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0754-2","volume":"26","author":"A Bernabe-Ortiz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernabe-Ortiz, A. et al. Effect of salt substitution on community-wide blood pressure and hypertension incidence. Nat. Med. 26, 374\u2013378 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-024-00896-4","volume":"38","author":"L Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, L. et al. The contribution of sodium reduction and potassium increase to the blood pressure lowering observed in the salt substitute and stroke study. J. Hum. Hypertens. 38, 298\u2013306 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"1099_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3246","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa359","volume":"105","author":"JK Humalda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Humalda, J. K. et al. Effects of potassium or sodium supplementation on mineral homeostasis: a controlled dietary intervention study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, e3246\u2013e3256 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"1099_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.196339","author":"SK Murali","year":"2026","unstructured":"Murali, S. K. et al. Dietary potassium restriction causes hypercalciuria, hypocalcemia and bone loss in male mice. JCI Insight https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.196339 (2026).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1099_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.12.004","volume":"29","author":"AY Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, A. Y. et al. Sociodemographic and kidney disease correlates of nutrient intakes among urban African Americans with uncontrolled hypertension. J. Ren. Nutr. 29, 399\u2013406 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"1099_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.04.019","volume":"77","author":"EA Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, E. A. et al. Adherence to healthy dietary patterns and risk of CKD progression and all-cause mortality: findings from the CRIC (Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort) study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 77, 235\u2013244 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"1099_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpad008","volume":"36","author":"RN Turkson-Ocran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Turkson-Ocran, R. N. et al. Rationale and design of the groceries for black residents of Boston to stop hypertension among adults without treated hypertension (GoFresh) trial. Am. J. Hypertens. 36, 256\u2013263 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"1099_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.03.008","volume":"82","author":"ENM de Rooij","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Rooij, E. N. M. et al. Serum potassium and risk of death or kidney replacement therapy in older people with CKD stages 4-5: eight-year follow-up. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 82, 257\u2013266.e1 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"1099_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1005","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00195.2024","volume":"327","author":"KY Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei, K. Y. et al. 5\/6 Nephrectomy impairs acute kaliuretic responses and predisposes to postprandial hyperkalemia. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 327, F1005\u2013F1012 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022020147","volume":"33","author":"M Gritter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gritter, M. et al. Effects of short-term potassium chloride supplementation in patients with CKD. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 33, 1779\u20131789 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-026-01053-5","author":"EJ Hoorn","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hoorn, E. J., Subramanya, A. R. & Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R. Potassium and the kidney. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-026-01053-5 (2026).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242735399","volume":"100","author":"FH Wilson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilson, F. H. et al. Molecular pathogenesis of inherited hypertension with hyperkalemia: the Na-Cl cotransporter is inhibited by wild-type but not mutant WNK4. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 680\u2013684 (2003).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105431","volume":"78","author":"J Hadchouel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hadchouel, J., Ellison, D. H. & Gamba, G. Regulation of renal electrolyte transport by WNK and SPAK-OSR1 Kinases. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 78, 367\u2013389 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00044.2018","volume":"100","author":"EJ Hoorn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoorn, E. J., Gritter, M., Cuevas, C. A. & Fenton, R. A. Regulation of the renal NaCl cotransporter and its role in potassium homeostasis. Physiol. Rev. 100, 321\u2013356 (2020).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"1099_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105423","volume":"78","author":"PA Welling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Welling, P. A. Roles and regulation of renal K channels. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 78, 415\u2013435 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-022-02718-3","volume":"474","author":"AA McDonough","year":"2022","unstructured":"McDonough, A. A. & Fenton, R. A. Potassium homeostasis: sensors, mediators, and targets. Pflug. Arch. 474, 853\u2013867 (2022).","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"1099_CR42","first-page":"563","volume":"14","author":"B Jansson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jansson, B. Dietary, total body, and intracellular potassium-to-sodium ratios and their influence on cancer. Cancer Detect. Prev. 14, 563\u2013565 (1990).","journal-title":"Cancer Detect. Prev."},{"key":"1099_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1964.206.4.674","volume":"206","author":"G Malnic","year":"1964","unstructured":"Malnic, G., Klose, R. M. & Giebisch, G. Micropuncture study of renal potassium excretion in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 206, 674\u2013686 (1964).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1966.211.3.529","volume":"211","author":"G Malnic","year":"1966","unstructured":"Malnic, G., Klose, R. M. & Giebisch, G. Micropuncture study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transport in rat nephron. Am. J. Physiol. 211, 529\u2013547 (1966).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1966.211.3.548","volume":"211","author":"G Malnic","year":"1966","unstructured":"Malnic, G., Klose, R. M. & Giebisch, G. Microperfusion study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transfer in rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 211, 548\u2013559 (1966).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1971.221.2.437","volume":"221","author":"FS Wright","year":"1971","unstructured":"Wright, F. S., Strieder, N., Fowler, N. B. & Giebisch, G. Potassium secretion by distal tubule after potassium adaptation. Am. J. Physiol. 221, 437\u2013448 (1971).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.96.2.319","volume":"96","author":"J Strieter","year":"1990","unstructured":"Strieter, J., Stephenson, J. L., Palmer, L. G. & Weinstein, A. M. Volume-activated chloride permeability can mediate cell volume regulation in a mathematical model of a tight epithelium. J. Gen. Physiol. 96, 319\u2013344 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F721","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00044.2005","volume":"289","author":"AM Weinstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weinstein, A. M. A mathematical model of rat distal convoluted tubule. II. Potassium secretion along the connecting segment. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 289, F721\u2013F741 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1032","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00117.2018","volume":"315","author":"L Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. Regulation of renal Na transporters in response to dietary K. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 315, F1032\u2013F1041 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1289","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00247.2012","volume":"303","author":"V Nesterov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nesterov, V. et al. Aldosterone-dependent and -independent regulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in mouse distal nephron. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 303, F1289\u2013F1299 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202112902","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202112902","volume":"153","author":"L Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. ENaC and ROMK channels in the connecting tubule regulate renal K+ secretion. J. Gen. Physiol. 153, e202112902 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013111156","volume":"26","author":"A Todkar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Todkar, A. et al. Mechanisms of renal control of potassium homeostasis in complete aldosterone deficiency. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 26, 425\u2013438 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00139.2021","author":"V Nesterov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nesterov, V. et al. Critical role of the mineralocorticoid receptor in aldosterone-dependent and aldosterone-independent regulation of ENaC in the distal nephron. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.00139.2021 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000001006","volume":"33","author":"J Demko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Demko, J., Weber, R., Pearce, D. & Saha, B. Aldosterone-independent regulation of K + secretion in the distal nephron. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 33, 526\u2013534 (2024).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"1099_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F849","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00181.2009","volume":"297","author":"PA Welling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Welling, P. A. & Ho, K. A comprehensive guide to the ROMK potassium channel: form and function in health and disease. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 297, F849\u2013F863 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70087","volume":"12","author":"S Lasaad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lasaad, S., Nickerson, A. J., Crambert, G., Satlin, L. M. & Kleyman, T. R. Going with the flow: new insights regarding flow induced K+ secretion in the distal nephron. Physiol. Rep. 12, e70087 (2024).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e158498","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI158498","volume":"133","author":"PR Grimm","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grimm, P. R. et al. Dietary potassium stimulates Ppp1Ca-Ppp1r1a dephosphorylation of kidney NaCl cotransporter and reduces blood pressure. J. Clin. Invest. 133, e158498 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1099_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.006","volume":"21","author":"AS Terker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Terker, A. S. et al. Potassium modulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure through effects on distal cell voltage and chloride. Cell Metab. 21, 39\u201350 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1099_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.289","author":"AS Terker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Terker, A. S. et al. Unique chloride-sensing properties of WNK4 permit the distal nephron to modulate potassium homeostasis. Kidney Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2015.289 (2015).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F503","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00482.2005","volume":"291","author":"MB Sandberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sandberg, M. B., Maunsbach, A. B. & McDonough, A. A. Redistribution of distal tubule Na+-Cl\u2212 cotransporter (NCC) in response to a high-salt diet. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291, F503\u2013F508 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22546","volume":"81","author":"PA Welling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Welling, P. A. et al. Potassium-switch signaling pathway dictates acute blood pressure response to dietary potassium. Hypertension 81, 1044\u20131054 (2024).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.222.2.421","volume":"222","author":"M Brandis","year":"1972","unstructured":"Brandis, M., Keyes, J. & Windhager, E. E. Potassium-induced inhibition of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 222, 421\u2013427 (1972).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F225","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00413.2021","volume":"322","author":"AM Weinstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weinstein, A. M. A mathematical model of the rat kidney. IV. Whole kidney response to hyperkalemia. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 322, F225\u2013F244 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3401-x","volume":"32","author":"ID Weiner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weiner, I. D. Roles of renal ammonia metabolism other than in acid-base homeostasis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 32, 933\u2013942 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017111163","volume":"29","author":"AN Harris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harris, A. N. et al. Mechanism of hyperkalemia-induced metabolic acidosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 29, 1411\u20131425 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR66","first-page":"F494","volume":"259","author":"WH Wang","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wang, W. H., Schwab, A. & Giebisch, G. Regulation of small-conductance K+ channel in apical membrane of rat cortical collecting tubule. Am. J. Physiol. 259, F494\u2013F502 (1990).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR67","first-page":"F333","volume":"253","author":"LG Palmer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Palmer, L. G. & Frindt, G. Effects of cell Ca and pH on Na channels from rat cortical collecting tubule. Am. J. Physiol. 253, F333\u2013F339 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111840","volume":"41","author":"AS Terker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Terker, A. S. et al. Kir4.2 mediates proximal potassium effects on glutaminase activity and kidney injury. Cell Rep. 41, 111840 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062844","volume":"293","author":"FH Wilson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilson, F. H. et al. Human hypertension caused by mutations in WNK kinases. Science 293, 1107\u20131112 (2001).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1099_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F223","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00050.2018","volume":"315","author":"P Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, P. et al. Role of WNK4 and kidney-specific WNK1 in mediating the effect of high dietary K+ intake on ROMK channel in the distal convoluted tubule. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 315, F223\u2013F230 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F582","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00412.2018","volume":"316","author":"XT Su","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su, X. T., Ellison, D. H. & Wang, W. H. Kir4.1\/Kir5.1 in the DCT plays a role in the regulation of renal K+ excretion. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 316, F582\u2013F586 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F332","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00523.2019","volume":"318","author":"AD Manis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Manis, A. D., Hodges, M. R., Staruschenko, A. & Palygin, O. Expression, localization, and functional properties of inwardly rectifying K+ channels in the kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 318, F332\u2013F337 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C277","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00096.2022","volume":"323","author":"WH Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, W. H. & Lin, D. H. Inwardly rectifying K+ channels 4.1 and 5.1 (Kir4.1\/Kir5.1) in the renal distal nephron. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 323, C277\u2013C288 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42685","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510042200","volume":"280","author":"T Moriguchi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moriguchi, T. et al. WNK1 regulates phosphorylation of cation-chloride-coupled cotransporters via the STE20-related kinases, SPAK and OSR1. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 42685\u201342693 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014050470","volume":"26","author":"S Bazua-Valenti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bazua-Valenti, S. et al. The effect of WNK4 on the Na+-Cl- cotransporter is modulated by intracellular chloride. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 26, 1781\u20131786 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00107","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20140047","volume":"34","author":"D Takahashi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takahashi, D. et al. WNK4 is the major WNK positively regulating NCC in the mouse kidney. Biosci. Rep. 34, e00107 (2014).","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020101406","volume":"32","author":"L Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, L., Chou, C. L. & Knepper, M. A. A comprehensive map of mRNAs and their isoforms across all 14 renal tubule segments of mouse. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 32, 897\u2013912 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78558","volume":"125","author":"PR Grimm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grimm, P. R. et al. Integrated compensatory network is activated in the absence of NCC phosphorylation. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 2136\u20132150 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1099_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.07.009","volume":"14","author":"JA McCormick","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCormick, J. A. et al. A SPAK isoform switch modulates renal salt transport and blood pressure. Cell Metab. 14, 352\u2013364 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1099_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.200900058","volume":"2","author":"FH Rafiqi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rafiqi, F. H. et al. Role of the WNK-activated SPAK kinase in regulating blood pressure. EMBO Mol. Med. 2, 63\u201375 (2010).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37673","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.402800","volume":"287","author":"PR Grimm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grimm, P. R. et al. SPAK isoforms and OSR1 regulate sodium-chloride co-transporters in a nephron-specific manner. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 37673\u201337690 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.123.22464","author":"MZ Ferdaus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferdaus, M. Z., Koumangoye, R., Welling, P. A. & Delpire, E. Kinase scaffold Cab39 is necessary for phospho-activation of the thiazide-sensitive NCC. Hypertension https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hypertensionaha.123.22464 (2024).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10814","volume":"482","author":"LM Boyden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boyden, L. M. et al. Mutations in kelch-like 3 and cullin 3 cause hypertension and electrolyte abnormalities. Nature 482, 98\u2013102 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1099_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2218","volume":"44","author":"H Louis-Dit-Picard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Louis-Dit-Picard, H. et al. KLHL3 mutations cause familial hyperkalemic hypertension by impairing ion transport in the distal nephron. Nat. Genet. 44, 456\u2013460 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1099_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808358106","volume":"106","author":"Y Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. From the cover: whole-genome association study identifies STK39 as a hypertension susceptibility gene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 226\u2013231 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.1970.19.4.287","volume":"19","author":"RD Gordon","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gordon, R. D., Geddes, R. A., Pawsey, C. G. & O\u2019Halloran, M. W. Hypertension and severe hyperkalaemia associated with suppression of renin and aldosterone and completely reversed by dietary sodium restriction. Australas. Ann. Med. 19, 287\u2013294 (1970).","journal-title":"Australas. Ann. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-24","volume":"12","author":"DB Simon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Simon, D. B. et al. Gitelman\u2019s variant of Bartter\u2019s syndrome, inherited hypokalaemic alkalosis, is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter. Nat. Genet. 12, 24\u201330 (1996).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1099_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1969.tb13015.x","volume":"162","author":"HJ Gitelman","year":"1969","unstructured":"Gitelman, H. J., Graham, J. B. & Welt, L. G. A familial disorder characterized by hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 162, 856\u2013864 (1969).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"1099_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5842","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901749106","volume":"106","author":"UI Scholl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scholl, U. I. et al. Seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance (SeSAME syndrome) caused by mutations in KCNJ10. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 5842\u20135847 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810276","volume":"360","author":"D Bockenhauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bockenhauer, D. et al. Epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, tubulopathy, and KCNJ10 mutations. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 1960\u20131970 (2009).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28755","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603773200","volume":"281","author":"D Pacheco-Alvarez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pacheco-Alvarez, D. et al. The Na+:Cl\u2212 cotransporter is activated and phosphorylated at the amino-terminal domain upon intracellular chloride depletion. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 28755\u201328763 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03335","volume":"64","author":"AS Terker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Terker, A. S. et al. Sympathetic stimulation of thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransport in the generation of salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 64, 178\u2013184 (2014).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016090935","volume":"28","author":"CA Cuevas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cuevas, C. A. et al. Potassium sensing by renal distal tubules requires Kir4.1. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 28, 1814\u20131825 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52848","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M309436200","volume":"278","author":"K Piechotta","year":"2003","unstructured":"Piechotta, K., Garbarini, N. J., England, R. & Delpire, E. Characterization of the interaction of the stress kinase SPAK with the Na+-K+-2Cl\u2212 cotransporter in the nervous system: evidence for a scaffolding role of the kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 52848\u201352856 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051180","volume":"391","author":"AC Vitari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vitari, A. C., Deak, M., Morrice, N. A. & Alessi, D. R. The WNK1 and WNK4 protein kinases that are mutated in Gordon\u2019s hypertension syndrome phosphorylate and activate SPAK and OSR1 protein kinases. Biochem. J. 391, 17\u201324 (2005).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"1099_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50812","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208108200","volume":"277","author":"K Piechotta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Piechotta, K., Lu, J. & Delpire, E. Cation chloride cotransporters interact with the stress-related kinases Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress response 1 (OSR1). J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50812\u201350819 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014111067","volume":"26","author":"JW Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, J. W., Chour, C. L. & Knepper, M. A. Deep sequencing in microdissected renal tubules identifies nephron segment-specific transcriptomes. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 26, 2669\u20132677 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22368-w","volume":"12","author":"Y Muto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muto, Y. et al. Single cell transcriptional and chromatin accessibility profiling redefine cellular heterogeneity in the adult human kidney. Nat. Commun. 12, 2190 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1099_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F292","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00464.2018","volume":"316","author":"MN Thomson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomson, M. N. et al. Patients with hypokalemia develop WNK bodies in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 316, F292\u2013F300 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F216","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00232.2019","volume":"318","author":"MN Thomson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomson, M. N. et al. WNK bodies cluster WNK4 and SPAK\/OSR1 to promote NCC activation in hypokalemia. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 318, F216\u2013F228 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4945","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272311","volume":"594","author":"MZ Ferdaus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferdaus, M. Z. et al. SPAK and OSR1 play essential roles in potassium homeostasis through actions on the distal convoluted tubule. J. Physiol. 594, 4945\u20134966 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016090948","volume":"28","author":"PR Grimm","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grimm, P. R., Coleman, R., Delpire, E. & Welling, P. A. Constitutively active SPAK causes hyperkalemia by activating NCC and remodeling distal tubules. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 28, 2597\u20132606 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72969","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072969","volume":"8","author":"PY Chu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chu, P. Y. et al. SPAK deficiency corrects pseudohypoaldosteronism II caused by WNK4 mutation. PLoS ONE 8, e72969 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1099_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.07.121","volume":"491","author":"K Susa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Susa, K. et al. WNK4 is indispensable for the pathogenesis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II caused by mutant KLHL3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 491, 727\u2013732 (2017).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"1099_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C134","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00037.2005","volume":"290","author":"KB Gagnon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gagnon, K. B., England, R. & Delpire, E. Volume sensitivity of cation-chloride cotransporters is modulated by the interaction of two kinases: SPAK and WNK4. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 290, C134\u2013C142 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.130","volume":"78","author":"NB Pedersen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pedersen, N. B., Hofmeister, M. V., Rosenbaek, L. L., Nielsen, J. & Fenton, R. A. Vasopressin induces phosphorylation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule. Kidney Int. 78, 160\u2013169 (2010).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005111197","volume":"17","author":"M O\u2019Reilly","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, M. et al. Dietary electrolyte-driven responses in the renal WNK kinase pathway in vivo. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17, 2402\u20132413 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.10.005","volume":"51","author":"A Ransick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ransick, A. et al. Single-cell profiling reveals sex, lineage, and regional diversity in the mouse kidney. Dev. Cell 51, 399\u2013413.e7 (2019).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"1099_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F999","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00177.2017","volume":"314","author":"YS Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, Y. S., Xie, J., Yang, S. S., Lin, S. H. & Huang, C. L. Differential roles of WNK4 in regulation of NCC in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 314, F999\u2013F1007 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3978","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp344","volume":"18","author":"A Ohta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ohta, A. et al. Targeted disruption of the Wnk4 gene decreases phosphorylation of Na-Cl cotransporter, increases Na excretion and lowers blood pressure. Hum. Mol. Genet. 18, 3978\u20133986 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1099_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu217","volume":"23","author":"K Susa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Susa, K. et al. Impaired degradation of WNK1 and WNK4 kinases causes PHAII in mutant KLHL3 knock-in mice. Hum. Mol. Genet. 23, 5052\u20135060 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1099_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1877","volume":"38","author":"MD Lalioti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lalioti, M. D. et al. Wnk4 controls blood pressure and potassium homeostasis via regulation of mass and activity of the distal convoluted tubule. Nat. Genet. 38, 1124\u20131132 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"1099_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.120899","volume":"52","author":"C Delaloy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Delaloy, C. et al. Deletion of WNK1 first intron results in misregulation of both isoforms in renal and extrarenal tissues. Hypertension 52, 1149\u20131154 (2008).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304230110","volume":"110","author":"E Vidal-Petiot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vidal-Petiot, E. et al. WNK1-related familial hyperkalemic hypertension results from an increased expression of L-WNK1 specifically in the distal nephron. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 14366\u201314371 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C437","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.270.2.C437","volume":"270","author":"C Lytle","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lytle, C. & Forbush, B. 3rd Regulatory phosphorylation of the secretory Na-K-Cl cotransporter: modulation by cytoplasmic Cl. Am. J. Physiol. 270, C437\u2013C448 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra41","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2005050","volume":"7","author":"AT Piala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piala, A. T. et al. Chloride sensing by WNK1 involves inhibition of autophosphorylation. Sci. Signal. 7, ra41 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"1099_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817220116","volume":"116","author":"JC Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, J. C. et al. WNK4 kinase is a physiological intracellular chloride sensor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 4502\u20134507 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F534","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00284.2020","volume":"319","author":"XT Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su, X. T. et al. Distal convoluted tubule Cl- concentration is modulated via K+) channels and transporters. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 319, F534\u2013F540 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F704","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00030.2009","volume":"297","author":"V Vallon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vallon, V., Schroth, J., Lang, F., Kuhl, D. & Uchida, S. Expression and phosphorylation of the Na+-Cl- cotransporter NCC in vivo is regulated by dietary salt, potassium, and SGK1. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 297, F704\u2013F712 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F923","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00388.2014","volume":"308","author":"JB Wade","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wade, J. B. et al. SPAK-mediated NCC regulation in response to low-K+ diet. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 308, F923\u2013F931 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C703","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00456.2020","volume":"320","author":"JM Pleinis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pleinis, J. M. et al. WNKs are potassium-sensitive kinases. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 320, C703\u2013c721 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-031522-080651","volume":"85","author":"EJ Goldsmith","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goldsmith, E. J. & Rodan, A. R. Intracellular ion control of WNK signaling. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 85, 383\u2013406 (2023).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F378","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00634.2020","volume":"320","author":"AR Murillo-de-Ozores","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murillo-de-Ozores, A. R., Rodr\u00edguez-Gama, A., Carbajal-Contreras, H., Gamba, G. & Casta\u00f1eda-Bueno, M. WNK4 kinase: from structure to physiology. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 320, F378\u2013F403 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1398","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00288.2007","volume":"294","author":"S Lachheb","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lachheb, S. et al. Kir4.1\/Kir5.1 channel forms the major K+ channel in the basolateral membrane of mouse renal collecting duct principal cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 294, F1398\u2013F1407 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11864","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411705111","volume":"111","author":"C Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. KCNJ10 determines the expression of the apical Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) in the early distal convoluted tubule (DCT1). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 11864\u201311869 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1148","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00203.2004","volume":"287","author":"M Tanemoto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tanemoto, M., Abe, T., Onogawa, T. & Ito, S. PDZ binding motif-dependent localization of K+ channel on the basolateral side in distal tubules. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 287, F1148\u2013F1153 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005030266","volume":"16","author":"M Tanemoto","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tanemoto, M., Abe, T. & Ito, S. PDZ-binding and di-hydrophobic motifs regulate distribution of Kir4.1 channels in renal cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16, 2608\u20132614 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12241","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M707738200","volume":"283","author":"M Tanemoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tanemoto, M., Toyohara, T., Abe, T. & Ito, S. MAGI-1a functions as a scaffolding protein for the distal renal tubular basolateral K+ channels. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 12241\u201312247 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.10.023","volume":"93","author":"MX Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, M. X. et al. Potassium intake modulates the thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) activity via the Kir4.1 potassium channel. Kidney Int. 93, 893\u2013902 (2018).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1045","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00004.2021","volume":"320","author":"XP Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan, X. P. et al. Deletion of Kir5.1 abolishes the effect of high Na+ intake on Kir4.1 and Na+-Cl- cotransporter. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 320, F1045\u2013F1058 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F883","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00555.2020","volume":"320","author":"DD Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, D. D. et al. Deletion of renal Nedd4-2 abolishes the effect of high sodium intake (HS) on Kir4.1, ENaC, and NCC and causes hypokalemia during high HS. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 320, F883\u2013F896 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000406","volume":"35","author":"XP Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan, X. P. et al. mTORc2 in distal convoluted tubule and renal K + excretion during high dietary K + intake. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 35, 1149\u20131163 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-2084-x","volume":"470","author":"VN Tomilin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomilin, V. N., Zaika, O., Subramanya, A. R. & Pochynyuk, O. Dietary K+ and Cl\u2212 independently regulate basolateral conductance in principal and intercalated cells of the collecting duct. Pflug. Arch. 470, 339\u2013353 (2018).","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"1099_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000109","volume":"34","author":"B Saha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saha, B. et al. Potassium activates mTORC2-dependent SGK1 phosphorylation to stimulate epithelial sodium channel: role in rapid renal responses to dietary potassium. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 34, 1019\u20131038 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000089830.97681.3B","volume":"14","author":"M O\u2019Reilly","year":"2003","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, M., Marshall, E., Speirs, H. J. & Brown, R. W. WNK1, a gene within a novel blood pressure control pathway, tissue-specifically generates radically different isoforms with and without a kinase domain. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 14, 2447\u20132456 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E17-08-0529","volume":"29","author":"CR Boyd-Shiwarski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R. et al. Potassium-regulated distal tubule WNK bodies are kidney-specific WNK1 dependent. Mol. Biol. Cell 29, 499\u2013509 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"1099_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e188792","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI188792","volume":"135","author":"CR Boyd-Shiwarski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R. et al. Kidney-specific WNK1 amplifies kidney tubule responsiveness to potassium via WNK body condensates. J. Clin. Invest. 135, e188792 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1099_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94171","volume":"130","author":"H Louis-Dit-Picard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Louis-Dit-Picard, H. et al. Mutation affecting the conserved acidic WNK1 motif causes inherited hyperkalemic hyperchloremic acidosis. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 6379\u20136394 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1099_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F734","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00145.2018","volume":"315","author":"ER Argaiz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Argaiz, E. R. et al. Kidney-specific WNK1 isoform (KS-WNK1) is a potent activator of WNK4 and NCC. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 315, F734\u2013F745 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006128107","volume":"107","author":"J Hadchouel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hadchouel, J. et al. Decreased ENaC expression compensates the increased NCC activity following inactivation of the kidney-specific isoform of WNK1 and prevents hypertension. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 18109\u201318114 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq525","volume":"20","author":"Z Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Downregulation of NCC and NKCC2 cotransporters by kidney-specific WNK1 revealed by gene disruption and transgenic mouse models. Hum. Mol. Genet. 20, 855\u2013866 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"1099_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00101.2024","volume":"327","author":"MZ Ferdaus","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferdaus, M. Z. et al. Deletion of KS-WNK1 promotes NCC activation by increasing WNK1\/4 abundance. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 327, F373\u2013F385 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e101258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101258","volume":"9","author":"MU Cheema","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheema, M. U. et al. Distal renal tubules are deficient in aggresome formation and autophagy upon aldosterone administration. PLoS ONE 9, e101258 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1099_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phy2.64","volume":"1","author":"MU Cheema","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheema, M. U. et al. Aldosterone and angiotensin II induce protein aggregation in renal proximal tubules. Physiol. Rep. 1, e00064 (2013).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-042222-025920","volume":"86","author":"AR Subramanya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Subramanya, A. R. & Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R. Molecular crowding: physiologic sensing and control. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 86, 429\u2013452 (2024).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.09.042","volume":"185","author":"CR Boyd-Shiwarski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R. et al. WNK kinases sense molecular crowding and rescue cell volume via phase separation. Cell 185, 4488\u20134506.e20 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1099_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00013.2024","volume":"39","author":"CR Boyd-Shiwarski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R., Shiwarski, D. J. & Subramanya, A. R. A new phase for WNK kinase signaling complexes as biomolecular condensates. Physiology 39, 0 (2024).","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"1099_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv2083","volume":"11","author":"G Maga\u00f1a-\u00c1vila","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maga\u00f1a-\u00c1vila, G. et al. NRBP1 and TSC22D proteins affect distal convoluted tubule physiology through modulation of the WNK pathway. Sci. Adv. 11, eadv2083 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1099_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1198","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00284.2012","volume":"303","author":"J Ponce-Coria","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ponce-Coria, J., Gagnon, K. B. & Delpire, E. Calcium-binding protein 39 facilitates molecular interaction between Ste20p proline alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress response 1 monomers. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 303, C1198\u2013C1205 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.78","volume":"30","author":"BM Filippi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Filippi, B. M. et al. MO25 is a master regulator of SPAK\/OSR1 and MST3\/MST4\/YSK1 protein kinases. EMBO J. 30, 1730\u20131741 (2011).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"1099_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017101091","volume":"29","author":"Q Sun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sun, Q. et al. Intracellular chloride and scaffold protein Mo25 cooperatively regulate transepithelial ion transport through WNK signaling in the malpighian tubule. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 29, 1449\u20131461 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600782","volume":"24","author":"M Kanai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanai, M. et al. Fission yeast MO25 protein is localized at SPB and septum and is essential for cell morphogenesis. EMBO J. 24, 3012\u20133025 (2005).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"1099_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01296","volume":"421","author":"SG Martin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Martin, S. G. & St Johnston, D. A role for Drosophila LKB1 in anterior-posterior axis formation and epithelial polarity. Nature 421, 379\u2013384 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1099_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7838","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304592110","volume":"110","author":"S Shibata","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shibata, S., Zhang, J., Puthumana, J., Stone, K. L. & Lifton, R. P. Kelch-like 3 and Cullin 3 regulate electrolyte homeostasis via ubiquitination and degradation of WNK4. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 7838\u20137843 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20121903","volume":"451","author":"A Ohta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ohta, A. et al. The CUL3-KLHL3 E3 ligase complex mutated in Gordon\u2019s hypertension syndrome interacts with and ubiquitylates WNK isoforms; disease-causing mutations in KLHL3 and WNK4 disrupt interaction. Biochem. J. 451, 111\u2013122 (2013).","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"1099_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F915","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00593.2017","volume":"314","author":"MZ Ferdaus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ferdaus, M. Z. & McCormick, J. A. Mechanisms and controversies in mutant Cul3-mediated familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 314, F915\u2013F920 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F734","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00575.2020","volume":"320","author":"M Ostrosky-Frid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ostrosky-Frid, M. et al. Role of KLHL3 and dietary K+ in regulating KS-WNK1 expression. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 320, F734\u2013F747 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.02.024","volume":"3","author":"M Wakabayashi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wakabayashi, M. et al. Impaired KLHL3-mediated ubiquitination of WNK4 causes human hypertension. Cell Rep. 3, 858\u2013868 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.08.035","volume":"439","author":"Y Mori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mori, Y. et al. Decrease of WNK4 ubiquitination by disease-causing mutations of KLHL3 through different molecular mechanisms. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 439, 30\u201334 (2013).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"1099_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201505444","volume":"7","author":"FR Schumacher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schumacher, F. R. et al. Characterisation of the Cullin-3 mutation that causes a severe form of familial hypertension and hyperkalaemia. EMBO Mol. Med. 7, 1285\u20131306 (2015).","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000891","volume":"32","author":"RJ Cornelius","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cornelius, R. J., Maeoka, Y. & McCormick, J. A. Renal effects of cullin 3 mutations causing familial hyperkalemic hypertension. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 32, 335\u2013343 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"1099_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.91015","volume":"1","author":"LN Agbor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agbor, L. N. et al. Cullin-3 mutation causes arterial stiffness and hypertension through a vascular smooth muscle mechanism. JCI Insight 1, e91015 (2016).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1099_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017121307","volume":"30","author":"W Abdel Khalek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdel Khalek, W. et al. Severe arterial hypertension from cullin 3 mutations is caused by both renal and vascular effects. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 30, 811\u2013823 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40795-0","volume":"9","author":"T Saritas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saritas, T. et al. Disruption of CUL3-mediated ubiquitination causes proximal tubule injury and kidney fibrosis. Sci. Rep. 9, 4596 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96700","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.96700","volume":"2","author":"MZ Ferdaus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferdaus, M. Z. et al. Mutant Cullin 3 causes familial hyperkalemic hypertension via dominant effects. JCI Insight 2, e96700 (2017).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1099_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15556","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418342111","volume":"111","author":"S Shibata","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shibata, S. et al. Angiotensin II signaling via protein kinase C phosphorylates Kelch-like 3, preventing WNK4 degradation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 15556\u201315561 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817281116","volume":"116","author":"K Ishizawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ishizawa, K. et al. Calcineurin dephosphorylates Kelch-like 3, reversing phosphorylation by angiotensin II and regulating renal electrolyte handling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 3155\u20133160 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010095","volume":"11","author":"SK Murali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murali, S. K. et al. Potassium effects on NCC are attenuated during Inhibition of Cullin E3-ubiquitin ligases. Cells 11, 95 (2021).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1099_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F719","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00459.2020","volume":"320","author":"A Mukherjee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A. et al. Roles of WNK4 and SPAK in K+-mediated dephosphorylation of the NaCl cotransporter. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 320, F719\u2013F733 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.001","volume":"91","author":"W Shoda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shoda, W. et al. Calcineurin inhibitors block sodium-chloride cotransporter dephosphorylation in response to high potassium intake. Kidney Int. 91, 402\u2013411 (2017).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1059","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00015.2014","volume":"306","author":"S Rengarajan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rengarajan, S. et al. Increasing plasma [K+] by intravenous potassium infusion reduces NCC phosphorylation and drives kaliuresis and natriuresis. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 306, F1059\u2013F1068 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.14","volume":"83","author":"MV Sorensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sorensen, M. V. et al. Rapid dephosphorylation of the renal sodium chloride cotransporter in response to oral potassium intake in mice. Kidney Int. 83, 811\u2013824 (2013).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272504","author":"D Penton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Penton, D. et al. Extracellular K+ rapidly controls NCC phosphorylation in native DCT by Cl-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J. Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP272504 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012121202","volume":"25","author":"N Picard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Picard, N. et al. Protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor-1 deficiency reduces phosphorylation of renal NaCl cotransporter and causes arterial hypotension. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 25, 511\u2013522 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1139\/Y10-080","volume":"88","author":"M Glover","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glover, M., Mercier Zuber, A., Figg, N. & O\u2019Shaughnessy, K. M. The activity of the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl\u2212 cotransporter is regulated by protein phosphatase PP4. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 88, 986\u2013995 (2010).","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"1099_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2497","volume":"17","author":"EJ Hoorn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoorn, E. J. et al. The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus activates the renal sodium chloride cotransporter to cause hypertension. Nat. Med. 17, 1304\u20131309 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.06.030","volume":"100","author":"E Banki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banki, E. et al. Specific disruption of calcineurin-signaling in the distal convoluted tubule impacts the transcriptome and proteome, and causes hypomagnesemia and metabolic acidosis. Kidney Int. 100, 850\u2013869 (2021).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018050540","volume":"30","author":"D Penton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Penton, D. et al. Protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor-1 mediates the cAMP-dependent stimulation of the renal NaCl cotransporter. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 30, 737\u2013750 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14115","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.112672","volume":"285","author":"KB Gagnon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gagnon, K. B. & Delpire, E. Multiple pathways for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) regulation of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) function: the N-terminal tail of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter serves as a regulatory scaffold for Ste20-related proline\/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) AND PP1. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 14115\u201314121 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-2009-8","volume":"469","author":"Y Sugano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sugano, Y., Cianciolo Cosentino, C., Loffing-Cueni, D., Neuhauss, S. C. F. & Loffing, J. Comparative transcriptomic analysis identifies evolutionarily conserved gene products in the vertebrate renal distal convoluted tubule. Pflug. Arch. 469, 859\u2013867 (2017).","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"1099_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12209","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.003037","volume":"293","author":"AR Murillo-de-Ozores","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murillo-de-Ozores, A. R. et al. C-terminally truncated, kidney-specific variants of the WNK4 kinase lack several sites that regulate its activity. J. Biol. Chem. 293, 12209\u201312221 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F285","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00343.2023","volume":"326","author":"H Carbajal-Contreras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carbajal-Contreras, H. et al. Arginine vasopressin regulates the renal Na+-Cl\u2212 and Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporters through with-no-lysine kinase 4 and inhibitor 1 phosphorylation. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 326, F285\u2013F299 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000420","volume":"35","author":"DL Ralph","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ralph, D. L. et al. Potassium-alkali-enriched diet, hypertension, and proteinuria following uninephrectomy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 35, 1330\u20131350 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e156437","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.156437","volume":"8","author":"R Little","year":"2023","unstructured":"Little, R. et al. Dissociation of sodium-chloride cotransporter expression and blood pressure during chronic high dietary potassium supplementation. JCI Insight 8, e156437 (2023).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1099_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F377","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00193.2023","volume":"325","author":"L Al-Qusairi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Qusairi, L. et al. Dietary anions control potassium excretion: it is more than a poorly absorbable anion effect. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 325, F377\u2013F393 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1507","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00255.2013","volume":"306","author":"M Castaneda-Bueno","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castaneda-Bueno, M. et al. Modulation of NCC activity by low and high K+ intake: insights into the signaling pathways involved. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 306, F1507\u2013F1519 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.025312","volume":"121","author":"C Richardson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Richardson, C. et al. Activation of the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl\u2212 cotransporter by the WNK-regulated kinases SPAK and OSR1. J. Cell Sci. 121, 675\u2013684 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"1099_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F495","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00088.2017","volume":"313","author":"LL Rosenbaek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosenbaek, L. L., Rizzo, F., MacAulay, N., Staub, O. & Fenton, R. A. Functional assessment of sodium chloride cotransporter NCC mutants in polarized mammalian epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 313, F495\u2013F504 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13347","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.543710","volume":"289","author":"LL Rosenbaek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rosenbaek, L. L., Kortenoeven, M. L., Aroankins, T. S. & Fenton, R. A. Phosphorylation decreases ubiquitylation of the thiazide-sensitive cotransporter NCC and subsequent clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 289, 13347\u201313361 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F300","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00441.2009","volume":"299","author":"B Ko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ko, B. et al. RasGRP1 stimulation enhances ubiquitination and endocytosis of the sodium-chloride cotransporter. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 299, F300\u2013F309 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12819-0","volume":"7","author":"LL Rosenbaek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosenbaek, L. L. et al. The thiazide sensitive sodium chloride co-transporter NCC is modulated by site-specific ubiquitylation. Sci. Rep. 7, 12981 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.07.124","volume":"425","author":"MZ Hossain Khan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hossain Khan, M. Z. et al. Phosphorylation of Na-Cl cotransporter by OSR1 and SPAK kinases regulates its ubiquitination. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 425, 456\u2013461 (2012).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"1099_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M112.017905","volume":"11","author":"SA Wagner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wagner, S. A. et al. Proteomic analyses reveal divergent ubiquitylation site patterns in murine tissues. Mol. Cell Proteom. 11, 1578\u20131585 (2012).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"1099_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M115.054965","volume":"15","author":"AR Huebner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huebner, A. R. et al. Deubiquitylation of protein cargo is not an essential step in exosome formation. Mol. Cell Proteom. 15, 1556\u20131571 (2016).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"1099_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43611","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.288928","volume":"286","author":"PG Needham","year":"2011","unstructured":"Needham, P. G. et al. The thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter is targeted for chaperone-dependent endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 43611\u201343621 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13124","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.455394","volume":"288","author":"BF Donnelly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Donnelly, B. F. et al. Hsp70 and Hsp90 multichaperone complexes sequentially regulate thiazide-sensitive cotransporter endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and biogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 13124\u201313135 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"1099_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050389","volume":"13","author":"N Frachon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frachon, N. et al. AUP1 regulates the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and polyubiquitination of NKCC2. Cells 13, 389 (2024).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1099_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F908","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00064.2021","volume":"320","author":"MLA Kortenoeven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kortenoeven, M. L. A., Cheng, L., Wu, Q. & Fenton, R. A. An in vivo protein landscape of the mouse DCT during high dietary K+ or low dietary Na+ intake. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 320, F908\u2013F921 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2011.04.012","volume":"23","author":"T Okiyoneda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okiyoneda, T., Apaja, P. M. & Lukacs, G. L. Protein quality control at the plasma membrane. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 23, 483\u2013491 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1099_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011020132","volume":"22","author":"JP Arroyo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arroyo, J. P. et al. Nedd4-2 modulates renal Na+-Cl\u2212 cotransporter via the aldosterone-SGK1-Nedd4-2 pathway. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1707\u20131719 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR201","first-page":"657","volume":"123","author":"C Ronzaud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ronzaud, C. et al. Renal tubular NEDD4-2 deficiency causes NCC-mediated salt-dependent hypertension. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 657\u2013665 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1099_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F825","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00216.2019","volume":"317","author":"MZ Ferdaus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferdaus, M. Z. et al. Mg2+ restriction downregulates NCC through NEDD4-2 and prevents its activation by hypokalemia. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 317, F825\u2013F838 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00213746","volume":"224","author":"B Kaissling","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kaissling, B. & Le Hir, M. Distal tubular segments of the rabbit kidney after adaptation to altered Na- and K-intake. I. Structural changes. Cell Tissue Res. 224, 469\u2013492 (1982).","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"1099_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.11.021","volume":"25","author":"T Saritas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saritas, T. et al. Optical clearing in the kidney reveals potassium-mediated tubule remodeling. Cell Rep. 25, 2668\u20132675.e63 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.426","volume":"50","author":"J Loffing","year":"1996","unstructured":"Loffing, J. et al. Thiazide treatment of rats provokes apoptosis in distal tubule cells. Kidney Int. 50, 1180\u20131190 (1996).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000138234.18569.63","volume":"15","author":"J Loffing","year":"2004","unstructured":"Loffing, J. et al. Altered renal distal tubule structure and renal Na+ and Ca2+ handling in a mouse model for Gitelman\u2019s syndrome. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15, 2276\u20132288 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113847","volume":"83","author":"DH Ellison","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ellison, D. H., Velazquez, H. & Wright, F. S. Adaptation of the distal convoluted tubule of the rat. Structural and functional effects of dietary salt intake and chronic diuretic infusion. J. Clin. Invest. 83, 113\u2013126 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"1099_CR208","first-page":"F137","volume":"261","author":"P Morsing","year":"1991","unstructured":"Morsing, P., Velazquez, H., Wright, F. S. & Ellison, D. H. Adaptation of distal convoluted tubule of rats. II. Effects of chronic thiazide infusion. Am. J. Physiol. 261, F137\u2013F143 (1991).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR209","first-page":"F1269","volume":"255","author":"BA Stanton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stanton, B. A. & Kaissling, B. Adaptation of distal tubule and collecting duct to increased Na delivery. II. Na+ and K+ transport. Am. J. Physiol. 255, F1269\u2013F1275 (1988).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F754","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00441.2020","volume":"319","author":"E Tahaei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tahaei, E., Coleman, R., Saritas, T., Ellison, D. H. & Welling, P. A. Distal convoluted tubule sexual dimorphism revealed by advanced 3D imaging. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 319, F754\u2013F764 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.981317","volume":"13","author":"A Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, A., Wolley, M. J., Fenton, R. A. & Stowasser, M. Using human urinary extracellular vesicles to study physiological and pathophysiological states and regulation of the sodium chloride cotransporter. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 981317 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1099_CR212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2020071035","author":"Q Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, Q. et al. Large-scale proteomic assessment of urinary extracellular vesicles highlights their reliability in reflecting protein changes in the kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/asn.2020071035 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015111221","volume":"28","author":"MJ Wolley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wolley, M. J. et al. In primary aldosteronism, mineralocorticoids influence exosomal sodium-chloride cotransporter abundance. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 28, 56\u201363 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015070815","volume":"27","author":"AS Terker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Terker, A. S. et al. Direct and indirect mineralocorticoid effects determine distal salt transport. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 27, 2436\u20132445 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015020154","volume":"27","author":"R Perrier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Perrier, R. et al. Severe salt-losing syndrome and hyperkalemia induced by adult nephron-specific knockout of the epithelial sodium channel \u03b1-subunit. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 27, 2309\u20132318 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000362022","volume":"3","author":"A Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, A. et al. Acute intravenous NaCl and volume expansion reduces sodium-chloride cotransporter abundance and phosphorylation in urinary extracellular vesicles. Kidney360 3, 910\u2013921 (2022).","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"1099_CR217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0003632022","volume":"3","author":"A Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, A. et al. In primary aldosteronism acute potassium chloride supplementation suppresses abundance and phosphorylation of the sodium-chloride cotransporter. Kidney360 3, 1909\u20131923 (2022).","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"1099_CR218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.03.011","volume":"8","author":"A Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, A. et al. Randomized trial on the effect of oral potassium chloride supplementation on the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter in healthy adults. Kidney Int. Rep. 8, 1201\u20131212 (2023).","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.70017","volume":"30","author":"A Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, A. et al. Plasma potassium negatively correlates with sodium chloride cotransporter abundance and phosphorylation in urinary extracellular vesicles from patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology 30, e70017 (2025).","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"1099_CR220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F971","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00274.2023","volume":"326","author":"D Bielopolski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bielopolski, D. et al. Effect of the DASH diet on the sodium-chloride cotransporter and aquaporin-2 in urinary extracellular vesicles. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 326, F971\u2013F980 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F748","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00655.2020","volume":"320","author":"L Al-Qusairi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Qusairi, L., Grimm, P. R., Zapf, A. M. & Welling, P. A. Rapid development of vasopressin resistance in dietary K+ deficiency. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 320, F748\u2013F760 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1341","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00527.2019","volume":"318","author":"CR Boyd-Shiwarski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boyd-Shiwarski, C. R. et al. Effects of extreme potassium stress on blood pressure and renal tubular sodium transport. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 318, F1341\u2013F1356 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.266924","volume":"592","author":"H Vitzthum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vitzthum, H. et al. Functional coupling of renal K+ and Na+ handling causes high blood pressure in Na+ replete mice. J. Physiol. 592, 1139\u20131157 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2063193","volume":"252","author":"AC Guyton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Guyton, A. C. Blood pressure control-special role of the kidneys and body fluids. Science 252, 1813\u20131816 (1991).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1099_CR225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08976-y","volume":"8","author":"AM Assmus","year":"2025","unstructured":"Assmus, A. M. et al. Excess dietary potassium raises blood pressure in male mice by an aldosterone-dependent increase in ENaC. Commun. Biol. 8, 1581 (2025).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"1099_CR226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0830567","volume":"83","author":"M van Buren","year":"1992","unstructured":"van Buren, M., Rabelink, T. J., van Rijn, H. J. & Koomans, H. A. Effects of acute NaCl, KCl and KHCO3 loads on renal electrolyte excretion in humans. Clin. Sci. 83, 567\u2013574 (1992).","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"1099_CR227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-005-2343-3","volume":"10","author":"GH Williams","year":"2005","unstructured":"Williams, G. H. Aldosterone biosynthesis, regulation, and classical mechanism of action. Heart Fail. Rev. 10, 7\u201313 (2005).","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"1099_CR228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e126910","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126910","volume":"5","author":"MV S\u00f8rensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, M. V. et al. Potassium acts through mTOR to regulate its own secretion. JCI Insight 5, e126910 (2019).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"1099_CR229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.10.005","volume":"18","author":"S Shibata","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shibata, S. et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor phosphorylation regulates ligand binding and renal response to volume depletion and hyperkalemia. Cell Metab. 18, 660\u2013671 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"1099_CR230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.072","volume":"24","author":"S Shibata","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shibata, S. et al. ULK1 phosphorylates and regulates mineralocorticoid receptor. Cell Rep. 24, 569\u2013576 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"1099_CR231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-015-1785-2","volume":"468","author":"J Canonica","year":"2016","unstructured":"Canonica, J. et al. Adult nephron-specific MR-deficient mice develop a severe renal PHA-1 phenotype. Pflug. Arch. 468, 895\u2013908 (2016).","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"1099_CR232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.800055","volume":"13","author":"M Kristensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kristensen, M., Fenton, R. A. & Poulsen, S. B. Dissecting the effects of aldosterone and hypokalemia on the epithelial Na+ channel and the NaCl cotransporter. Front. Physiol. 13, 800055 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.290","volume":"79","author":"N van der Lubbe","year":"2011","unstructured":"van der Lubbe, N. et al. Angiotensin II induces phosphorylation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter independent of aldosterone. Kidney Int. 79, 66\u201376 (2011).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F662","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00064.2007","volume":"293","author":"MB Sandberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sandberg, M. B., Riquier, A. D., Pihakaski-Maunsbach, K., McDonough, A. A. & Maunsbach, A. B. ANG II provokes acute trafficking of distal tubule Na+-Cl\u2212 cotransporter to apical membrane. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 293, F662\u2013F669 (2007).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F510","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00183.2013","volume":"305","author":"MT Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen, M. T., Lee, D. H., Delpire, E. & McDonough, A. A. Differential regulation of Na+ transporters along nephron during ANG II-dependent hypertension: distal stimulation counteracted by proximal inhibition. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 305, F510\u2013F519 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR236","first-page":"F143","volume":"271","author":"T Wang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wang, T. & Giebisch, G. Effects of angiotensin II on electrolyte transport in the early and late distal tubule in rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 271, F143\u2013F149 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7929","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200947109","volume":"109","author":"M Castaneda-Bueno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Castaneda-Bueno, M. et al. Activation of the renal Na+:Cl- cotransporter by angiotensin II is a WNK4-dependent process. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 7929\u20137934 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1099_CR238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000297","volume":"35","author":"XT Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su, X. T. et al. Enriched single-nucleus RNA-sequencing reveals unique attributes of distal convoluted tubule cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 35, 426\u2013440 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"1099_CR239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F775","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00004.2025","volume":"328","author":"XP Duan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duan, X. P. et al. Kir4.1\/Kir5.1 of distal convoluted tubule is required for short-term angiotensin-II-induced stimulation of Na-Cl cotransporter. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 328, F775\u2013F786 (2025).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07389","volume":"68","author":"LC Veiras","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veiras, L. C., Han, J., Ralph, D. L. & McDonough, A. A. Potassium supplementation prevents sodium chloride cotransporter stimulation during angiotensin II hypertension. Hypertension 68, 904\u2013912 (2016).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00474","volume":"61","author":"JD Foss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foss, J. D., Fink, G. D. & Osborn, J. W. Reversal of genetic salt-sensitive hypertension by targeted sympathetic ablation. Hypertension 61, 806\u2013811 (2013).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1965","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00086.2011","volume":"301","author":"SS Kandlikar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kandlikar, S. S. & Fink, G. D. Splanchnic sympathetic nerves in the development of mild DOCA-salt hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 301, H1965\u2013H1973 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1519","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00206.2005","volume":"289","author":"F Jacob","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jacob, F., Clark, L. A., Guzman, P. A. & Osborn, J. W. Role of renal nerves in development of hypertension in DOCA-salt model in rats: a telemetric approach. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 289, H1519\u2013H1529 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1623","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00264.2019","volume":"317","author":"AA Frame","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frame, A. A. et al. Sympathetic regulation of NCC in norepinephrine-evoked salt-sensitive hypertension in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 317, F1623\u2013F1636 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R115","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00514.2014","volume":"310","author":"KR Walsh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Walsh, K. R., Kuwabara, J. T., Shim, J. W. & Wainford, R. D. Norepinephrine-evoked salt-sensitive hypertension requires impaired renal sodium chloride cotransporter activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 310, R115\u2013R124 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2337","volume":"17","author":"S Mu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mu, S. et al. Epigenetic modulation of the renal beta-adrenergic-WNK4 pathway in salt-sensitive hypertension. Nat. Med. 17, 573\u2013580 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"1099_CR247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15928","volume":"76","author":"F Puleo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Puleo, F. et al. Sympathetic regulation of the NCC (sodium chloride cotransporter) in Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 76, 1461\u20131469 (2020).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.04.021","volume":"100","author":"SB Poulsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poulsen, S. B. et al. Activation of the kidney sodium chloride cotransporter by the \u03b22-adrenergic receptor agonist salbutamol increases blood pressure. Kidney Int. 100, 321\u2013335 (2021).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1099_CR249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/391762","volume":"2011","author":"S Horita","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horita, S. et al. Insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and renal sodium transport. Int. J. Hypertens. 2011, 391762 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"1099_CR250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F639","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.281.4.F639","volume":"281","author":"CA Bickel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bickel, C. A., Verbalis, J. G., Knepper, M. A. & Ecelbarger, C. A. Increased renal Na-K-ATPase, NCC, and \u03b2-ENaC abundance in obese Zucker rats. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 281, F639\u2013F648 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"1099_CR251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20120003","volume":"123","author":"R Komers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Komers, R. et al. Enhanced phosphorylation of Na+-Cl\u2212 co-transporter in experimental metabolic syndrome: role of insulin. Clin. Sci. 123, 635\u2013647 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"1099_CR252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24277","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024277","volume":"6","author":"E Sohara","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sohara, E. et al. Acute insulin stimulation induces phosphorylation of the Na-Cl cotransporter in cultured distal mpkDCT cells and mouse kidney. PLoS ONE 6, e24277 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1099_CR253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.201509","volume":"60","author":"H Nishida","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nishida, H. et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase\/Akt signaling pathway activates the WNK-OSR1\/SPAK-NCC phosphorylation cascade in hyperinsulinemic db\/db mice. Hypertension 60, 981\u2013990 (2012).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"1099_CR254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200409000-00001","volume":"328","author":"MA Carpenter","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carpenter, M. A. et al. Laboratory, reading center, and coordinating center data management methods in the Jackson Heart Study. Am. J. Med. Sci. 328, 131\u2013144 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"1099_CR255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.07.008","volume":"25","author":"DC Crews","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crews, D. C. et al. Dietary habits, poverty, and chronic kidney disease in an urban population. J. Ren. Nutr. 25, 103\u2013110 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"1099_CR256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6644.319","volume":"297","author":"[No authors]","year":"1988","unstructured":"Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. BMJ 297, 319\u2013328 (1988).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1099_CR257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.52.1.146","volume":"52","author":"WJ Oliver","year":"1975","unstructured":"Oliver, W. J., Cohen, E. L. & Neel, J. V. Blood pressure, sodium intake, and sodium related hormones in the Yanomamo Indians, a \u201cno-salt\u201d culture. Circulation 52, 146\u2013151 (1975).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1099_CR258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029193","volume":"137","author":"SL Jackson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jackson, S. L. et al. Association between urinary sodium and potassium excretion and blood pressure among adults in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014. Circulation 137, 237\u2013246 (2018).","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41581-026-01099-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41581-026-01099-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41581-026-01099-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:02:48Z","timestamp":1789560168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41581-026-01099-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":258,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41581-026-01099-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-5061","1759-507X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-5061","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-507X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.S. receives honoraria from\n                      Journal of Human Hypertension\n                      as Editor-in-Chief and from Wolters-Kluwer as an author for\n                      UpToDate\n                      . D.H.E. receives honoraria from Wolters-Kluwer as an author for\n                      UpToDate\n                      and from the American Society of Nephrology as Deputy Editor for\n                      Journal of American Society of Nephrology\n                      . E.D. receives honoraria from the\n                      American Journal of Physiology\n                      , Cell\n                      as Deputy Editor. R.A.F. receives honoraria from the\n                      American Journal of Physiology, Renal\n                      as Associate Editor. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}