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CoVac-1 is a peptide-based vaccine candidate, composed of SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes derived from various viral proteins\n                    <jats:sup>1,2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , combined with the Toll-like receptor 1\/2 agonist XS15 emulsified in Montanide ISA51 VG, aiming to induce profound SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity to combat COVID-19. Here we conducted a phase I open-label trial, recruiting 36 participants aged 18\u201380\u00a0years, who received a single subcutaneous CoVac-1 vaccination. The primary end point was safety analysed until day\u00a056. Immunogenicity in terms of CoVac-1-induced T cell response was analysed as the main secondary end point until day\u00a028 and in the follow-up until month\u00a03. No serious adverse events and no grade\u00a04\u00a0adverse events were observed. Expected local granuloma formation was observed in all study participants, whereas systemic reactogenicity was absent or mild. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses targeting multiple vaccine peptides were induced in all study participants, mediated by multifunctional T helper 1 CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. CoVac-1-induced IFN\u03b3 T cell responses persisted in the follow-up analyses and surpassed those detected after SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as after vaccination with approved vaccines. Furthermore, vaccine-induced T cell responses were unaffected by current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Together, CoVac-1 showed a favourable safety profile and induced broad, potent and variant of concern-independent T cell responses, supporting the presently ongoing evaluation in a phase II trial for patients with B cell\u00a0or\u00a0antibody deficiency.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04232-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T12:16:03Z","timestamp":1637669763000},"page":"617-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":255,"title":["A COVID-19 peptide vaccine for the induction of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"601","author":[{"given":"Jonas 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SARS-CoV-2-derived peptides define heterologous and COVID-19-induced T cell recognition. Nat. Immunol. 22, 74\u201385 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"4232_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf7517","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf7517","volume":"13","author":"T Bilich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilich, T. et al. T cell and antibody kinetics delineate SARS-CoV-2 peptides mediating long-term immune responses in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Sci. Transl. Med. 13, eabf7517 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"4232_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19. WHO https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20201012-weekly-epi-update-9.pdf (2021)."},{"key":"4232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, F. et al. 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