{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:50:14Z","timestamp":1793213414445,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7867","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03647-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T06:02:53Z","timestamp":1621836173000},"page":"421-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":497,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"595","author":[{"given":"Jackson S.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9199-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wooseob","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Kalaidina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Goss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana M.","family":"Rauseo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8077-6751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alem","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Klebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iskra","family":"Pusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8265-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane A.","family":"O\u2019Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5469-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Presti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali H.","family":"Ellebedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3647_CR1","first-page":"247","volume":"26","author":"R Benner","year":"1974","unstructured":"Benner, R., Meima, F., van der Meulen, G. M. & van Muiswinkel, W. B. Antibody formation in mouse bone marrow. I. Evidence for the development of plaque-forming cells in situ. Immunology 26, 247\u2013255 (1974).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"3647_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/40540","volume":"388","author":"RA Manz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Manz, R. A., Thiel, A. & Radbruch, A. Lifetime of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Nature 388, 133\u2013134 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3647_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80541-5","volume":"8","author":"MK Slifka","year":"1998","unstructured":"Slifka, M. K., Antia, R., Whitmire, J. K. & Ahmed, R. Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells. Immunity 8, 363\u2013372 (1998).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3647_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/nm917","volume":"9","author":"E Hammarlund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hammarlund, E. et al. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat. Med. 9, 1131\u20131137 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"3647_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.06.016","volume":"43","author":"JL Halliley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Halliley, J. L. et al. Long-lived plasma cells are contained within the CD19\u2212CD38hiCD138+ subset in human bone marrow. Immunity 43, 132\u2013145 (2015).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3647_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-555169","volume":"125","author":"HE Mei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mei, H. E. et al. A unique population of IgG-expressing plasma cells lacking CD19 is enriched in human bone marrow. Blood 125, 1739\u20131748 (2015).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"3647_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3795","volume":"15","author":"SL Nutt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nutt, S. L., Hodgkin, P. D., Tarlinton, D. M. & Corcoran, L. M. The generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 15, 160\u2013171 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"3647_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00675-9","volume":"397","author":"VJ Hall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hall, V. J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN). Lancet 397, 1459\u20131469 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3647_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31484-7","volume":"396","author":"CF Houlihan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Houlihan, C. F. et al. Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care workers. Lancet 396, e6\u2013e7 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3647_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lumley, S. F. et al. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with protection against reinfection. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.11.18.20234369 (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.18.20234369"},{"key":"3647_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","volume":"26","author":"Q-X Long","year":"2020","unstructured":"Long, Q.-X. et al. Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat. Med. 26, 1200\u20131204 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"3647_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2025179","volume":"383","author":"FJ Ibarrondo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ibarrondo, F. J. et al. Rapid decay of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in persons with mild Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 1085\u20131087 (2020).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3647_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00813-8","volume":"5","author":"J Seow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seow, J. et al. Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Nat. Microbiol. 5, 1598\u20131607 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"3647_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1083-1","volume":"26","author":"AWD Edridge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edridge, A. W. D. et al. Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting. Nat. Med. 26, 1691\u20131693 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"3647_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800048019","volume":"105","author":"KA Callow","year":"1990","unstructured":"Callow, K. A., Parry, H. F., Sergeant, M. & Tyrrell, D. A. The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man. Epidemiol. Infect. 105, 435\u2013446 (1990).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"3647_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.025","volume":"183","author":"N Kaneko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaneko, N. et al. Loss of Bcl-6-expressing T follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19. Cell 183, 143\u2013157 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3647_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd7728","volume":"370","author":"A Wajnberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wajnberg, A. et al. Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months. Science 370, 1227\u20131230 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3647_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabe5511","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe5511","volume":"5","author":"B Isho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Isho, B. et al. Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients. Sci. Immunol. 5, eabe5511 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"3647_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf4063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4063","volume":"371","author":"JM Dan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dan, J. M. et al. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science 371, eabf4063 (2021).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3647_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w","volume":"591","author":"C Gaebler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaebler, C. et al. Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Nature 591, 639\u2013644 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3647_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.029","volume":"184","author":"LB Rodda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodda, L. B. et al. Functional SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory persists after mild COVID-19. Cell 184, 169\u2013183 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3647_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz8432","volume":"370","author":"CW Davis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davis, C. W. et al. Influenza vaccine-induced human bone marrow plasma cells decline within a year after vaccination. Science 370, 237\u2013241 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3647_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1976.tb06735.x","volume":"199","author":"I Turesson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Turesson, I. Distribution of immunoglobulin-containing cells in human bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. Acta Med. Scand. 199, 293\u2013304 (1976).","journal-title":"Acta Med. Scand."},{"key":"3647_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201444878","volume":"45","author":"T Pritz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pritz, T. et al. Plasma cell numbers decrease in bone marrow of old patients. Eur. J. Immunol. 45, 738\u2013746 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"3647_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2381-y","volume":"584","author":"R Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, R. et al. A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2. Nature 584, 120\u2013124 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3647_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.025","volume":"182","author":"Y Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. Potent neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 identified by high-throughput single-cell sequencing of convalescent patients\u2019 B cells. Cell 182, 73\u201384 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3647_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","volume":"584","author":"DF Robbiani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robbiani, D. F. et al. Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals. Nature 584, 437\u2013442 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3647_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.044","volume":"182","author":"C Kreer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kreer, C. et al. Longitudinal isolation of potent near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients. Cell 182, 843\u2013854 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3647_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000583","volume":"205","author":"WB Alsoussi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alsoussi, W. B. et al. A potently neutralizing antibody protects mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Immunol. 205, 915\u2013922 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"3647_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16256-y","volume":"11","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Commun. 11, 2251 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"3647_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ciaa1143","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1143","volume":"2020","author":"K Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, K. et al. Longitudinal dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020, ciaa1143 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3647_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.051","volume":"183","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Quick COVID-19 healers sustain anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production. Cell 183, 1496\u20131507 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3647_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.036","volume":"177","author":"CW Davis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davis, C. W. et al. Longitudinal analysis of the human B Cell response to ebola virus infection. Cell 177, 1566\u20131582 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3647_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3533","volume":"17","author":"AH Ellebedy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellebedy, A. H. et al. Defining antigen-specific plasmablast and memory B cell subsets in human blood after viral infection or vaccination. Nat. Immunol. 17, 1226\u20131234 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"3647_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.100","volume":"57","author":"D Stadlbauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stadlbauer, D. et al. SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans: a detailed protocol for a serological assay, antigen production, and test setup. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 57, e100 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03647-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03647-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03647-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T18:10:48Z","timestamp":1684606248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03647-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7867","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]}},"alternative-id":["3647"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03647-4","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.740161072.793585916","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-132821\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Ellebedy laboratory received funding under sponsored research agreements that are unrelated to the data presented in the current study from Emergent BioSolutions and from AbbVie. J.S.T., A.J.S. and A.H.E. are recipients of a licensing agreement with Abbvie that is unrelated to the data presented in the current study. A.H.E. is a consultant for Mubadala Investment Company and the founder of ImmuneBio Consulting. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}