{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T19:41:31Z","timestamp":1794598891817,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00816-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T16:02:01Z","timestamp":1695052921000},"page":"91-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Improved phenotypic classification of male infertility to promote discovery of genetic causes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7651-2403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margot J.","family":"Wyrwoll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5894-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Godfried W.","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6748-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csilla","family":"Krausz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth I.","family":"Aston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Kliesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4269-013X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3828-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald F.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7298-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moira K.","family":"O\u2019Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris A.","family":"Veltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2745-9965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"T\u00fcttelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"816_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1879-7","volume":"577","author":"M Claussnitzer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Claussnitzer, M. et al. A brief history of human disease genetics. Nature 577, 179\u2013189 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"816_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0003-3","volume":"15","author":"C Krausz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krausz, C. & Riera-Escamilla, A. Genetics of male infertility. Nat. Rev. Urol. 15, 369\u2013384 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"816_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez022","volume":"34","author":"MS Oud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oud, M. S. et al. A systematic review and standardized clinical validity assessment of male infertility genes. Hum. Reprod. 34, 932\u2013941 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"816_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0032-1","volume":"13","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A. & Chyatte, M. R. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 13, 37 (2015).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"816_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.05.011","volume":"83","author":"MJ Wyrwoll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wyrwoll, M. J. et al. Genetic architecture of azoospermia-time to advance the standard of care. Eur. Urol. 83, 452\u2013462 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"816_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D865","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1039","volume":"45","author":"S K\u00f6hler","year":"2017","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, S. et al. The human phenotype ontology in 2017. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, D865\u2013D876 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"816_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1207","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1043","volume":"49","author":"S K\u00f6hler","year":"2021","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, S. et al. The human phenotype ontology in 2021. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, D1207\u2013D1217 (2021).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"816_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3410","volume":"47","author":"N Akawi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akawi, N. et al. Discovery of four recessive developmental disorders using probabilistic genotype and phenotype matching among 4,125 families. Nat. Genet. 47, 1363\u20131369 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"816_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3425","volume":"47","author":"LELM Vissers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vissers, L. E. L. M. & Veltman, J. A. Standardized phenotyping enhances Mendelian disease gene identification. Nat. Genet. 47, 1222\u20131224 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"816_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1004(200001)15:1<57::AID-HUMU12>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"15","author":"A Hamosh","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hamosh, A., Scott, A. F., Amberger, J., Valle, D. & McKusick, V. A. Online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM). Hum. Mutat. 15, 57\u201361 (2000).","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"816_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22078","volume":"33","author":"A Rath","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rath, A. et al. Representation of rare diseases in health information systems: the Orphanet approach to serve a wide range of end users. Hum. Mutat. 33, 803\u2013808 (2012).","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"816_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D966","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1026","volume":"42","author":"S K\u00f6hler","year":"2014","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, S. et al. The human phenotype ontology project: linking molecular biology and disease through phenotype data. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, D966\u2013D974 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"816_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2009.03.010","volume":"84","author":"HV Firth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Firth, H. V. et al. DECIPHER: database of chromosomal imbalance and phenotype in humans using Ensembl resources. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 84, 524\u2013533 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"816_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M. & Nieschlag, S. Andrology: male reproductive health and dysfunction (Springer, 2010).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78355-8"},{"key":"816_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del279","volume":"22","author":"RI McLachlan","year":"2007","unstructured":"McLachlan, R. I., Rajpert-De Meyts, E., Hoei-Hansen, C. E., de Kretser, D. M. & Skakkebaek, N. E. Histological evaluation of the human testis \u2014 approaches to optimizing the clinical value of the assessment: mini review. Hum. Reprod. 22, 2\u201316 (2007).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"816_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for examination and processing of human semen 6th edn (WHO, 2021)."},{"key":"816_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001520","volume":"205","author":"PN Schlegel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schlegel, P. N. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in men: AUA\/ASRM guideline part II. J. Urol. 205, 44\u201351 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"816_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.09.017","volume":"83","author":"PN Robinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robinson, P. N. et al. The human phenotype ontology: a tool for annotating and analyzing human hereditary disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 83, 610\u2013615 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"816_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170365","volume":"12","author":"S Pavan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pavan, S. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for rare diseases: the Orphanet database. PLoS One 12, e0170365 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"816_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.112","volume":"11","author":"U Boehm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boehm, U. et al. European consensus statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism \u2014 pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 11, 547\u2013564 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"816_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345775","volume":"32","author":"A Lenzi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lenzi, A. et al. Epidemiology; diagnosis, and treatment of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 32, 934\u2013938 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"816_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.107.003400","volume":"28","author":"A Chudnovsky","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chudnovsky, A. & Niederberger, C. S. Gonadotropin therapy for infertile men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J. Androl. 28, 644\u2013646 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"816_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1159\/000493877","volume":"12","author":"RS Yabiku","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yabiku, R. S. et al. A search for disorders of sex development among infertile men. Sex. Dev. 12, 275\u2013280 (2018).","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"816_CR24","unstructured":"Mohnach, L. et al. Nonsyndromic Disorders of Testicular Development Overview. GeneReviews [online] https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK1547\/ (updated 18 Aug 2022)."},{"key":"816_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1664","volume":"97","author":"J Young","year":"2012","unstructured":"Young, J. Approach to the male patient with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, 707\u2013718 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"816_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00116","volume":"40","author":"J Young","year":"2019","unstructured":"Young, J. et al. Clinical management of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocr. Rev. 40, 669\u2013710 (2019).","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"816_CR27","unstructured":"Salonia, A. et al. Sexual and Reproductive Health EAU Guidelines. Uroweb https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/sexual-and-reproductive-health\/chapter\/male-infertility (2021)."},{"key":"816_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx021","volume":"23","author":"CLR Barratt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barratt, C. L. R. et al. The diagnosis of male infertility: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance \u2014 challenges and future research opportunities. Hum. Reprod. Update 23, 660\u2013680 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"816_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac189","volume":"37","author":"L Bj\u00f6rndahl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rndahl, L. et al. Standards in semen examination: publishing reproducible and reliable data based on high-quality methodology. Hum. Reprod. 37, 2497\u20132502 (2022).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"816_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez246","volume":"35","author":"MS Oud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oud, M. S. et al. Exome sequencing reveals novel causes as well as new candidate genes for human globozoospermia. Hum. Reprod. 35, 240\u2013252 (2020).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"816_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03389-7","volume":"77","author":"A Sironen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sironen, A., Shoemark, A., Patel, M., Loebinger, M. R. & Mitchison, H. M. Sperm defects in primary ciliary dyskinesia and related causes of male infertility. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 77, 2029\u20132048 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"816_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4194","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa390","volume":"105","author":"JT Choy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choy, J. T. & Amory, J. K. Nonsurgical management of oligozoospermia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, e4194\u2013e4207 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"816_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev139","volume":"30","author":"V Vloeberghs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vloeberghs, V. et al. How successful is TESE-ICSI in couples with non-obstructive azoospermia? Hum. Reprod. 30, 1790\u20131796 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"816_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30043-2","volume":"5","author":"H Tournaye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tournaye, H., Krausz, C. & Oates, R. D. Concepts in diagnosis and therapy for male reproductive impairment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 5, 554\u2013564 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"816_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2010.08.006","volume":"25","author":"C Krausz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krausz, C. Male infertility: pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 25, 271\u2013285 (2011).","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"816_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13260","volume":"10","author":"F Lotti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lotti, F. et al. The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) ultrasound study on healthy, fertile men: an overview on male genital tract ultrasound reference ranges. Andrology 10, 118\u2013132 (2022).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"816_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu042","volume":"21","author":"F Lotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lotti, F. & Maggi, M. Ultrasound of the male genital tract in relation to male reproductive health. Hum. Reprod. Update 21, 56\u201383 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"816_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65411-0","volume":"167","author":"RA Schoor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schoor, R. A., Elhanbly, S., Niederberger, C. S. & Ross, L. S. The role of testicular biopsy in the modern management of male infertility. J. Urol. 167, 197\u2013200 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"816_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2013.08.013","volume":"41","author":"MS Wosnitzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wosnitzer, M. S. & Goldstein, M. Obstructive azoospermia. Urol. Clin. North. Am. 41, 83\u201395 (2014).","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"816_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey298","volume":"33","author":"F Lotti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lotti, F. et al. The prevalence of midline prostatic cysts and the relationship between cyst size and semen parameters among infertile and fertile men. Hum. Reprod. 33, 2023\u20132034 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"816_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1071\/RD03087","volume":"16","author":"PN Schlegel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schlegel, P. N. Causes of azoospermia and their management. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 561\u2013572 (2004).","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"816_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480130110034","volume":"267","author":"A Anguiano","year":"1992","unstructured":"Anguiano, A. et al. Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: a primarily genital form of cystic fibrosis. JAMA 267, 1794\u20131797 (1992).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"816_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz028","volume":"25","author":"G Corona","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corona, G. et al. Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. Update 25, 733\u2013757 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"816_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1136","volume":"104","author":"AM Bernie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernie, A. M., Mata, D. A., Ramasamy, R. & Schlegel, P. N. Comparison of microdissection testicular sperm extraction, conventional testicular sperm extraction, and testicular sperm aspiration for nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril. 104, 1099\u20131103 (2015). e1\u20133.","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"816_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00148.x","volume":"2","author":"Y Deruyver","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deruyver, Y., Vanderschueren, D. & Van der Aa, F. Outcome of microdissection TESE compared with conventional TESE in non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review. Andrology 2, 20\u201324 (2014).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"816_CR46","unstructured":"Fietz, D. & Bergmann, M. in Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction (eds Simoni, M. & Huhtaniemi, I.) (Springer Cham, 2017)."},{"key":"816_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, M. & Kliesch, S. in Andrology (eds Nieschlag, E., Behre, H. M. & Nieschlag, S.) 155\u2013167 (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78355-8_11"},{"key":"816_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1159\/000178170","volume":"1","author":"SG Johnsen","year":"1970","unstructured":"Johnsen, S. G. Testicular biopsy score count \u2014 a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Horm. Res. Paediatr. 1, 2\u201325 (1970).","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"816_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/21565562.2014.979623","volume":"4","author":"L O\u2019Donnell","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, L. Mechanisms of spermiogenesis and spermiation and how they are disturbed. Spermatogenesis 4, e979623 (2014).","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis"},{"key":"816_CR50","first-page":"1284","volume":"83","author":"Y Zhengwei","year":"1998","unstructured":"Zhengwei, Y., Wreford, N. G., Royce, P., de Kretser, D. M. & McLachlan, R. I. Stereological evaluation of human spermatogenesis after suppression by testosterone treatment: heterogeneous pattern of spermatogenic impairment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 1284\u20131291 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"816_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J. & Lewis, S. E. M. DNA damage in testicular germ cells and spermatozoa. When and how is it induced? How should we measure it? What does it mean? Andrology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/andr.13375 (2023).","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13375"},{"key":"816_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem166","volume":"22","author":"AAHA Derijck","year":"2007","unstructured":"Derijck, A. A. H. A. et al. Motile human normozoospermic and oligozoospermic semen samples show a difference in double-strand DNA break incidence. Hum. Reprod. 22, 2368\u20132376 (2007).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"816_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-017-0281-2","volume":"15","author":"X Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, X. et al. The Catsper channel and its roles in male fertility: a systematic review. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 15, 65 (2017).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"816_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young, S. et al. Unexplained infertility is frequently caused by defective CatSper function preventing sperm from penetrating the egg coat. Preprint at medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.03.23.23286813 (2023).","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.03.23.23286813"},{"key":"816_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.04.006","volume":"112","author":"D Bonte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bonte, D. et al. Assisted oocyte activation significantly increases fertilization and pregnancy outcome in patients with low and total failed fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a 17-year retrospective study. Fertil. Steril. 112, 266\u2013274 (2019).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"816_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D704","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz997","volume":"48","author":"KA Shefchek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shefchek, K. A. et al. The Monarch Initiative in 2019: an integrative data and analytic platform connecting phenotypes to genotypes across species. Nucleic Acids Res. 48, D704\u2013D715 (2020).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"816_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1018","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1105","volume":"47","author":"S K\u00f6hler","year":"2019","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, S. et al. Expansion of the human phenotype ontology (HPO) knowledge base and resources. Nucleic Acids Res. 47, D1018\u2013D1027 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"816_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/14.12.3030","volume":"14","author":"M Amer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Amer, M., Haggar, S. E., Moustafa, T., Abd El-Naser, T. & Zohdy, W. Testicular sperm extraction: impact of testicular histology on outcome, number of biopsies to be performed and optimal time for repetition. Hum. Reprod. 14, 3030\u20133034 (1999).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"816_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019004","volume":"11","author":"H Tournaye","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tournaye, H. et al. Correlation between testicular histology and outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection using testicular spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod. 11, 127\u2013132 (1996).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-023-00816-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-023-00816-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-023-00816-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T14:09:52Z","timestamp":1707314992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-023-00816-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-023-00816-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4812","1759-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}