{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:47:21Z","timestamp":1791542841295,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7901","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has multiple spike protein mutations\n                    <jats:sup>1,2<\/jats:sup>\n                    that contribute to viral escape from antibody neutralization\n                    <jats:sup>3\u20136<\/jats:sup>\n                    and reduce vaccine protection from infection\n                    <jats:sup>7,8<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The extent to which other components of the adaptive response such as T cells may still target Omicron and contribute to protection from severe outcomes is unknown. Here we assessed the ability of T cells to react to Omicron spike protein in participants who were vaccinated with Ad26.CoV2.S or BNT162b2, or unvaccinated convalescent COVID-19 patients (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200970). Between 70% and 80% of the CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell response to spike was maintained across study groups. Moreover, the magnitude of Omicron cross-reactive T cells was similar for Beta (B.1.351) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, despite Omicron harbouring considerably more mutations. In patients who were hospitalized with Omicron infections (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919), there were comparable T cell responses to ancestral spike, nucleocapsid and membrane proteins to those in patients hospitalized in previous waves dominated by the ancestral, Beta or Delta variants (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200949). Thus, despite extensive mutations and reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies of Omicron, the majority of T cell responses induced by vaccination or infection cross-recognize the variant. It remains to be determined whether well-preserved T cell immunity to Omicron contributes to protection from severe COVID-19 and is linked to early clinical observations from South Africa and elsewhere\n                    <jats:sup>9\u201312<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04460-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T13:03:10Z","timestamp":1643634190000},"page":"488-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":579,"title":["T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike cross-recognize Omicron"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"603","author":[{"given":"Roanne","family":"Keeton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius 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Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-04411-y (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04411-y"},{"key":"4460_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cameroni, E. et al. Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04386-2 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04386-2"},{"key":"4460_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04385-3 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04385-3"},{"key":"4460_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cele, S. et al. Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04387-1 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04387-1"},{"key":"4460_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Planas, D. et al. Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z"},{"key":"4460_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Andrews, N. et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.14.21267615 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.14.21267615"},{"key":"4460_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Holm Hansen, C. et al. Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Omicron or Delta variants following a two-dose or booster BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination series: a Danish cohort study. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.20.21267966 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.20.21267966"},{"key":"4460_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Goga, A. et al. Breakthrough Covid-19 infections during periods of circulating Beta, Delta and Omicron variants of concern, among health care workers in the Sisonke Ad26.COV2.S vaccine trial, South Africa. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.21.21268171 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.21.21268171"},{"key":"4460_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n3151","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n3151","volume":"375","author":"E Mahase","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahase, E. Covid-19: hospital admission 50\u201370% less likely with omicron than Delta, but transmission a major concern. BMJ 375, n3151 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4460_CR11","unstructured":"Sheikh, A. et al. Severity of Omicron variant of concern and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease: national cohort with nested test negative design study in Scotland. 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Sette is a consultant for Gritstone Bio, Flow Pharma, Arcturus Therapeutics, ImmunoScape, CellCarta, Avalia, Moderna, Fortress and Repertoire. All of the other authors declare no competing interests. La Jolla Institute for Immunology has filed a patent for protection for various aspects of vaccine design and identification of specific epitopes.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}