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A.H.A. is an employee of Teva Pharmaceuticals. D.B. consults for Biogen. A.B. is the Chief Science Officer of Mycroft Bioanalytics, a precision medicine company focused on pain. C.Y.S. is Chief Scientific Officer at neurotecnix, a start-up that develops EEG-based pain biomarkers; a consultant for Asahi Kasei Pharmaceuticals, Japan and PainQX, USA; has received remuneration for symposia funded by the International Association for the Study of Pain, Medtronic, Boston Scientific and NIH\/NINDS; and is an inventor on US patents 61\/328,583, 9,486,632, 62\/203,798 and 62\/329,345, all of which relate to the detection or treatment of pain. C.N.S. has received funding from Merck, Helixmith and the Utley Foundation; has acted as a consultant for Lilly Research Laboratories, Covance, Genentech, Alkermes, Arena, Nevaker and Heron Therapeutics; is an inventor on European patent 01942162, US patent 8,309,507 and CA patent 2,499,987, all of which relate to the treatment of central neuropathic pain; and has non-financial competing interests as Director of Rick Hansen Institute, Chairman of Medical and Scientific Advisory Committee, United Spinal Association and membership on the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee (NIH\/HHS). J.S. is an employee and stock owner with Biogen. T.D.W. is an inventor on US patent US 2018\/0055407. A.D.W. is a consultant for Analgesic Solutions and Pfizer, and has received an Investigator-Initiated Grant from Collegium Pharmaceuticals. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}