{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:40:44Z","timestamp":1793972444289,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7877","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03901-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:03:19Z","timestamp":1631707399000},"page":"539-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":228,"title":["Resurgence of Ebola virus in 2021 in Guinea suggests a new paradigm for outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"597","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4377-341X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alpha Kabinet","family":"Keita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fara R.","family":"Koundouno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane","family":"D\u00fcx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Hinzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haby","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahidjo","family":"Ayouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8302-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Le Marcis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barr\u00e9","family":"Soropogui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e9koura","family":"Ifono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa M.","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou S.","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Bore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4834-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Calvignac-Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou B.","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Renevey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul K.","family":"Soumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saa L.","family":"Millimono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almudena","family":"Mari-Saez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmadou","family":"Dor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fod\u00e9 Y.","family":"Soumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaka","family":"Kourouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie J.","family":"Vielle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Loucoubar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahima","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karifa","family":"Kourouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuditta","family":"Annibaldis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assa\u00eftou","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Thielebein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meike","family":"Pahlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven T.","family":"Pullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles W.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Quick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9482-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Formenty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anais","family":"Legand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Pietro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Wiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Tordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Peyrefitte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9846-8917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John T.","family":"McCrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4337-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Rambaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssouf","family":"Sidib\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou D.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Kourouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9 D.","family":"Saouromou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Cond\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Bald\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moriba","family":"Povogui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakoba","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandiou","family":"Diakite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou S.","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Sidibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dembo","family":"Diakite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fod\u00e9 B.","family":"Sako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fod\u00e9 A.","family":"Traore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges A.","family":"Ki-Zerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Lemey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6562-0230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liana E.","family":"Kafetzopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou A.","family":"Sall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Delaporte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Duraffour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ousmane","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2169-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian H.","family":"Leendertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulaye","family":"Toure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u2019. Faly","family":"Magassouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"3901_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404505","volume":"371","author":"S Baize","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baize, S. et al. Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 1418\u20131425 (2014).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3901_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2016 Situation Report: Ebola Virus Disease (World Health Organization, 2016)."},{"key":"3901_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33132-5","volume":"393","author":"D Malvy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Malvy, D., McElroy, A. K., de Clerck, H., G\u00fcnther, S. & van Griensven, J. Ebola virus disease. Lancet 393, 936\u2013948 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3901_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy527","volume":"68","author":"P Mbala-Kingebeni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mbala-Kingebeni, P. et al. Rapid confirmation of the Zaire Ebola virus in the outbreak of the Equateur Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo: implications for public health interventions. Clin. Infect. Dis. 68, 330\u2013333 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30124-0","volume":"19","author":"P Mbala-Kingebeni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mbala-Kingebeni, P. et al. 2018 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Equateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective genomic characterization. Lancet Infect. Dis. 19, 641\u2013647 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04395","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.04395","volume":"3","author":"DM Pigott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pigott, D. M. et al. Mapping the zoonotic niche of Ebola virus disease in Africa. eLife 3, e04395 (2014).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"3901_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw601","volume":"63","author":"B Diallo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diallo, B. et al. Resurgence of Ebola virus disease in Guinea linked to a survivor with virus persistence in seminal fluid for more than 500 days. Clin. Infect. Dis. 63, 1353\u20131356 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw793","volume":"64","author":"D Sissoko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sissoko, D. et al. Ebola virus persistence in breast milk after no reported illness: a likely source of virus transmission from mother to child. Clin. Infect. Dis. 64, 513\u2013516 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofz482","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz482","volume":"6","author":"AK Keita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keita, A. K. et al. A 40-month follow-up of Ebola virus disease survivors in Guinea (PostEbogui) reveals long-term detection of Ebola viral ribonucleic acid in semen and breast milk. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 6, ofz482 (2019).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16996","volume":"530","author":"J Quick","year":"2016","unstructured":"Quick, J. et al. Real-time, portable genome sequencing for Ebola surveillance. Nature 530, 228\u2013232 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3901_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.014","volume":"167","author":"WE Diehl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diehl, W. E. et al. Ebola virus glycoprotein with increased infectivity dominated the 2013\u20132016 epidemic. Cell 167, 1088\u20131098.e6 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3901_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.013","volume":"167","author":"RA Urbanowicz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Urbanowicz, R. A. et al. Human adaptation of Ebola virus during the West African outbreak. Cell 167, 1079\u20131087.e5 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3901_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1600378","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600378","volume":"2","author":"DJ Blackley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blackley, D. J. et al. Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains. Sci. Adv. 2, e1600378 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"3901_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Diallo, M. S. K. et al. Understanding the long-term evolution and predictors of sequelae of Ebola virus disease survivors in Guinea: a 48-month prospective, longitudinal cohort study (PostEboGui). Clin. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab168 (2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab168"},{"key":"3901_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30516-3","volume":"17","author":"JF Etard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Etard, J. F. et al. Multidisciplinary assessment of post-Ebola sequelae in Guinea (PostEboGui): an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 17, 545\u2013552 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805435","volume":"380","author":"PREVAIL III Study Group","year":"2019","unstructured":"PREVAIL III Study Group. A longitudinal study of Ebola sequelae in Liberia. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 924\u2013934 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3901_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30649-2","volume":"19","author":"MSK Diallo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diallo, M. S. K. et al. Prevalence of infection among asymptomatic and paucisymptomatic contact persons exposed to Ebola virus in Guinea: a retrospective, cross-sectional observational study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 19, 308\u2013316 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30111-1","volume":"17","author":"JR Glynn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glynn, J. R. et al. Asymptomatic infection and unrecognised Ebola virus disease in Ebola-affected households in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study using a new non-invasive assay for antibodies to Ebola virus. Lancet Infect. Dis. 17, 645\u2013653 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.36.201.24379","volume":"36","author":"I Camara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Camara, I. et al. Unrecognized Ebola virus infection in Guinea: complexity of surveillance in a health crisis situation: case report. Pan Afr. Med. J. 36, 201 (2020).","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"3901_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003273","volume":"18","author":"AE Thorson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thorson, A. E. et al. Persistence of Ebola virus in semen among Ebola virus disease survivors in Sierra Leone: a cohort study of frequency, duration, and risk factors. PLoS Med. 18, e1003273 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"3901_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofx155","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx155","volume":"4","author":"WA Fischer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fischer, W. A. et al. Ebola virus ribonucleic acid detection in semen more than two years after resolution of acute Ebola virus infection. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 4, ofx155 (2017).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30243-1","volume":"5","author":"D Sissoko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sissoko, D. et al. Persistence and clearance of Ebola virus RNA from seminal fluid of Ebola virus disease survivors: a longitudinal analysis and modelling study. Lancet Glob. Health 5, e80\u2013e88 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"3901_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509773","volume":"373","author":"SE Mate","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mate, S. E. et al. Molecular evidence of sexual transmission of Ebola virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 373, 2448\u20132454 (2015).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3901_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30417-1","volume":"18","author":"EK Dokubo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dokubo, E. K. et al. Persistence of Ebola virus after the end of widespread transmission in Liberia: an outbreak report. Lancet Infect. Dis. 18, 1015\u20131024 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofz068","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz068","volume":"6","author":"WJ Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, W. J. et al. Comprehensive clinical and laboratory follow-up of a female patient with Ebola virus disease: Sierra Leone Ebola virus persistence study. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 6, ofz068 (2019).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17489-7","volume":"11","author":"A Wiedemann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiedemann, A. et al. Long-lasting severe immune dysfunction in Ebola virus disease survivors. Nat. Commun. 11, 3730 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"3901_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03146-y","volume":"590","author":"C Adaken","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adaken, C. et al. Ebola virus antibody decay\u2013stimulation in a high proportion of survivors. Nature 590, 468\u2013472 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3901_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30736-2","volume":"21","author":"R Thom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thom, R. et al. Longitudinal antibody and T cell responses in Ebola virus disease survivors and contacts: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 21, 507\u2013516 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024670","volume":"384","author":"P Mbala Kingebeni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mbala Kingebeni, P. et al. Ebola virus transmission initiated by relapse of systemic Ebola virus disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 1240\u20131247 (2021).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3901_CR30","unstructured":"Muyembe-Tamfum, J. J. et al. Two Ebola virus variants circulating during the 2020 Equateur Province outbreak. https:\/\/virological.org\/t\/two-ebola-virus-variants-circulating-during-the-2020-equateur-province-outbreak\/538 (2020)."},{"key":"3901_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0167","volume":"9","author":"EM Leroy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leroy, E. M. et al. Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 9, 723\u2013728 (2009).","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S776","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir364","volume":"204","author":"G Grard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grard, G. et al. Emergence of divergent Zaire Ebola virus strains in Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2007 and 2008. J. Infect. Dis. 204 (Suppl 3), S776\u2013S784 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR33","unstructured":"Enria, L. What Crisis Produces: Dangerous Bodies, Ebola Heroes and Resistance in Sierra Leone' 'BathPapers in International Development and Wellbeing, Centre for Development Studies, University of Bath no. 53 (2017)."},{"key":"3901_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006885","volume":"12","author":"M Ronse","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ronse, M. et al. What motivates Ebola survivors to donate plasma during an emergency clinical trial? The case of Ebola-Tx in Guinea. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 12, e0006885 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-016-0510-5","volume":"109","author":"S Sow","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sow, S., Desclaux, A., Taverne, B. & Groupe d\u2019\u00e9tude PostEboGui. Ebola en Guin\u00e9e: formes de la stigmatisation des acteurs de sante survivants. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 109, 309\u2013313 (2016).","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"3901_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmer, P. Aids and Accusation. Haiti and the Geography of Blame (Univ. California Press, 2006).","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520933026"},{"key":"3901_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2016.1252034","volume":"27","author":"A Wilkinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilkinson, A. & Fairhead, J. Comparison of social resistance to Ebola response in Sierra Leone and Guinea suggests explanations lie in political configurations not culture. Crit. Public Health 27, 14\u201327 (2017).","journal-title":"Crit. Public Health"},{"key":"3901_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259657","volume":"345","author":"SK Gire","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gire, S. K. et al. Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak. Science 345, 1369\u20131372 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3901_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vew016","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew016","volume":"2","author":"A Arias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arias, A. et al. Rapid outbreak sequencing of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone identifies transmission chains linked to sporadic cases. Virus Evol. 2, vew016 (2016).","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"3901_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17-00140","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.12.17-00140","volume":"23","author":"A Pini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pini, A. et al. Field investigation with real-time virus genetic characterisation support of a cluster of Ebola virus disease cases in Dubr\u00e9ka, Guinea, April to June 2015. Euro Surveill. 23, 17-00140 (2018).","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"3901_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30118-5","volume":"19","author":"P Mbala-Kingebeni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mbala-Kingebeni, P. et al. Medical countermeasures during the 2018 Ebola virus disease outbreak in the North Kivu and Ituri Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a rapid genomic assessment. Lancet Infect. Dis. 19, 648\u2013657 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3901_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","volume":"59","author":"S Guindon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guindon, S. et al. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 59, 307\u2013321 (2010).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"3901_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","volume":"32","author":"LT Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen, L. T., Schmidt, H. A., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B. Q. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32, 268\u2013274 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"3901_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolger A. M., Lohse M. & Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114\u20132120 (2014).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3901_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. The Sequence Alignment\/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25, 2078\u20132079 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3901_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2003.09.004","volume":"30","author":"M Weidmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weidmann, M., M\u00fchlberger, E. & Hufert, F. T. Rapid detection protocol for filoviruses. J. Clin. Virol. 30, 94\u201399 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"3901_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-251-9_3","volume":"537","author":"K Katoh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Katoh, K., Asimenos, G. & Toh, H. Multiple alignment of DNA sequences with MAFFT. Methods Mol. Biol. 537, 39\u201364 (2009).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"3901_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22040","volume":"544","author":"G Dudas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dudas, G. et al. Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic. Nature 544, 309\u2013315 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3901_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","volume":"37","author":"BQ Minh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minh, B. Q. et al. IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 1530\u20131534 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"3901_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vew007","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew007","volume":"2","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rambaut, A., Lam, T. T., Max Carvalho, L. & Pybus, O. G. Exploring the temporal structure of heterochronous sequences using TempEst (formerly Path-O-Gen). Virus Evol. 2, vew007 (2016).","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"3901_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vey016","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey016","volume":"4","author":"MA Suchard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suchard, M. A. et al. Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10. Virus Evol. 4, vey016 (2018).","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"3901_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13016","volume":"508","author":"M Worobey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Worobey, M., Han, G. Z. & Rambaut, A. A. Synchronized global sweep of the internal genes of modern avian influenza virus. Nature 508, 254\u2013257 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3901_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss265","volume":"30","author":"MS Gill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gill, M. S. et al. Improving Bayesian population dynamics inference: a coalescent-based model for multiple loci. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30, 713\u2013724 (2013).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"3901_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"veaa061","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa061","volume":"6","author":"S Duchene","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duchene, S., et al. Temporal signal and the phylodynamic threshold of SARS-CoV-2. Virus Evol. 6, veaa061 (2020).","journal-title":"Virus Evol."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03901-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03901-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03901-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T17:20:18Z","timestamp":1733937618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03901-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7877","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]}},"alternative-id":["3901"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03901-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.W.C. received materials for this study from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}