{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:57:59Z","timestamp":1791989879489,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Rev Urol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-025-01055-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T12:02:37Z","timestamp":1750420957000},"page":"775-788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Updated favourable-histology Wilms tumour risk stratification: rationale for future Children\u2019s Oncology Group clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas G.","family":"Cost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter F.","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5567-0007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Evageliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fialkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren N.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4185-921X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Vallance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay A.","family":"Renfro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0374-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Aldrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Pater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold C.","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse K.","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Treece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Dome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James I.","family":"Geller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6704-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Mullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2021.7070","volume":"19","author":"JS Dome","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dome, J. S. et al. Impact of the first generation of Children\u2019s Oncology Group clinical trials on clinical practice for Wilms tumor. J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw. 19, 978\u2013985 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Natl Compr. Canc. Netw."},{"key":"1055_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.62.1888","volume":"33","author":"JS Dome","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dome, J. S. et al. Advances in Wilms tumor treatment and biology: progress through international collaboration. J. Clin. Oncol. 33, 2999\u20133007 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.163","volume":"14","author":"MM van den Heuvel-Eibrink","year":"2017","unstructured":"van den Heuvel-Eibrink, M. M. et al. Position paper: rationale for the treatment of Wilms tumour in the UMBRELLA SIOP-RTSG 2016 protocol. Nat. Rev. Urol. 14, 743\u2013752 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"1055_CR4","first-page":"S166","volume":"61","author":"EA Mullen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mullen, E. A. et al. Comprehensive update of pediatric renal tumor epidemiology: analysis of the first 4000 patients on Children\u2019s Oncology Group renal tumor risk stratification and biology protocol AREN03B2. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 61, S166 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.01.2799","volume":"23","author":"PE Grundy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grundy, P. E. et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the national Wilms tumor study group. J. Clin. Oncol. 23, 7312\u20137321 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.8747","volume":"30","author":"A Verschuur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Verschuur, A. et al. Treatment of pulmonary metastases in children with stage IV nephroblastoma with risk-based use of pulmonary radiotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, 3533\u20133539 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001716","volume":"265","author":"CV Fernandez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fernandez, C. V. et al. Clinical outcome and biological predictors of relapse after nephrectomy only for very low-risk Wilms tumor: a report from Children\u2019s Oncology Group AREN0532. Ann. Surg. 265, 835\u2013840 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.1931","volume":"36","author":"DB Dix","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dix, D. B. et al. Treatment of stage IV favorable histology Wilms tumor with lung metastases: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group AREN0533 study. J. Clin. Oncol. 36, 1564\u20131570 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01972","volume":"37","author":"DB Dix","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dix, D. B. et al. Augmentation of therapy for combined loss of heterozygosity 1p and 16q in favorable histology Wilms tumor: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group AREN0532 and AREN0533 study report. J. Clin. Oncol. 37, 2769\u20132777 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.31.5192","volume":"29","author":"EJ Perlman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Perlman, E. J. et al. WT1 mutation and 11P15 loss of heterozygosity predict relapse in very low-risk Wilms tumors treated with surgery alone: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group study. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 698\u2013703 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.7999","volume":"36","author":"CV Fernandez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fernandez, C. V. et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in stage III favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group study AREN0532. J. Clin. Oncol. 36, 254\u2013261 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR12","first-page":"S66","volume":"69","author":"N Evageliou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Evageliou, N. et al. Post-chemotherapy blastemal-predominant Wilms tumor in the Children\u2019s Oncology Group (COG) context: pooled outcomes data from studies AREN0532, AREN0533 and AREN03B2. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 69, S66\u2013S67 (2022).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28239","volume":"119","author":"EJ Gratias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gratias, E. J. et al. Gain of 1q is associated with inferior event-free and overall survival in patients with favorable histology Wilms tumor: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. Cancer 119, 3887\u20133894 (2013).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3189","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.1140","volume":"34","author":"EJ Gratias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gratias, E. J. et al. Association of chromosome 1q gain with inferior survival in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 34, 3189\u20133194 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30586","volume":"70","author":"JI Geller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geller, J. I. et al. Children\u2019s Oncology Group\u2019s 2023 blueprint for research: renal tumors. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 70, e30586 (2023).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24419","volume":"60","author":"JS Dome","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dome, J. S. et al. Children\u2019s Oncology Group\u2019s 2013 blueprint for research: renal tumors. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 60, 994\u20131000 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197608)38:2<633::AID-CNCR2820380203>3.0.CO;2-S","volume":"38","author":"GJ D\u2019Angio","year":"1976","unstructured":"D\u2019Angio, G. J. et al. The treatment of Wilms\u2019 tumor: Results of the national Wilms\u2019 tumor study. Cancer 38, 633\u2013646 (1976).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1985.3.4.521","volume":"3","author":"N Breslow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Breslow, N. et al. Prognosis for Wilms\u2019 tumor patients with nonmetastatic disease at diagnosis \u2014 results of the second National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 3, 521\u2013531 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19890715)64:2<349::AID-CNCR2820640202>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"64","author":"GJ D\u2019Angio","year":"1989","unstructured":"D\u2019Angio, G. J. et al. Treatment of Wilms\u2019 tumor. Results of the third national Wilms\u2019 tumor study. Cancer 64, 349\u2013360 (1989).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.12.3744","volume":"16","author":"DM Green","year":"1998","unstructured":"Green, D. M. et al. Effect of duration of treatment on treatment outcome and cost of treatment for Wilms\u2019 tumor: a report from the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 3744\u20133751 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.17.3719","volume":"19","author":"DM Green","year":"2001","unstructured":"Green, D. M. et al. Treatment with nephrectomy only for small, stage I\/favorable histology Wilms\u2019 tumor: a report from the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 3719\u20133724 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24123","volume":"59","author":"PE Grundy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grundy, P. E. et al. Clinical significance of pulmonary nodules detected by CT and not CXR in patients treated for favorable histology Wilms tumor on national Wilms tumor studies-4 and -5: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 59, 631\u2013635 (2012).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.08.008","volume":"22","author":"DM Green","year":"2004","unstructured":"Green, D. M. The treatment of stages I\u2013IV favorable histology Wilms\u2019 tumor. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 1366\u20131372 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.41.1165","volume":"31","author":"PF Ehrlich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. F. et al. Clinicopathologic findings predictive of relapse in children with stage III favorable-histology Wilms tumor. J. Clin. Oncol. 31, 1196\u20131201 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.05.025","volume":"48","author":"AM Smets","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smets, A. M. et al. The contribution of chest CT-scan at diagnosis in children with unilateral Wilms\u2019 tumour. Results of the SIOP 2001 study. Eur. J. Cancer 48, 1060\u20131065 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e31821266a0","volume":"253","author":"TE Hamilton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamilton, T. E. et al. The management of synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor: a report from the national Wilms tumor study group. Ann. Surg. 253, 1004\u20131010 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002356","volume":"266","author":"P Ehrlich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. et al. Results of the first prospective multi-institutional treatment study in children with bilateral Wilms tumor (AREN0534): a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. Ann. Surg. 266, 470\u2013478 (2017).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.04.081","volume":"77","author":"JA Kalapurakal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalapurakal, J. A. et al. Outcomes of children with favorable histology Wilms tumor and peritoneal implants treated in National Wilms Tumor Studies-4 and -5. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 77, 554\u2013558 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"1055_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24658","volume":"61","author":"DM Green","year":"2014","unstructured":"Green, D. M. et al. Outcome of patients with Stage II\/favorable histology Wilms tumor with and without local tumor spill: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 61, 134\u2013139 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199902000-00019","volume":"229","author":"RC Shamberger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shamberger, R. C. et al. Surgery-related factors and local recurrence of Wilms tumor in National Wilms Tumor Study 4. Ann. Surg. 229, 292\u2013297 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.5941","volume":"35","author":"KW Gow","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gow, K. W. et al. Local staging of Wilms\u2019 tumor-computerized tomography correlation with histological findings. J. Pediatr. Surg. 35, 677\u2013679 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.12.026","volume":"167","author":"Y Zhuge","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhuge, Y. et al. Improved survival with lymph node sampling in Wilms tumor. J. Surg. Res. 167, e199\u2013e203 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"1055_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2004.09.044","volume":"40","author":"PF Ehrlich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. F. et al. Quality assessment for Wilms\u2019 tumor: a report from the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study-5. J. Pediatr. Surg. 40, 208\u2013212 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35084","volume":"130","author":"N Evageliou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Evageliou, N. et al. Prognostic impact of lymph node involvement and loss of heterozygosity of 1p or 16q in stage III favorable histology Wilms tumor: a report from Children\u2019s Oncology Group Studies AREN03B2 and AREN0532. Cancer 130, 792\u2013802 (2024).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.09.025","volume":"14","author":"AF Saltzman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saltzman, A. F. et al. Patterns of lymph node sampling and the impact of lymph node density in favorable histology Wilms tumor: an analysis of the national cancer database. J. Pediatr. Urol. 14, 161.e1\u2013161.e8 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"1055_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26083","volume":"63","author":"PF Ehrlich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. F. et al. Surgical protocol violations in children with renal tumors provides an opportunity to improve pediatric cancer care: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 63, 1905\u20131910 (2016).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.08.017","volume":"47","author":"K Kieran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kieran, K. et al. Lymph node involvement in Wilms tumor: results from National Wilms Tumor Studies 4 and 5. J. Pediatr. Surg. 47, 700\u2013706 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30107","volume":"70","author":"S Irtan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Irtan, S. et al. Number of lymph nodes sampled in SFCE\/SIOP 2001 patients with Wilms tumour: Is the goal of more than six achievable? Pediatr. Blood Cancer 70, e30107 (2023).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR39","first-page":"109","volume":"25","author":"CL Stewart","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stewart, C. L. & Bruny, J. L. Maximizing lymph node retrieval during surgical resection of Wilms tumor. Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg. 25, 109\u2013112 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006726","author":"LA Renfro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Renfro, L. A. et al. Associations of patient age, tumor nephrectomy weight, and tumor diameter with event-free and overall survival in stage I or II favorable histology Wilms tumor: a pooled analysis of Children\u2019s Oncology Group Studies AREN0532 and AREN03B2. Ann. Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006726 (2025).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197805)41:5<1937::AID-CNCR2820410538>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"41","author":"JB Beckwith","year":"1978","unstructured":"Beckwith, J. B. & Palmer, N. F. Histopathology and prognosis of Wilms tumors: results from the First National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. Cancer 41, 1937\u20131948 (1978).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.7852","volume":"24","author":"JS Dome","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dome, J. S. et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms\u2019 tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 2352\u20132358 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199608000-00001","volume":"20","author":"P Faria","year":"1996","unstructured":"Faria, P. et al. Focal versus diffuse anaplasia in Wilms tumor \u2014 new definitions with prognostic significance: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 20, 909\u2013920 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"1055_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.05.053","volume":"41","author":"TE Hamilton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hamilton, T. E. et al. Bilateral Wilms\u2019 tumor with anaplasia: lessons from the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. J. Pediatr. Surg. 41, 1641\u20131644 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-005-1156-7","volume":"8","author":"EJ Perlman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perlman, E. J. Pediatric renal tumors: practical updates for the pathologist. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 8, 320\u2013338 (2005).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"1055_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.1276","volume":"38","author":"GM Vujanic","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vujanic, G. M. et al. Revised International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) working classification of renal tumors of childhood. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 38, 79\u201382 (2002).","journal-title":"Med. Pediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32958","volume":"126","author":"PF Ehrlich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. F. et al. Results of treatment for patients with multicentric or bilaterally predisposed unilateral Wilms tumor (AREN0534): a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. Cancer 126, 3516\u20133525 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14632","volume":"80","author":"GM Vujanic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vujanic, G. M. et al. Pathology of Wilms\u2019 tumour in International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) and Children\u2019s Oncology Group (COG) renal tumour studies: similarities and differences. Histopathology 80, 1026\u20131037 (2022).","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"1055_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.01.062","volume":"21","author":"K Pritchard-Jones","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pritchard-Jones, K. et al. Older age is an adverse prognostic factor in stage I, favorable histology Wilms\u2019 tumor treated with vincristine monochemotherapy: a study by the United Kingdom Children\u2019s Cancer Study Group, Wilm\u2019s Tumor Working Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 3269\u20133275 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR50","volume":"14","author":"JA Hol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hol, J. A. et al. Prognostic significance of age in 5631 patients with Wilms tumour prospectively registered in International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01 and 2001. PLoS ONE 14, e0221373 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1055_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19911201)68:11<2345::AID-CNCR2820681103>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"68","author":"N Breslow","year":"1991","unstructured":"Breslow, N. et al. Prognostic factors in nonmetastatic, favorable histology Wilms\u2019 tumor. Results of the Third National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. Cancer 68, 2345\u20132353 (1991).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR52","first-page":"463","volume":"20","author":"H Reinhard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reinhard, H. et al. Outcome of relapses of nephroblastoma in patients registered in the SIOP\/GPOH trials and studies. Oncol. Rep. 20, 463\u2013467 (2008).","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"1055_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19870915)60:6<1204::AID-CNCR2820600608>3.0.CO;2-W","volume":"60","author":"DA Weeks","year":"1987","unstructured":"Weeks, D. A., Beckwith, J. B. & Luckey, D. W. Relapse-associated variables in stage I favorable histology Wilms\u2019 tumor. A report of the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. Cancer 60, 1204\u20131212 (1987).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR54","volume":"68","author":"K Vallance","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vallance, K. et al. Updated risk stratification in children with stage I favorable histology Wilms tumors. A report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group AREN0532 and AREN03B2 studies. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 68, e29349 (2021).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4500","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.12.099","volume":"22","author":"H Reinhard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reinhard, H. et al. Wilms\u2019 tumor in adults: results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01\/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) study. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 4500\u20134506 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2006.04.009","volume":"42","author":"E Mitry","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mitry, E. et al. Incidence of and survival from Wilms\u2019 tumour in adults in Europe: data from the EUROCARE study. Eur. J. Cancer 42, 2363\u20132368 (2006).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR57","unstructured":"Gooskens, S. L. et al. in Wilms Tumor Ch. 2 (ed van den Heuvel-Eibrink, M. M.) (Codon, 2016)."},{"key":"1055_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2020.09.007","volume":"108","author":"H Sudour-Bonnange","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sudour-Bonnange, H. et al. Standard of care for adult Wilms tumor? From adult urologist to pediatric oncologist. A retrospective review. Bull. Cancer 108, 177\u2013186 (2021).","journal-title":"Bull. Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.05.057","volume":"60","author":"JA Kalapurakal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kalapurakal, J. A. et al. Treatment outcomes in adults with favorable histologic type Wilms tumor \u2014 an update from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 60, 1379\u20131384 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"1055_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197309)32:3<598::AID-CNCR2820320312>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"32","author":"JR Cassady","year":"1973","unstructured":"Cassady, J. R. et al. Considerations in the radiation therapy of Wilms\u2019 tumor. Cancer 32, 598\u2013608 (1973).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197907)44:1<52::AID-CNCR2820440110>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"44","author":"DM Green","year":"1979","unstructured":"Green, D. M. & Jaffe, N. The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of Wilms\u2019 tumor. Cancer 44, 52\u201357 (1979).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900715)66:2<264::AID-CNCR2820660212>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"66","author":"E Larsen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Larsen, E. et al. Surgery only for the treatment of patients with stage I (Cassady) Wilms\u2019 tumor. Cancer 66, 264\u2013266 (1990).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1993.11.1.91","volume":"11","author":"DM Green","year":"1993","unstructured":"Green, D. M. et al. Treatment outcomes in patients less than 2 years of age with small, stage I, favorable-histology Wilms\u2019 tumors: a report from the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 11, 91\u201395 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940915)74:6<1817::AID-CNCR2820740626>3.0.CO;2-X","volume":"74","author":"DM Green","year":"1994","unstructured":"Green, D. M. et al. The relationship between microsubstaging variables, age at diagnosis, and tumor weight of children with stage I\/favorable histology Wilms\u2019 tumor. A report from the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. Cancer 74, 1817\u20131820 (1994).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181c0e5d7","volume":"251","author":"RC Shamberger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shamberger, R. C. et al. Long-term outcomes for infants with very low risk Wilms tumor treated with surgery alone in National Wilms Tumor Study-5. Ann. Surg. 251, 555\u2013558 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR66","first-page":"2331","volume":"54","author":"PE Grundy","year":"1994","unstructured":"Grundy, P. E. et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 16q and 1p in Wilms\u2019 tumors predicts an adverse outcome. Cancer Res. 54, 2331\u20132333 (1994).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"1055_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318222015e","volume":"254","author":"SW Warmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Warmann, S. W. et al. Tumor biology influences the prognosis of nephroblastoma patients with primary pulmonary metastases: results from SIOP 93-01\/GPOH and SIOP 2001\/GPOH. Ann. Surg. 254, 155\u2013162 (2011).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181b76f20","volume":"250","author":"PF Ehrlich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. F. et al. Hepatic metastasis at diagnosis in patients with Wilms tumor is not an independent adverse prognostic factor for stage IV Wilms tumor: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group\/National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Ann. Surg. 250, 642\u2013648 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35099","volume":"130","author":"DJ Benedetti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benedetti, D. J. et al. Treatment of children with favorable histology Wilms tumor with extrapulmonary metastases: a report from the COG studies AREN0533 and AREN03B2 and NWTSG study NWTS-5. Cancer 130, 947\u2013961 (2024).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-911X(199611)27:5<422::AID-MPO6>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"27","author":"JB Beckwith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beckwith, J. B., Zuppan, C. E., Browning, N. G., Moksness, J. & Breslow, N. E. Histological analysis of aggressiveness and responsiveness in Wilms\u2019 tumor. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 27, 422\u2013428 (1996).","journal-title":"Med. Pediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32855","volume":"126","author":"LN Parsons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parsons, L. N. et al. Outcome analysis of stage I epithelial-predominant favorable-histology Wilms tumors: a report from Children\u2019s Oncology Group study AREN03B2. Cancer 126, 2866\u20132871 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR72","volume":"13","author":"AE Armstrong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Armstrong, A. E. et al. A unique subset of low-risk Wilms tumors is characterized by loss of function of TRIM28 (KAP1), a gene critical in early renal development: a Children\u2019s Oncology Group study. PLoS ONE 13, e0208936 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1055_CR73","volume":"150","author":"DVC de Jel","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Jel, D. V. C. et al. Paediatric metanephric tumours: a clinicopathological and molecular characterisation. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 150, 102970 (2020).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"1055_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e362","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2022-0528-OA","volume":"148","author":"JA Goldstein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goldstein, J. A. et al. BRAF exon 15 mutations in the evaluation of well-differentiated epithelial nephroblastic neoplasms in children: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group study AREN03B2. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 148, e362\u2013e366 (2024).","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"1055_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2016.09.025","volume":"60","author":"L Marsden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marsden, L. et al. BRAF exon 15 mutations in pediatric renal stromal tumors: prevalence in metanephric stromal tumors. Hum. Pathol. 60, 32\u201336 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"1055_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1148\/80.4.574","volume":"80","author":"M Garcia","year":"1963","unstructured":"Garcia, M., Douglass, C. & Schlosser, J. V. Classification and prognosis in Wilms\u2019s tumor. Radiology 80, 574\u2013580 (1963).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1055_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.22101","volume":"52","author":"H Segers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segers, H. et al. Gain of 1q is a marker of poor prognosis in Wilms\u2019 tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 52, 1065\u20131074 (2013).","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3195","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.0001","volume":"34","author":"T Chagtai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chagtai, T. et al. Gain of 1q as a prognostic biomarker in Wilms tumors (WTs) treated with preoperative chemotherapy in the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) WT 2001 trial: a SIOP renal tumours biology consortium study. J. Clin. Oncol. 34, 3195\u20133203 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1984.2.10.1098","volume":"2","author":"PR Thomas","year":"1984","unstructured":"Thomas, P. R. et al. Abdominal relapses in irradiated second National Wilms\u2019 Tumor study patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 2, 1098\u20131101 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.10429","volume":"42","author":"B Corey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Corey, B., Yang, C. H., Wilimas, J. A., Davidoff, A. & Dome, J. S. Significance of pleural effusion at diagnosis of Wilms tumor. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 42, 145\u2013148 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34188","volume":"151","author":"A Al-Hadidi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Hadidi, A. et al. Incidence and management of pleural effusions in patients with Wilms tumor: a pediatric surgical oncology research collaborative study. Int. J. Cancer 151, 1696\u20131702 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2023.151339","volume":"32","author":"JH Aldrink","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aldrink, J. H. et al. Critical elements of radical nephroureterectomy for pediatric unilateral renal tumor. Semin. Pediatr. Surg. 32, 151339 (2023).","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR83","first-page":"384","volume":"47","author":"L Hadley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hadley, L., Steenhuisen, K., Shrives, L. & Ramdial, P. Peritoneal fluid cytology in children with Wilms tumour after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 47, 384 (2006).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR84","first-page":"209","volume":"38","author":"JR Hallman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hallman, J. R. & Geisinger, K. R. Cytology of fluids from pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavities in children. A comprehensive survey. Acta Cytol. 38, 209\u2013217 (1994).","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"1055_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.05.060","volume":"190","author":"FA Ferrer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrer, F. A. et al. Image based feasibility of renal sparing surgery for very low risk unilateral Wilms tumors: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. J. Urol. 190, 1846\u20131851 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"1055_CR86","first-page":"S112","volume":"61","author":"P Ehrlich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. et al. Unilateral Wilms tumor treated by partial nephrectomy enrolled on the Children\u2019s Oncology Group (COG) renal tumor biology and classification study AREN03B2. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 61, S112\u2013S113 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25185","volume":"61","author":"JC Wilde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilde, J. C. et al. Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for unilateral Wilms tumor (UWT): the SIOP 2001 experience. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 61, 2175\u20132179 (2014).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000176800.00994.3a","volume":"174","author":"NE Breslow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Breslow, N. E. et al. End stage renal disease in patients with Wilms tumor: results from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and the United States renal data system. J. Urol. 174, 1972\u20131975 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"1055_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.06.050","volume":"155","author":"BV Dieffenbach","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dieffenbach, B. V. et al. Late-onset kidney failure in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Eur. J. Cancer 155, 216\u2013226 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2258","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01926","volume":"41","author":"NL Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, N. L. et al. Development and validation of a prediction model for kidney failure in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 41, 2258\u20132268 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29984","volume":"70","author":"N Welter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Welter, N. et al. The pathophysiology of bilateral and multifocal Wilms tumors: what we can learn from the study of predisposition syndromes. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 70, e29984 (2023).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.101295","volume":"91","author":"RH Scott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scott, R. H. et al. Surveillance for Wilms tumour in at-risk children: pragmatic recommendations for best practice. Arch. Dis. Child. 91, 995\u2013999 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"1055_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2006.041723","volume":"43","author":"RH Scott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scott, R. H., Stiller, C. A., Walker, L. & Rahman, N. Syndromes and constitutional chromosomal abnormalities associated with Wilms tumour. J. Med. Genet. 43, 705\u2013715 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"1055_CR94","volume":"14","author":"AJ Murphy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murphy, A. J. et al. Genetic and epigenetic features of bilateral Wilms tumor predisposition in patients from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group AREN18B5-Q. Nat. Commun. 14, 8006 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"1055_CR95","volume":"71","author":"RLP Romao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Romao, R. L. P. et al. Bilateral Wilms tumor with anaplasia: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group study AREN0534. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 71, e30981 (2024).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR96","unstructured":"Perlman, E. et al. Paediatric renal tumours histopathology reporting guide. ICCR https:\/\/www.iccr-cancer.org\/datasets\/published-datasets\/paediatrics\/paediatric-renal-tumours (2023)."},{"key":"1055_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30004","volume":"70","author":"M Artunduaga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Artunduaga, M. et al. Imaging of pediatric renal tumors: a COG Diagnostic Imaging Committee\/SPR Oncology Committee white paper focused on Wilms tumor and nephrogenic rests. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 70, e30004 (2023).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-3138-2","volume":"45","author":"S Servaes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Servaes, S. et al. Comparison of diagnostic performance of CT and MRI for abdominal staging of pediatric renal tumors: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. Pediatr. Radiol. 45, 166\u2013172 (2015).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"1055_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30340-2","volume":"4","author":"T Watson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watson, T., Oostveen, M., Rogers, H., Pritchard-Jones, K. & Olsen, O. The role of imaging in the initial investigation of paediatric renal tumours. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 4, 232\u2013241 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"1055_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.22301","volume":"214","author":"JK Sandberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sandberg, J. K. et al. Imaging characteristics of nephrogenic rests versus small Wilms tumors: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group study AREN03B2. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 214, 987\u2013994 (2020).","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"1055_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005921","volume":"279","author":"B Naik-Mathuria","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naik-Mathuria, B. et al. Management and outcomes of Wilms tumor with suprarenal intravascular extension: a pediatric surgical oncology research collaborative study. Ann. Surg. 279, 528\u2013535 (2024).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200107000-00017","volume":"234","author":"RC Shamberger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shamberger, R. C. et al. Intravascular extension of Wilms tumor. Ann. Surg. 234, 116\u2013121 (2001).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3390\/children11080896","volume":"11","author":"DB Gehle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gehle, D. B. et al. Wilms tumor with vena caval intravascular extension: a surgical perspective. Children 11, 896 (2024).","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"1055_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-024-15232-w","volume":"31","author":"L Pio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pio, L. et al. Surgical management of Wilms tumors with intravenous extension: a multicenter analysis of clinical management with technical insights. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 31, 4713\u20134723 (2024).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2008.01.067","volume":"43","author":"M Ritchey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ritchey, M. et al. Ureteral extension in Wilms\u2019 tumor: a report from the National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study Group (NWTSG). J. Pediatr. Surg. 43, 1625\u20131629 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.04.019","volume":"48","author":"K Kieran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kieran, K. et al. Is adrenalectomy necessary during unilateral nephrectomy for Wilms tumor? A report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group. J. Pediatr. Surg. 48, 1598\u20131603 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"1055_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.31118","volume":"72","author":"RD Glick","year":"2025","unstructured":"Glick, R. D. et al. Current surgical approaches to pediatric renal tumors. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 72, e31118 (2025).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR108","unstructured":"Shojaeian, R., Hiradfar, M., Sharifabad, P. S. & Zabolinejad, N. in Wilms Tumor Ch. 6 (ed. van den Heuvel-Eibrink, M. M.) (Codon, 2016)."},{"key":"1055_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092563","volume":"15","author":"A Karim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karim, A. et al. Pediatric extra-renal nephroblastoma (Wilms\u2019 Tumor): a systematic case-based review. Cancers 15, 2563 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"1055_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02510","volume":"40","author":"JA Hol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hol, J. A. et al. Prevalence of (epi)genetic predisposing factors in a 5-year unselected National Wilms Tumor Cohort: a comprehensive clinical and genomic characterization. J. Clin. Oncol. 40, 1892\u20131902 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-2100","volume":"30","author":"JM Kalish","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kalish, J. M. et al. Update on surveillance for Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma in Beckwith\u2013Wiedemann syndrome and other predisposition syndromes. Clin. Cancer Res. 30, 5260\u20135269 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"1055_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-2488","volume":"31","author":"JJ Brzezinski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brzezinski, J. J. et al. Update on surveillance guidelines in emerging Wilms tumor predisposition syndromes. Clin. Cancer Res. 31, 18\u201324 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"1055_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-021-11266-6","volume":"29","author":"PF Ehrlich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ehrlich, P. F. et al. Kidney preservation and Wilms tumor development in children with diffuse hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis: a report from the Children\u2019s Oncology Group study AREN0534. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 29, 3252\u20133261 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR114","unstructured":"Balis, F. et al. Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma). NCCN https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1500 (2025)."},{"key":"1055_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19810501)47:9<2302::AID-CNCR2820470933>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"47","author":"GJ D\u2019Angio","year":"1981","unstructured":"D\u2019Angio, G. J. et al. The treatment of Wilms\u2019 tumor: results of the second National Wilms\u2019 Tumor Study. Cancer 47, 2302\u20132311 (1981).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"1055_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.1.237","volume":"16","author":"DM Green","year":"1998","unstructured":"Green, D. M. et al. Comparison between single-dose and divided-dose administration of dactinomycin and doxorubicin for patients with Wilms\u2019 tumor: a report from the national Wilms\u2019 tumor study group. J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 237\u2013245 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"1055_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318219c171","volume":"128","author":"PB Burns","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burns, P. B., Rohrich, R. J. & Chung, K. C. The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 128, 305\u2013310 (2011).","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."}],"container-title":["Nature Reviews Urology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-025-01055-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-025-01055-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-025-01055-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:02:16Z","timestamp":1761915736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41585-025-01055-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-025-01055-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-4812","1759-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-4812","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-4820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"N.G.C.\u2019s spouse is a senior medical officer for Janssen. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}