{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:29:56Z","timestamp":1792664996317,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-024-00920-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1725976966000},"page":"92-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Human sperm RNA in male infertility"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4599-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Cannarella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Crafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5395-8140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Curto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Mongio\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Cannarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosita A.","family":"Condorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7113-2372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"La Vignera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo E.","family":"Calogero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"920_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National public health action plan for the detection, prevention, and management of infertility. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014)."},{"key":"920_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10952","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102497","volume":"11","author":"H Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun, H. et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years for infertility in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: results from a global burden of disease study, 2017. Aging 11, 10952\u201310991 (2019).","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"920_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","volume":"29","author":"H Levine","year":"2023","unstructured":"Levine, H. et al. Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries. Hum. Reprod. Update 29, 157\u2013176 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"920_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00598-8","volume":"18","author":"NE Skakkeb\u00e6k","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skakkeb\u00e6k, N. E. et al. Environmental factors in declining human fertility. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 18, 139\u2013157 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"920_CR5","first-page":"18","volume":"32","author":"M Punab","year":"2017","unstructured":"Punab, M. et al. Causes of male infertility: a 9-year prospective monocentre study on 1737 patients with reduced total sperm counts. Hum. Reprod. 32, 18\u201331 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR6","first-page":"12","volume":"30","author":"F T\u00fcttelmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"T\u00fcttelmann, F., Ruckert, C. & R\u00f6pke, A. Disorders of spermatogenesis: perspectives for novel genetic diagnostics after 20 years of unchanged routine. Med. Genet. 30, 12\u201320 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Genet."},{"key":"920_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.220213","volume":"41","author":"AE Calogero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calogero, A. E. et al. The renaissance of male infertility management in the golden age of andrology. World J. Mens Health 41, 237\u2013254 (2023).","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health"},{"key":"920_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab004","volume":"36","author":"RJ Aitken","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aitken, R. J. & Bakos, H. W. Should we be measuring DNA damage in human spermatozoa? New light on an old question. Hum. Reprod. 36, 1175\u20131185 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmad006","volume":"29","author":"M Vallet-Buisan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vallet-Buisan, M., Mecca, R., Jones, C., Coward, K. & Yeste, M. Contribution of semen to early embryo development: fertilization and beyond. Hum. Reprod. Update 29, 395\u2013433 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"920_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(89)80208-6","volume":"158","author":"CA Pessot","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pessot, C. A. et al. Presence of RNA in the sperm nucleus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 158, 272\u2013278 (1989).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"920_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.106","volume":"17","author":"Q Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Yan, W. & Duan, E. Epigenetic inheritance of acquired traits through sperm RNAs and sperm RNA modifications. Nat. Rev. Genet. 17, 733\u2013743 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"920_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab034","volume":"28","author":"J Santiago","year":"2021","unstructured":"Santiago, J. et al. All you need to know about sperm RNAs. Hum. Reprod. Update 28, 67\u201391 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"920_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2017.1393583","volume":"64","author":"RB Burl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burl, R. B., Clough, S., Sendler, E., Estill, M. & Krawetz, S. A. Sperm RNA elements as markers of health. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 64, 25\u201338 (2018).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"920_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17991","volume":"5","author":"X Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, X., Mata, A., Bassas, L. & Larriba, S. Altered miRNA signature of developing germ-cells in infertile patients relates to the severity of spermatogenic failure and persists in spermatozoa. Sci. Rep. 5, 17991 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"920_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13295","volume":"11","author":"OA Oluwayiose","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oluwayiose, O. A. et al. Altered non-coding RNA profiles of seminal plasma extracellular vesicles of men with poor semen quality undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment. Andrology 11, 677\u2013686 (2023).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"920_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.11.054","volume":"99","author":"M Abu-Halima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abu-Halima, M. et al. Altered microRNA expression profiles of human spermatozoa in patients with different spermatogenic impairments. Fertil. Steril. 99, 1249\u20131255 (2013).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.09.009","volume":"101","author":"M Abu-Halima","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abu-Halima, M. et al. MicroRNA expression profiles in human testicular tissues of infertile men with different histopathologic patterns. Fertil. Steril. 101, 78\u201386 (2014).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.06.030","volume":"106","author":"M Abu-Halima","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abu-Halima, M. et al. Altered micro-ribonucleic acid expression profiles of extracellular microvesicles in the seminal plasma of patients with oligoasthenozoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 106, 1061\u20131069 (2016).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.03.025","volume":"112","author":"M Abu-Halima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abu-Halima, M. et al. Differential expression of miR-23a\/b-3p and its target genes in male patients with subfertility. Fertil. Steril. 112, 323\u2013335 (2019).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54016-3","volume":"54","author":"G Huszar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Huszar, G., Willetts, M. & Corrales, M. Hyaluronic acid (Sperm Select) improves retention of sperm motility and velocity in normospermic and oligospermic specimens. Fertil. Steril. 54, 1127\u20131134 (1990).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56709-0","volume":"61","author":"BS Kornovski","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kornovski, B. S., McCoshen, J., Kredentser, J. & Turley, E. The regulation of sperm motility by a novel hyaluronan receptor. Fertil. Steril. 61, 935\u2013940 (1994).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6382","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-0179","volume":"76","author":"H Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Impaired planar germ cell division in the testis, caused by dissociation of RHAMM from the spindle, results in hypofertility and seminoma. Cancer Res. 76, 6382\u20136395 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"920_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.07.021","volume":"387","author":"M G\u00f3mez","year":"2009","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, M. et al. Switches in 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase isoenzyme expression during rat sperm maturation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 387, 330\u2013335 (2009).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"920_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417792112","volume":"112","author":"S Yuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuan, S. et al. Spata6 is required for normal assembly of the sperm connecting piece and tight head-tail conjunction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, E430\u2013E439 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"920_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200709057","volume":"180","author":"F Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang, F., Eckardt, S., Leu, N. A., McLaughlin, K. J. & Wang, P. J. Mouse TEX15 is essential for DNA double-strand break repair and chromosomal synapsis during male meiosis. J. Cell. Biol. 180, 673\u2013679 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"920_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12816","volume":"8","author":"G Cito","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cito, G. et al. Blood plasma miR-20a-5p expression as a potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarker of male infertility: a pilot study. Andrology 8, 1256\u20131264 (2020).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"920_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.06.039","volume":"110","author":"GD Adamson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adamson, G. D. et al. International committee for monitoring assisted reproductive technology: world report on assisted reproductive technology, 2011. Fertil. Steril. 110, 1067\u20131080 (2018).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021007","volume":"24","author":"AC Conflitti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Conflitti, A. C. et al. Sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm-borne miRNAs: molecular biomarkers of embryo development? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 1007 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"920_CR29","first-page":"864","volume":"40","author":"W Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, W. & Liu, N. [Correlation between the levels of miR-21, miR-34c, miR-140 and miR-375 in the sperm from in vitro fertilization patients and the embryo quality] (Chinese). Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 40, 864\u2013871 (2015).","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban."},{"key":"920_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.4.1595","volume":"270","author":"J Rouleau","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rouleau, J., MacLeod, A. R. & Szyf, M. Regulation of the DNA methyltransferase by the Ras-AP-1 signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1595\u20131601 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"920_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.06.080","volume":"580","author":"L Tuddenham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tuddenham, L. et al. The cartilage specific microRNA-140 targets histone deacetylase 4 in mouse cells. FEBS Lett. 580, 4214\u20134217 (2006).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"920_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.2012.0026","volume":"50","author":"MZ Ratajczak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ratajczak, M. Z. Igf2-H19, an imprinted tandem gene, is an important regulator of embryonic development, a guardian of proliferation of adult pluripotent stem cells, a regulator of longevity, and a \u2018passkey\u2019 to cancerogenesis. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 50, 171\u2013179 (2012).","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"920_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117895","volume":"256","author":"S Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, S., Shi, Q. & Sun, Y. The effect of sperm miR-34c on human embryonic development kinetics and clinical outcomes. Life Sci. 256, 117895 (2020).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"920_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709943","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.709943","volume":"12","author":"K Pantos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pantos, K. et al. Investigating the role of the microRNA-34\/449 family in male infertility: a critical analysis and review of the literature. Front. Endocrinol. 12, 709943 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"920_CR35","volume":"7","author":"M Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Sperm-borne miR-449b influences cleavage, epigenetic reprogramming and apoptosis of SCNT embryos in bovine. Sci. Rep. 7, 13403 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"920_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.12.028","volume":"113","author":"M Abu-Halima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abu-Halima, M. et al. MicroRNAs in combined spent culture media and sperm are associated with embryo quality and pregnancy outcome. Fertil. Steril. 113, 970\u2013980 (2020).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veeck, L. L. An Atlas of Human Gametes and Conceptuses: An Illustrated Reference for Assisted Reproductive Technology (CRC Press, 1999).","DOI":"10.1201\/b14639"},{"key":"920_CR38","volume":"21","author":"H Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. MicroRNA expression profile analysis in sperm reveals hsa-mir-191 as an auspicious omen of in vitro fertilization. BMC Genomics 21, 165 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"920_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00099","volume":"5","author":"N Nagpal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nagpal, N. & Kulshreshtha, R. miR-191: an emerging player in disease biology. Front. Genet. 5, 99 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"920_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.060657.117","volume":"23","author":"S Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Nagpal, N., Ghosh, P. C. & Kulshreshtha, R. P53-miR-191-SOX4 regulatory loop affects apoptosis in breast cancer. RNA 23, 1237\u20131246 (2017).","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"920_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20744-z","volume":"8","author":"CM Whittington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whittington, C. M. et al. Transcriptomic changes in the pre-implantation uterus highlight histotrophic nutrition of the developing marsupial embryo. Sci. Rep. 8, 2412 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"920_CR42","first-page":"164","volume":"2","author":"SC Pereira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira, S. C. et al. Expression of obesity-related genes in human spermatozoa affects the outcomes of reproductive treatments. F S Sci. 2, 164\u2013175 (2021).","journal-title":"F S Sci."},{"key":"920_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/93.1.7","volume":"93","author":"GS Yeo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yeo, G. S., Farooqi, I. S., Challis, B. G., Jackson, R. S. & O\u2019Rahilly, S. The role of melanocortin signalling in the control of body weight: evidence from human and murine genetic models. QJM 93, 7\u201314 (2000).","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"920_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2014.162","volume":"25","author":"MS Ben-Haim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben-Haim, M. S., Moshitch-Moshkovitz, S. & Rechavi, G. FTO: linking m6A demethylation to adipogenesis. Cell. Res. 25, 3\u20134 (2015).","journal-title":"Cell. Res."},{"key":"920_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11320","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111320","volume":"22","author":"M Giebler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Giebler, M., Greither, T., Handke, D., Seliger, G. & Behre, H. M. Lower spermatozoal PIWI-LIKE 1 and 2 transcript levels are significantly associated with higher fertilization rates in IVF. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 11320 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"920_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(01)00499-3","volume":"108","author":"S Kuramochi-Miyagawa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuramochi-Miyagawa, S. et al. Two mouse piwi-related genes: miwi and mili. Mech. Dev. 108, 121\u2013133 (2001).","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"920_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00165-X","volume":"2","author":"W Deng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deng, W. & Lin, H. miwi, a murine homolog of piwi, encodes a cytoplasmic protein essential for spermatogenesis. Dev. Cell. 2, 819\u2013830 (2002).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell."},{"key":"920_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00973","volume":"131","author":"S Kuramochi-Miyagawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuramochi-Miyagawa, S. et al. Mili, a mammalian member of piwi family gene, is essential for spermatogenesis. Development 131, 839\u2013849 (2004).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"920_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2007.03.001","volume":"12","author":"MA Carmell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carmell, M. A. et al. MIWI2 is essential for spermatogenesis and repression of transposons in the mouse male germline. Dev. Cell. 12, 503\u2013514 (2007).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell."},{"key":"920_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12040475","volume":"12","author":"MS Rocca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rocca, M. S. et al. TERRA: a novel biomarker of embryo quality and art outcome. Genes 12, 475 (2021).","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"920_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147182","volume":"318","author":"CM Azzalin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Azzalin, C. M., Reichenbach, P., Khoriauli, L., Giulotto, E. & Lingner, J. Telomeric repeat containing RNA and RNA surveillance factors at mammalian chromosome ends. Science 318, 798\u2013801 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"920_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2014.08.007","volume":"25","author":"CM Azzalin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azzalin, C. M. & Lingner, J. Telomere functions grounding on TERRA firma. Trends Cell Biol. 25, 29\u201336 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"920_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.116954","volume":"90","author":"R Reig-Viader","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reig-Viader, R. et al. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) and telomerase are components of telomeres during mammalian gametogenesis. Biol. Reprod. 90, 103 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gaab017","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaab017","volume":"27","author":"JB Grosso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grosso, J. B. et al. Levels of seminal tRNA-derived fragments from normozoospermic men correlate with the success rate of ART. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 27, gaab017 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-019-0087-9","volume":"5","author":"M Hua","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hua, M. et al. Identification of small non-coding RNAs as sperm quality biomarkers for in vitro fertilization. Cell Discov. 5, 20 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"920_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der037","volume":"26","author":"Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine and ESHRE Special Interest Group of Embryology.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine and ESHRE Special Interest Group of Embryology. The Istanbul consensus workshop on embryo assessment: proceedings of an expert meeting. Hum. Reprod. 26, 1270\u20131283 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-018-0074-y","volume":"28","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Single-cell RNA-seq uncovers dynamic processes and critical regulators in mouse spermatogenesis. Cell Res. 28, 879\u2013896 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"920_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2018.04.009","volume":"29","author":"AP Fayomi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fayomi, A. P. & Orwig, K. E. Spermatogonial stem cells and spermatogenesis in mice, monkeys and men. Stem Cell. Res. 29, 207\u2013214 (2018).","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res."},{"key":"920_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081789","volume":"9","author":"S Schneider","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider, S. et al. Protamine-2 deficiency initiates a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated destruction cascade during epididymal sperm maturation in mice. Cells 9, 1789 (2020).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"920_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des471","volume":"28","author":"N Rogenhofer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rogenhofer, N. et al. The sperm protamine mRNA ratio as a clinical parameter to estimate the fertilizing potential of men taking part in an ART programme. Hum. Reprod. 28, 969\u2013978 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_146_19","volume":"22","author":"J Sarasa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarasa, J. et al. Comparison of ART outcomes in men with altered mRNA protamine 1\/protamine 2 ratio undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection with ejaculated and testicular spermatozoa. Asian J. Androl. 22, 623\u2013628 (2020).","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"920_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-016-0234-z","volume":"15","author":"K Chiba","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chiba, K., Enatsu, N. & Fujisawa, M. Management of non-obstructive azoospermia. Reprod. Med. Biol. 15, 165\u2013173 (2016).","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"920_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.3209","volume":"9","author":"K Jarvi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jarvi, K. et al. The workup and management of azoospermic males. Can. Urol. Assoc. J. 9, 229\u2013235 (2015).","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"920_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.11.2924","volume":"17","author":"A Tsujimura","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tsujimura, A. et al. Conventional multiple or microdissection testicular sperm extraction: a comparative study. Hum. Reprod. 17, 2924\u20132929 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.12.059","volume":"65","author":"R Ramasamy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramasamy, R., Yagan, N. & Schlegel, P. N. Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 65, 1190\u20131194 (2005).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"920_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.02.022","volume":"72","author":"S Takada","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takada, S. et al. Androgen decline in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia after microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 72, 114\u2013118 (2008).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"920_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60087-9","volume":"18","author":"GM Colpi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Colpi, G. M. et al. Microsurgical TESE versus conventional TESE for ICSI in non-obstructive azoospermia: a randomized controlled study. Reprod. Biomed. Online 18, 315\u2013319 (2009).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"920_CR68","first-page":"124","volume":"3","author":"IF Ghalayini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghalayini, I. F. et al. Clinical comparison of conventional testicular sperm extraction and microdissection techniques for non-obstructive azoospermia. J. Clin. Med. Res. 3, 124\u2013131 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"920_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1071\/RD17423","volume":"31","author":"N Fang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fang, N. et al. MicroRNA profile comparison of testicular tissues derived from successful and unsuccessful microdissection testicular sperm extraction retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia patients. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 31, 671\u2013682 (2019).","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"920_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43071","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206357200","volume":"277","author":"K Peoc\u2019h","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peoc\u2019h, K. et al. The human \u201cprion-like\u201d protein Doppel is expressed in both Sertoli cells and spermatozoa. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 43071\u201343078 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"920_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030616","volume":"13","author":"M Willems","year":"2023","unstructured":"Willems, M. et al. Micro RNA in semen\/urine from non-obstructive azoospermia patients as biomarkers to predict the presence of testicular spermatozoa and spermatogonia. Life 13, 616 (2023).","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"920_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13461","volume":"12","author":"S Larriba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larriba, S. et al. Seminal extracellular vesicle sncRNA sequencing reveals altered miRNA\/isomiR profiles as sperm retrieval biomarkers for azoospermia. Andrology 12, 137\u2013156 (2023).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"920_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-021-02101-8","volume":"38","author":"H Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, H. et al. Outcome prediction of microdissection testicular sperm extraction based on extracellular vesicles piRNAs. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 38, 1429\u20131439 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"920_CR74","volume":"20","author":"X Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han, X. et al. Seminal plasma extracellular vesicles tRF-Val-AAC-010 can serve as a predictive factor of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 20, 106 (2022).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"920_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13286","volume":"11","author":"L Plata-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2023","unstructured":"Plata-Pe\u00f1a, L., L\u00f3pez-Rodrigo, O., Bassas, L. & Larriba, S. Experimental validation of seminal miR-31-5p as biomarker for azoospermia and evaluation of the effect of preanalytical variables. Andrology 11, 668\u2013676 (2023).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"920_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey072","volume":"33","author":"M Barcel\u00f3","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barcel\u00f3, M., Mata, A., Bassas, L. & Larriba, S. Exosomal microRNAs in seminal plasma are markers of the origin of azoospermia and can predict the presence of sperm in testicular tissue. Hum. Reprod. 33, 1087\u20131098 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-5100","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Circulating microRNAs in seminal plasma as predictors of sperm retrieval in microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Ann. Transl. Med. 10, 392 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"920_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab196","volume":"36","author":"C Ji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ji, C. et al. Potential of testis-derived circular RNAs in seminal plasma to predict the outcome of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod. 36, 2649\u20132660 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6834","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.15.6834-6845.2005","volume":"25","author":"A Urano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Urano, A. et al. Infertility with defective spermiogenesis in mice lacking AF5q31, the target of chromosomal translocation in human infant leukemia. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 6834\u20136845 (2005).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"920_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.10.023","volume":"2","author":"K Takubo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takubo, K. et al. Stem cell defects in ATM-deficient undifferentiated spermatogonia through DNA damage-induced cell-cycle arrest. Cell Stem Cell 2, 170\u2013182 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"920_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400799","volume":"8","author":"T Meehan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Meehan, T., Loveland, K. L., de Kretser, D., Cory, S. & Print, C. G. Developmental regulation of the bcl-2 family during spermatogenesis: insights into the sterility of bcl-w-\/- male mice. Cell Death Differ. 8, 225\u2013233 (2001).","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"920_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0389","volume":"17","author":"W Yan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yan, W. et al. Overexpression of Bcl-W in the testis disrupts spermatogenesis: revelation of a role of BCL-W in male germ cell cycle control. Mol. Endocrinol. 17, 1868\u20131879 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"920_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205501","volume":"21","author":"P Chieffi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chieffi, P. et al. HMGA1 and HMGA2 protein expression in mouse spermatogenesis. Oncogene 21, 3644\u20133650 (2002).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"920_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-09-0638","volume":"15","author":"S Di Agostino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Di Agostino, S. et al. Phosphorylation of high-mobility group protein A2 by Nek2 kinase during the first meiotic division in mouse spermatocytes. Mol. Biol. Cell 15, 1224\u20131232 (2004).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"920_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0376","volume":"24","author":"S Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wang, X., Wu, Y. & Han, C. IGF-1R signaling is essential for the proliferation of cultured mouse spermatogonial stem cells by promoting the G2\/M progression of the cell cycle. Stem Cell Dev. 24, 471\u2013483 (2015).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Dev."},{"key":"920_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/19554","volume":"398","author":"Q Lu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lu, Q. et al. Tyro-3 family receptors are essential regulators of mammalian spermatogenesis. Nature 398, 723\u2013728 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"920_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12874","volume":"8","author":"MQ Lv","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lv, M. Q. et al. Over-expression of hsa_circ_0000116 in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and its predictive value in testicular sperm retrieval. Andrology 8, 1834\u20131843 (2020).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"920_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1441-0","volume":"94","author":"R Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, R. et al. MiR-449a regulates autophagy to inhibit silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis through targeting Bcl2. J. Mol. Med. 94, 1267\u20131279 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"920_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2020.53.5.219","volume":"53","author":"N Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, N. et al. MiR-449a attenuates autophagy of T-cell lymphoma cells by downregulating ATG4B expression. BMB Rep. 53, 254\u2013259 (2020).","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"920_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.144063","volume":"96","author":"J Yin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yin, J. et al. Regulatory effects of autophagy on spermatogenesis. Biol. Reprod. 96, 525\u2013530 (2017).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0602-4_21","volume":"1206","author":"H Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao, H., Khawar, M. B. & Li, W. Autophagy in reproduction. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1206, 453\u2013468 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"920_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109807","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1109807","volume":"13","author":"S Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi, S., Wang, T., Wang, L. & Wang, M. Nomogram based on a circular RNA biomarker for predicting the likelihood of successful sperm retrieval via microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 1109807 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"920_CR93","volume":"9","author":"JE Nielsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nielsen, J. E. et al. Characterisation and localisation of the endocannabinoid system components in the adult human testis. Sci. Rep. 9, 12866 (2019). Erratum in: Sci. Rep. 10, 1267 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"920_CR94","first-page":"185","volume":"34","author":"S Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, S., Jia, Y., Ji, X., Zhou, L. & Zhang, Z. [Silencing circular RNA_monoglyceride lipase promotes the proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of Sertoli cells in testis] (Published in Chinese). Med. J. West. China 34, 185\u2013194 (2022).","journal-title":"Med. J. West. China"},{"key":"920_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.05.004","volume":"41","author":"P Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Kuscu, C. & Dutta, A. Biogenesis and function of transfer RNA-related fragments (tRFs). Trends Biochem. Sci. 41, 679\u2013689 (2016).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"920_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2016.1272746","volume":"14","author":"SM Lyons","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lyons, S. M., Fay, M. M., Akiyama, Y., Anderson, P. J. & Ivanov, P. RNA biology of angiogenin: current state and perspectives. RNA Biol. 14, 171\u2013178 (2017).","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"920_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2017.06.007","volume":"135","author":"V Balatti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balatti, V., Pekarsky, Y. & Croce, C. M. Role of the tRNA-derived small RNAs in cancer: new potential biomarkers and target for therapy. Adv. Cancer Res. 135, 173\u2013187 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"920_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.11.010","volume":"117","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Circulatory exosomal tRF-Glu-CTC-005 and tRF-Gly-GCC-002 serve as predictive factors of successful microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 117, 512\u2013521 (2022).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac057","volume":"37","author":"F Ghieh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghieh, F. et al. Whole-exome sequencing in patients with maturation arrest: a potential additional diagnostic tool for prevention of recurrent negative testicular sperm extraction outcomes. Hum. Reprod. 37, 1334\u20131350 (2022).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.2001.6532","volume":"74","author":"LE Fohn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fohn, L. E. & Behringer, R. R. ESX1L, a novel X chromosome-linked human homeobox gene expressed in the placenta and testis. Genomics 74, 105\u2013108 (2001).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"920_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6590","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207884","volume":"23","author":"H Ozawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ozawa, H. et al. Paired-like homeodomain protein ESXR1 possesses a cleavable C-terminal region that inhibits cyclin degradation. Oncogene 23, 6590\u20136602 (2004).","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"920_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm153","volume":"16","author":"X Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, X. & Zhang, J. Rapid evolution of primate ESX1, an X-linked placenta- and testis-expressed homeobox gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 16, 2053\u20132060 (2007).","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"920_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu261","volume":"29","author":"A Pansa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pansa, A. et al. ESX1 mRNA expression in seminal fluid is an indicator of residual spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermic men. Hum. Reprod. 29, 2620\u20132627 (2014).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.012278","volume":"33","author":"M Ando","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ando, M., Yamaguchi, K., Chiba, K., Miyake, H. & Fujisawa, M. Expression of VASA mRNA in testis as a significant predictor of sperm recovery by microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patient with nonobstructive azoospermia. J. Androl. 33, 711\u2013716 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"920_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160274797","volume":"97","author":"DH Castrillon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Castrillon, D. H., Quade, B. J., Wang, T. Y., Quigley, C. & Crum, C. P. The human VASA gene is specifically expressed in the germ cell lineage. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 9585\u20139590 (2000).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"920_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.26.131","volume":"26","author":"T Noce","year":"2001","unstructured":"Noce, T., Okamoto-Ito, S. & Tsunekawa, N. Vasa homolog genes in mammalian germ cell development. Cell Struct. Funct. 26, 131\u2013136 (2001).","journal-title":"Cell Struct. Funct."},{"key":"920_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/5.7.627","volume":"5","author":"C Petersen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Petersen, C., F\u00fczesi, L. & Hoyer-Fender, S. Outer dense fibre proteins from human sperm tail: molecular cloning and expression analyses of two cDNA transcripts encoding proteins of approximately 70 kDa. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 5, 627\u2013635 (1999).","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.9.3046-3052.2002","volume":"22","author":"K Nayernia","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nayernia, K. et al. Asthenozoospermia in mice with targeted deletion of the sperm mitochondrion-associated cysteine-rich protein (Smcp) gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 22, 3046\u20133052 (2002).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"920_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13173","volume":"10","author":"Y Dai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dai, Y. et al. Multi-stage screening cell-free seminal mRNAs to diagnose completion of meiosis and predict testicular sperm retrieval in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Andrology 10, 749\u2013757 (2022).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"920_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131090498","volume":"98","author":"EY Xu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xu, E. Y., Moore, F. L. & Pera, R. A. A gene family required for human germ cell development evolved from an ancient meiotic gene conserved in metazoans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7414\u20137419 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"920_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13076","volume":"9","author":"S Amjad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amjad, S. et al. Spermatozoa retrieval in azoospermia and expression profile of JMJD1A, TNP2, and PRM2 in a subset of the Karachi population. Andrology 9, 1934\u20131942 (2021).","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"920_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.066845","volume":"285","author":"Z Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu, Z. et al. Jmjd1a demethylase-regulated histone modification is essential for cAMP-response element modulator-regulated gene expression and spermatogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 2758\u20132770 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"920_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2016.09.005","volume":"34","author":"Z Eelaminejad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eelaminejad, Z., Favaedi, R., Sodeifi, N., Sadighi Gilani, M. A. & Shahhoseini, M. Deficient expression of JMJD1A histone demethylase in patients with round spermatid maturation arrest. Reprod. Biomed. Online 34, 82\u201389 (2017).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"920_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e13-08-0471","volume":"25","author":"I Kasioulis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kasioulis, I. et al. Kdm3a lysine demethylase is an Hsp90 client required for cytoskeletal rearrangements during spermatogenesis. Mol. Biol. Cell. 25, 1216\u20131233 (2014).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell."},{"key":"920_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.05.072","volume":"91","author":"T Haraguchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haraguchi, T., Ishikawa, T., Yamaguchi, K. & Fujisawa, M. Cyclin and protamine as prognostic molecular marker for testicular sperm extraction in patients with azoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 91, 1424\u20131426 (2009).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"920_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92603-3","volume":"11","author":"SM Javadirad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Javadirad, S. M. & Mokhtari, M. TXNDC2 joint molecular marker is associated with testis pathology and is an accurate predictor of sperm retrieval. Sci. Rep. 11, 13064 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"920_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31567","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101760200","volume":"276","author":"A Miranda-Vizuete","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miranda-Vizuete, A. et al. Characterization of Sptrx, a novel member of the thioredoxin family specifically expressed in human spermatozoa. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 31567\u201331574 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"920_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03417-8","volume":"530","author":"A Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, A. et al. Human spermatid-specific thioredoxin-1 (Sptrx-1) is a two-domain protein with oxidizing activity. FEBS Lett. 530, 79\u201384 (2002).","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"920_CR119","volume":"24","author":"C O\u2019Flaherty","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Flaherty, C. Peroxiredoxins: hidden players in the antioxidant defence of human spermatozoa. Basic. Clin. Androl. 24, 4 (2014).","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Androl."},{"key":"920_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.021","volume":"65","author":"TB Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith, T. B., Baker, M. A., Connaughton, H. S., Habenicht, U. & Aitken, R. J. Functional deletion of Txndc2 and Txndc3 increases the susceptibility of spermatozoa to age-related oxidative stress. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 65, 872\u2013881 (2013).","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"920_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.12.023","volume":"114","author":"MS Hashemi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hashemi, M. S., Mozdarani, H., Ghaedi, K. & Nasr-Esfahani, M. H. Expression of ZMYND15 in testes of azoospermic men and association with sperm retrieval. Urology 114, 99\u2013104 (2018).","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"920_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31418","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.116418","volume":"285","author":"W Yan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yan, W. et al. Zmynd15 encodes a histone deacetylase-dependent transcriptional repressor essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 31418\u201331426 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"920_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2013-102102","volume":"51","author":"\u00d6 Ayhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ayhan, \u00d6. et al. Truncating mutations in TAF4B and ZMYND15 causing recessive azoospermia. J. Med. Genet. 51, 239\u2013244 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"920_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1425706","volume":"20","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Watanabe, T. et al. Identification and characterization of two novel classes of small RNAs in the mouse germline: retrotransposon-derived siRNAs in oocytes and germline small RNAs in testes. Genes. Dev. 20, 1732\u20131743 (2006).","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"920_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1134-4","volume":"35","author":"C Cao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cao, C. et al. Testicular piRNA profile comparison between successful and unsuccessful micro-TESE retrieval in NOA patients. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 35, 801\u2013808 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"920_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R131","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0594","volume":"147","author":"AC Luk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luk, A. C., Chan, W. Y., Rennert, O. M. & Lee, T. L. Long noncoding RNAs in spermatogenesis: insights from recent high-throughput transcriptome studies. Reproduction 147, R131\u2013R141 (2014).","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"920_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002248","volume":"7","author":"MC Anguera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anguera, M. C. et al. Tsx produces a long noncoding RNA and has general functions in the germline, stem cells, and brain. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002248 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"920_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.08.130","volume":"400","author":"L Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Lu, H., Xin, D., Cheng, H. & Zhou, R. A novel ncRNA gene from mouse chromosome 5 trans-splices with Dmrt1 on chromosome 19. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 400, 696\u2013700 (2010).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"920_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.199547.115","volume":"26","author":"K Wen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wen, K. et al. Critical roles of long noncoding RNAs in Drosophila spermatogenesis. Genome Res. 26, 1233\u20131244 (2016).","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"920_CR130","volume":"19","author":"SH Hong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hong, S. H. et al. Profiling of testis-specific long noncoding RNAs in mice. BMC Genomics 19, 539 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"920_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy230","volume":"100","author":"Y Satoh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Satoh, Y. et al. A novel testis-specific long noncoding RNA, Tesra, activates the Prss42\/Tessp-2 gene during mouse spermatogenesis\u2020. Biol. Reprod. 100, 833\u2013848 (2019).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa184","volume":"35","author":"Y Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie, Y. et al. A panel of extracellular vesicle long noncoding RNAs in seminal plasma for predicting testicular spermatozoa in nonobstructive azoospermia patients. Hum. Reprod. 35, 2413\u20132427 (2020).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gaac031","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaac031","volume":"28","author":"H Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, H. et al. Alteration of RNA modification signature in human sperm correlates with sperm motility. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 28, gaac031 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"920_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1907","volume":"93","author":"BA Swiglo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Swiglo, B. A. et al. A case for clarity, consistency, and helpfulness: state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines in endocrinology using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation system. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 666\u2013673 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"920_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_97_20","volume":"23","author":"YH Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Y. H. et al. Rescue of male infertility through correcting a genetic mutation causing meiotic arrest in spermatogonial stem cells. Asian J. Androl. 23, 590\u2013599 (2021).","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-024-00920-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-024-00920-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-024-00920-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T13:05:23Z","timestamp":1738760723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-024-00920-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-024-00920-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4812","1759-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2024","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2024","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}