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Here we analyse the determinants of cross-class interaction using data from Facebook, building on the analysis in our companion paper\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    . We show that about half of the social disconnection across socioeconomic lines\u2014measured as the difference in the share of high-socioeconomic status (SES)\u00a0friends between people with low and high SES\u2014is explained by differences in exposure to people with high SES in groups such as schools and religious organizations. The other half is explained by friending bias\u2014the tendency for people with low SES to befriend people with high SES at lower rates even conditional on exposure. Friending bias is shaped by the structure of the groups in which people interact. For example, friending bias is higher in larger and more diverse groups and lower in religious organizations than in schools and workplaces. Distinguishing exposure from friending bias is helpful for identifying interventions to increase cross-SES friendships (economic connectedness). Using fluctuations in the share of students with high SES across high school cohorts, we show that increases in high-SES\u00a0exposure lead\u00a0low-SES people to form more friendships with high-SES people\u00a0in schools that exhibit low levels of friending bias. Thus, socioeconomic integration can increase economic connectedness in communities in which friending bias is low. By contrast, when friending bias is high, increasing cross-SES interactions among existing members may be necessary to increase economic connectedness. To support such efforts, we release privacy-protected statistics on economic connectedness, exposure and friending bias for each ZIP\u00a0(postal) code, high school and college in the United States at\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.socialcapital.org\/\">https:\/\/www.socialcapital.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04997-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T06:04:30Z","timestamp":1659333870000},"page":"122-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":249,"title":["Social capital II: determinants of economic connectedness"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"608","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7868-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raj","family":"Chetty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9846-4249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew O.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Kuchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Stroebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Hendren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Fluegge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armelle","family":"Grondin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3037-7330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drew","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Koenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Laguna-Muggenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Mudekereza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8939-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolaj","family":"Thor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilbur","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Barber\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Bhole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8210-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Wernerfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4997_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-070308-115909","volume":"35","author":"CS Fischer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fischer, C. 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Opportunity Insights receives core funding from the Chan Zuckerberg Foundation (CZI). CZI is a separate entity from Meta, and CZI funding to Opportunity Insights was not used for this research. M.B, P.B., M.B. and N.W. are employees of Meta Platforms. T.K., J.S., S.G. and F.M. are contract affiliates through Meta\u2019s contract with PRO Unlimited. F.G., A.G., M.J., D.J., M.K., T.R., N.T, W.T. and R.Z. are contract affiliates through Meta\u2019s contract with Harvard University. Meta Platforms did not dispute or influence any findings or conclusions during their collaboration on this research. This work was produced under an agreement between Meta and Harvard University specifying that Harvard shall own all intellectual property rights, titles and interests (subject to the restrictions of any journal or publisher of the resulting publication(s)).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}