{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T19:12:17Z","timestamp":1792869137178,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-024-00904-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T16:07:00Z","timestamp":1720541220000},"page":"46-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Optimizing cystoscopy and TURBT: enhanced imaging and artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Eugene","family":"Shkolyar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve R.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4937-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camella J.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Laurie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-5359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-3976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey K.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2448-5463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"904_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2015.0123","volume":"13","author":"HW Herr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herr, H. W. Role of repeat resection in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J. Natl Compr. Cancer Netw. 13, 1041\u20131046 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Natl Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"904_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2011.0081","volume":"25","author":"A Vianello","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vianello, A. et al. Repeated white light transurethral resection of the bladder in nonmuscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancers: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Endourol. 25, 1703\u20131712 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"904_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000070437.14275.e0","volume":"170","author":"M-O Grimm","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grimm, M.-O. et al. Effect of routine repeat transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer: a long-term observational study. J. Urol. 170, 433\u2013437 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariappan, P. et al. Good quality white-light transurethral resection of bladder tumours (GQ-WLTURBT) with experienced surgeons performing complete resections and obtaining detrusor muscle reduces early recurrence in new non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: validation across time and place and recommendation for benchmarking. BJU Int. 109, 1666\u20131673 (2012).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10571.x"},{"key":"904_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08244.x","volume":"103","author":"MK Samplaski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Samplaski, M. K. & Jones, J. S. Two centuries of cystoscopy: the development of imaging, instrumentation and synergistic technologies. BJU Int. 103, 154\u2013158 (2009).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"904_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herr H. W. Max Nitze, the cystoscope and urology. J. Urol. 176, 1313\u20131316 (2006).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.06.085"},{"key":"904_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2020.0821","volume":"35","author":"JM Howard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Howard, J. M., Woldu, S. L., Daneshmand, S. & Lotan, Y. Enhanced endoscopy with IMAGE1 S CHROMA improves detection of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer during transurethral resection. J. Endourol. 35, 647\u2013651 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"904_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.08.032","volume":"76","author":"E Shkolyar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shkolyar, E. et al. Augmented bladder tumor detection using deep learning. Eur. Urol. 76, 714\u2013718 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2019.04.014","volume":"17","author":"M Akand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akand, M. et al. Quality control indicators for transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin. Genitourin. Cancer 17, e784\u2013e792 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"904_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.12.020","volume":"71","author":"NJ Giacalone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giacalone, N. J. et al. Long-term outcomes after bladder-preserving tri-modality therapy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an updated analysis of the Massachusetts general hospital experience. Eur. Urol. 71, 952\u2013960 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00068-4","volume":"41","author":"M Brausi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brausi, M. et al. Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after tur in stage Ta t1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a combined analysis of seven EORTC studies. Eur. Urol. 41, 523\u2013531 (2002).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003846","volume":"211","author":"JM Holzbeierlein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Holzbeierlein, J. M. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: AUA\/SUO guideline: 2024 amendment. J. Urol. 211, 533\u2013538 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.02.014","volume":"73","author":"MGK Cumberbatch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cumberbatch, M. G. K. et al. Repeat transurethral resection in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur. Urol. 73, 925\u2013933 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2023.07.002","volume":"10","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yanagisawa et al. Repeat transurethral resection for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis in the contemporary era. Eur. Urol. Focus 10, 41\u201356 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"904_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2010.03.007","volume":"58","author":"RT Divrik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Divrik, R. T., \u015eahin, A. F., Yildirim, \u00dc., Altok, M. & Zorlu, F. Impact of routine second transurethral resection on the long-term outcome of patients with newly diagnosed pT1 urothelial carcinoma with respect to recurrence, progression rate, and disease-specific survival: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Eur. Urol. 58, 185\u2013190 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.07.010","volume":"6","author":"D D\u2019Andrea","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Andrea, D. et al. En bloc versus conventional resection of primary bladder tumor (eBLOC): a prospective, multicenter, open-label, phase 3 randomized controlled trial. Eur. Urol. Oncol. 6, 508\u2013515 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"904_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14557","volume":"123","author":"R Suarez-Ibarrola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suarez-Ibarrola, R. et al. Surgical checklist impact on recurrence-free survival of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumour. BJU Int. 123, 646\u2013650 (2019).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"904_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.06.051","volume":"78","author":"P Mariappan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mariappan, P. et al. Enhanced quality and effectiveness of transurethral resection of bladder tumour in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a multicentre real-world experience from Scotland\u2019s quality performance indicators programme. Eur. Urol. 78, 520\u2013530 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2002)0760518MCOTCS2.0.CO2","volume":"76","author":"RC Krieg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krieg, R. C., Messmann, H., Rauch, J., Seeger, S. & Knuechel, R. Metabolic characterization of tumor cell-specific protoporphyrin Ix accumulation after exposure to 5-aminolevulinic acid in human colonic cells. Photochem. Photobiol. 76, 518\u2013525 (2007).","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"904_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690338","volume":"80","author":"N Lange","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lange, N. et al. Photodetection of early human bladder cancer based on the fluorescence of 5-aminolaevulinic acid hexylester-induced protoporphyrin IX: a pilot study. Br. J. Cancer 80, 185\u2013193 (1999).","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"904_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66559-5","volume":"155","author":"M Kriegmair","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kriegmair, M. et al. Detection of early bladder cancer by 5-aminolevulinic acid induced porphyrin fluorescence. J. Urol. 155, 105\u2013109 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.03.059","volume":"64","author":"M Burger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Burger, M. et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of non\u2013muscle-invasive bladder cancer with hexaminolevulinate cystoscopy: a meta-analysis of detection and recurrence based on raw data. Eur. Urol. 64, 846\u2013854 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2018.04.013","volume":"36","author":"S Daneshmand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daneshmand, S. et al. Blue light cystoscopy for the diagnosis of bladder cancer: results from the US prospective multicenter registry. Urol. Oncol. 36, 361.e1\u2013361.e6 (2018).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"904_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002308","volume":"207","author":"MR Chappidi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chappidi, M. R. et al. Utility of blue light cystoscopy for post-bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin bladder cancer recurrence detection: implications for clinical trial recruitment and study comparisons. J. Urol. 207, 534\u2013540 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.11.096","volume":"199","author":"S Daneshmand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Daneshmand, S. et al. Efficacy and safety of blue light flexible cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate in the surveillance of bladder cancer: a phase III, comparative, multicenter study. J. Urol. 199, 1158\u20131165 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H. et al. Therapeutic outcome of fluorescence cystoscopy guided transurethral resection in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE 8, e74142 (2013).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074142"},{"key":"904_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15723","volume":"130","author":"P Maisch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maisch, P. et al. Blue vs white light for transurethral resection of non\u2010muscle\u2010invasive bladder cancer: an abridged Cochrane Review. BJU Int. 130, 730\u2013740 (2022).","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"904_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2021.06.011","volume":"31","author":"R Veeratterapillay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Veeratterapillay, R. et al. Time to turn on the blue lights: a systematic review and meta-analysis of photodynamic diagnosis for bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. Open. Sci. 31, 17\u201327 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Open. Sci."},{"key":"904_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EVIDoa2200092","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200092","volume":"1","author":"R Heer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heer, R. et al. A randomized trial of PHOTOdynamic surgery in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. NEJM Evid. 1, EVIDoa2200092 (2022).","journal-title":"NEJM Evid."},{"key":"904_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.02.001","volume":"83","author":"M de Angelis","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Angelis, M., Briganti, A., Montorsi, F. & Moschini, M. Re: a randomized trial of PHOTOdynamic surgery in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. 83, 477\u2013478 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.12.018","volume":"83","author":"MP St-Laurent","year":"2023","unstructured":"St-Laurent, M. P., Suderman, J. & Black, P. C. Re: a randomized trial of PHOTOdynamic surgery in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. 83, 298\u2013299 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S. S. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: AUA\/SUO Guideline. J. Urol. 196, 1021\u20131029 (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.06.049"},{"key":"904_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.08.016","volume":"76","author":"M Babjuk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babjuk, M. et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (TaT1 and carcinoma in situ) \u2014 2019 update. Eur. Urol. 76, 639\u2013657 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.0011","volume":"18","author":"TW Flaig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flaig, T. W. et al. Bladder cancer, version 3.2020, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw. 18, 329\u2013354 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw."},{"key":"904_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.4568","volume":"11","author":"Z Klaassen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Klaassen, Z. et al. Contemporary cost-consequence analysis of blue light cystoscopy with hexaminolevulinate in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Can. Urol. Assoc. J. 11, 173 (2017).","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"904_CR36","first-page":"6682","volume":"20","author":"SS Garfield","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garfield, S. S., Gavaghan, M. B., Armstrong, S. O. & Jones, J. S. The cost-effectiveness of blue light cystoscopy in bladder cancer detection: United States projections based on clinical data showing 4.5 years of follow up after a single hexaminolevulinate hydrochloride instillation. Can. J. Urol. 20, 6682\u20136689 (2013).","journal-title":"Can. J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR37","first-page":"10.e7","volume":"40","author":"SB Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams, S. B., Gavaghan, M. B., Fernandez, A., Daneshmand, S. & Kamat, A. M. Macro and microeconomics of blue light cystoscopy with CYSVIEW\u00ae in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 40, 10.e7\u201310.e12 (2022).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"904_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1695563","volume":"9","author":"K Gono","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gono, K. et al. Appearance of enhanced tissue features in narrow-band endoscopic imaging. J. Biomed. Opt. 9, 568 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"904_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2012.03211.x","volume":"20","author":"K Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, K., Lin, T., Fan, X., Duan, Y. & Huang, J. Diagnosis of narrow-band imaging in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis: diagnosis of NMIBC by NBI. Int. J. Urol. 20, 602\u2013609 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.01.018","volume":"61","author":"A Naselli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naselli, A. et al. A randomized prospective trial to assess the impact of transurethral resection in narrow band imaging modality on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrence. Eur. Urol. 61, 908\u2013913 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.03.053","volume":"70","author":"S Naito","year":"2016","unstructured":"Naito, S. et al. The Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES) multicentre randomised trial of narrow band imaging-assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) versus conventional white light imaging-assisted TURBT in primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: trial protocol and 1-year results. Eur. Urol. 70, 506\u2013515 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23880","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13054","volume":"8","author":"W Kang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kang, W. et al. Narrow band imaging-assisted transurethral resection reduces the recurrence risk of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 8, 23880\u201323890 (2017).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"904_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Y. et al. A meta-analysis of narrow band imaging for the diagnosis and therapeutic outcome of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. PLoS ONE 12, e0170819 (2017).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170819"},{"key":"904_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamphuis, G. M. et al. Storz professional image enhancement system: a new technique to improve endoscopic bladder imaging. J. Cancer Sci. Ther. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/1948-5956.1000394 (2016).","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5956.1000394"},{"key":"904_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.06.039","volume":"182","author":"GA Sonn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sonn, G. A. et al. Optical biopsy of human bladder neoplasia with in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy. J. Urol. 182, 1299\u20131305 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9990","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199990","volume":"12","author":"A Naselli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naselli, A., Guarneri, A. & Pirola, G. M. Confocal laser endomicroscopy for bladder cancer detection: where do we stand? Appl. Sci. 12, 9990 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"904_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169","volume":"254","author":"D Huang","year":"1991","unstructured":"Huang, D. et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science 254, 1178\u20131181 (1991).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"904_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.06.006","volume":"27","author":"YQ Xiong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiong, Y. Q. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography for bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 27, 298\u2013304 (2019).","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"904_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5993","DOI":"10.1021\/ac100448p","volume":"82","author":"ROP Draga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Draga, R. O. P. et al. In vivo bladder cancer diagnosis by high-volume Raman spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 82, 5993\u20135999 (2010).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"904_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920701551530","volume":"42","author":"Z Movasaghi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Movasaghi, Z., Rehman, S. & Rehman, I. U. Raman spectroscopy of biological tissues. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 42, 493\u2013541 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"904_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2005.0018","volume":"5","author":"RA Castellino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Castellino, R. A. Computer aided detection (CAD): an overview. Cancer Imaging 5, 17\u201319 (2005).","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"904_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00199-0","volume":"2","author":"DM Koh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koh, D. M. et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in cancer imaging. Commun. Med. 2, 1\u201314 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"904_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2023.07.002","volume":"51","author":"MA Laurie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laurie, M. A. et al. Bladder cancer and artificial intelligence: emerging applications. Urol. Clin. North. Am. 51, 63\u201375 (2024).","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"904_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang, T. C. et al. Real-time detection of bladder cancer using augmented cystoscopy with deep learning: a pilot study. J. Endourol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/end.2023.0056 (2023).","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2023.0056"},{"key":"904_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.02.019","volume":"104","author":"MC Kriegmair","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kriegmair, M. C. et al. Digital mapping of the urinary bladder: potential for standardized cystoscopy reports. Urology 104, 235\u2013241 (2017).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"904_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2021.05.036","volume":"156","author":"R Hackner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hackner, R. et al. Panoramic imaging assessment of different bladder phantoms \u2014 an evaluation study. Urology 156, e103\u2013e110 (2021)","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"904_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2191783","volume":"59","author":"TD Soper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soper, T. D., Porter, M. P. & Seibel, E. J. Surface mosaics of the bladder reconstructed from endoscopic video for automated surveillance. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59, 1670\u20131680 (2012).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"904_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002106","volume":"8","author":"KL Lurie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lurie, K. L., Angst, R., Zlatev, D. V., Liao, J. C. & Ellerbee Bowden, A. K. 3D reconstruction of cystoscopy videos for comprehensive bladder records. Biomed. Opt. Express 8, 2106 (2017).","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"904_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falcon, N. et al. Innovative computer vision approach to 3D bladder model reconstruction from flexible cystoscopy. in Proc. SPIE 10852, Therapeutics and Diagnostics in Urology (SPIE, 2019).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2510725"},{"key":"904_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ben-Hamadou A., Daul C., Soussen C. Construction of extended 3D field of views of the internal bladder wall surface: a proof of concept. 3D Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13319-016-0095-6 (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13319-016-0095-6"},{"key":"904_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, A. et al. Real time localization of cystoscope angulation in 2D bladder phantom for telecystoscopy. in 2021 International Symposium on Medical Robotics, ISMR 2021 (IEEE, 2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMR48346.2021.9661506"},{"key":"904_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-023-02900-7","author":"V Groenhuis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Groenhuis, V., de Groot, A. G., Cornel, E. B., Stramigioli, S. & Siepel, F. J. 3-D and 2-D reconstruction of bladders for the assessment of inter-session detection of tissue changes: a proof of concept. Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11548-023-02900-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"904_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/13645706.2020.1761833","volume":"31","author":"R Suarez-Ibarrola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suarez-Ibarrola, R. et al. A novel endoimaging system for endoscopic 3D reconstruction in bladder cancer patients. Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol. 31, 34\u201341 (2022).","journal-title":"Minim. Invasive Ther. Allied Technol."},{"key":"904_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P. et al. Real-time flexible endoscope navigation within bladder phantom having sparse non-distinct features is enhanced with robotic control. in Proc. SPIE 12034, Medical Imaging 2022: Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling (SPIE, 2022).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2611306"},{"key":"904_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou Y., Eimen R. L., Seibel E. J., Bowden A. K. Cost-efficient video synthesis and evaluation for development of virtual 3D endoscopy. IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JTEHM.2021.3132193 (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2021.3132193"},{"key":"904_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.05.009","volume":"39","author":"HP Bhambhvani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhambhvani, H. P. et al. Development of robust artificial neural networks for prediction of 5-year survival in bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol. 39, 193.e7\u2013193.e12 (2021).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"904_CR67","unstructured":"Eimen R., Pillai, M., Scarpato, K., Bowden, A. A metric to predict the utility of cystoscopy frames in 3D bladder reconstructions. In: 35th EUS Annual Meeting (2022)."},{"key":"904_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eminaga, O. et al. An efficient framework for video documentation of bladder lesions for cystoscopy: a proof-of-concept study. J Med. Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10916-022-01862-8 (2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-022-01862-8"},{"key":"904_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2023.104369","volume":"142","author":"O Eminaga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eminaga, O. et al. Conceptual framework and documentation standards of cystoscopic media content for artificial intelligence. J. Biomed. Inf. 142, 104369 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inf."},{"key":"904_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2022.11.014","volume":"41","author":"ND Shore","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shore, N. D. & Gavaghan, M. B. Clinical and economic impact of blue light cystoscopy in the management of NMIBC at US ambulatory surgical centers: what is the site-of-service disparity? Urol. Oncol. 41, 207.e9\u2013207.e16 (2023).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"904_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00733-3","volume":"5","author":"S Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali, S. Where do we stand in AI for endoscopic image analysis? Deciphering gaps and future directions. NPJ Digit. Med. 5, 184 (2022).","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"904_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2020.09.004","volume":"48","author":"TC Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang, T. C. et al. Current trends in artificial intelligence application for endourology and robotic surgery. Urol. Clin. North. Am. 48, 151\u2013160 (2021).","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"904_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1364","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-1683(20)33498-4","volume":"19","author":"JYC Teoh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teoh, J. Y. C. et al. A newly developed computer-aided endoscopic diagnostic system for bladder cancer detection. Eur. Urol. Open. Sci. 19, e1364\u2013e1365 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Open. Sci."},{"key":"904_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2017.08.026","volume":"36","author":"ME Gosnell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gosnell, M. E., Polikarpov, D. M., Goldys, E. M., Zvyagin, A. V. & Gillatt, D. A. Computer-assisted cystoscopy diagnosis of bladder cancer. Urol. Oncol. 36, 8.e9\u20138.e15 (2018).","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"904_CR75","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"O Eminaga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eminaga, O., Eminaga, N., Semjonow, A. & Breil, B. Diagnostic classification of cystoscopic images using deep convolutional neural networks. JCO Clin. Cancer Inf. 2, 1\u20138 (2018).","journal-title":"JCO Clin. Cancer Inf."},{"key":"904_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2019.101746","volume":"102","author":"I Lorencin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lorencin, I., An\u0111eli\u0107, N., \u0160panjol, J. & Car, Z. Using multi-layer perceptron with Laplacian edge detector for bladder cancer diagnosis. Artif. Intell. Med. 102, 101746 (2020).","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"904_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2019.0509","volume":"34","author":"A Ikeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ikeda, A. et al. Support system of cystoscopic diagnosis for bladder cancer based on artificial intelligence. J. Endourol. 34, 352\u2013358 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"904_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2194","volume":"17","author":"R Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, R. et al. Automatic recognition of bladder tumours using deep learning technology and its clinical application. Int. J. Med. Robot 17, e2194 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Robot"},{"key":"904_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2169","volume":"17","author":"Y Du","year":"2021","unstructured":"Du, Y. et al. A deep learning network-assisted bladder tumour recognition under cystoscopy based on Caffe deep learning framework and EasyDL platform. Int. J. Med. Robot. 17, 1\u20138 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Robot."},{"key":"904_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91081-x","volume":"11","author":"N Ali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ali, N. et al. Deep learning-based classification of blue light cystoscopy imaging during transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Sci. Rep. 11, 1\u201310 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"904_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2020.0919","volume":"35","author":"A Ikeda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ikeda, A. et al. Cystoscopic imaging for bladder cancer detection based on stepwise organic transfer learning with a pretrained convolutional neural network. J. Endourol. 35, 1030\u20131035 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"904_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002574.02","volume":"207","author":"A Ikeda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ikeda, A. et al. PD26-02 real-time bladder tumor detection at clinics in flexible cystoscopy with white light and narrow band imaging using deep learning. J. Urol. 207, 487\u2013488 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurie, M. et al. Sequential modeling for cystoscopic image classification. in Proc. SPIE 12353, Advanced Photonics in Urology 123530B (SPIE, 2023).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2649334"},{"key":"904_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165013","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ace499","volume":"68","author":"X Jia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jia, X. et al. Tumor detection under cystoscopy with transformer-augmented deep learning algorithm. Phys. Med. Biol. 68, 165013\u00a0(2023).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"904_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djab179","volume":"114","author":"S Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, S. et al. An artificial intelligence system for the detection of bladder cancer via cystoscopy: a multicenter diagnostic study. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 114, 220\u2013227 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"904_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-03059-0","volume":"38","author":"M Negassi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Negassi, M., Suarez-Ibarrola, R., Hein, S., Miernik, A. & Reiterer, A. Application of artificial neural networks for automated analysis of cystoscopic images: a review of the current status and future prospects. World J. Urol. 38, 2349\u20132358 (2020).","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"904_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22797-7","volume":"12","author":"JW Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoo, J. W. et al. Deep learning diagnostics for bladder tumor identification and grade prediction using RGB method. Sci. Rep. 12, 1\u20138 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"904_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2021.0483","volume":"36","author":"J Mutaguchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mutaguchi, J. et al. Artificial intelligence for segmentation of bladder tumor cystoscopic images performed by U-net with dilated convolution. J. Endourol. 36, 827\u2013834 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"904_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Varny\u00fa, D., Szirmay-Kalos, L. A comparative study of deep neural networks for real-time semantic segmentation during the transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Diagnostics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12112849 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112849"},{"key":"904_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2023.104984","volume":"171","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. A comparative study of attention mechanism based deep learning methods for bladder tumor segmentation. Int. J. Med. Inf. 171, 104984 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inf."},{"key":"904_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S. et al. Bringing blue light cystoscopy to the office: digital staining on matched white and blue light cystoscopy videos. in Proc. SPIE PC12368, Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic and Surgical Guidance Systems XXI PC123680P (SPIE, 2023).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2649276"},{"key":"904_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, X. et al. Flat lesion detection of white light cystoscopy with deep learning. in\u00a0Proc. SPIE 12353, Advanced Photonics in Urology\u00a0123530D\u00a0(SPIE, 2023).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2650583"},{"key":"904_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tige.2023.03.002","volume":"25","author":"S Dilmaghani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dilmaghani, S. & Coelho-Prabhu, N. Role of artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: a literature review of the past, present, and future directions. Tech. Innov. Gastrointest. Endosc. 25, 399\u2013412 (2023).","journal-title":"Tech. Innov. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"904_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00701-y","volume":"20","author":"F Chadebecq","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chadebecq, F., Lovat, L. B. & Stoyanov, D. Artificial intelligence and automation in endoscopy and surgery. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 20, 171\u2013182 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-024-00904-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-024-00904-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-024-00904-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T14:07:01Z","timestamp":1736258821000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-024-00904-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-024-00904-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4812","1759-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}