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To avert hundreds of thousands of unnecessary hospitalizations and deaths, adoption will need to be higher than it was in the autumn of 2022 or 2023, when less than one-fifth of Americans received booster vaccines<jats:sup>1,2<\/jats:sup>. One approach to encouraging vaccination is to eliminate the friction of transportation hurdles. Previous research has shown that friction can hinder follow-through<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> and that individuals who live farther from COVID-19 vaccination sites are less likely to get vaccinated<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>. However, the value of providing free round-trip transportation to vaccination sites is unknown. Here we show that offering people free round-trip Lyft rides to pharmacies has no benefit over and above sending them behaviourally informed text messages reminding them to get vaccinated. We determined this by running a megastudy with millions of CVS Pharmacy patients in the United States testing the effects of (1) free round-trip Lyft rides to CVS Pharmacies for vaccination appointments and\u00a0(2) seven different\u00a0sets of behaviourally informed vaccine reminder messages. Our results suggest that offering previously vaccinated individuals free rides to vaccination sites is not a good investment in the United States, contrary to the high expectations of both expert and lay forecasters. Instead, people in the United States should be sent behaviourally informed COVID-19 vaccination reminders, which increased the 30-day COVID-19 booster uptake by 21% (1.05 percentage points) and spilled over to increase 30-day influenza vaccinations by 8% (0.34 percentage points) in our megastudy. More rigorous testing of interventions to promote vaccination is needed to ensure that evidence-based solutions are deployed widely and that ineffective but intuitively appealing tools are discontinued.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07591-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T16:02:26Z","timestamp":1719417746000},"page":"179-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Megastudy shows that reminders boost vaccination but adding free rides does not"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"631","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9706-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Milkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6099-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean F.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9153-7193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dena M.","family":"Gromet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9621-6676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngwoo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1077-4020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex S.","family":"Luscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayyan S.","family":"Mobarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5327-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeline K.","family":"Paxson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1239-320X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramon A.","family":"Silvera Zumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5686-1289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8594-3627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Neil A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1740-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"List","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitesh S.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9708-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Van den Bulte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin G.","family":"Volpp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryann V.","family":"Beauvais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon K.","family":"Bellows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl A.","family":"Marandola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2644-3729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela L.","family":"Duckworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"7591_CR1","unstructured":"CDC. 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The order of the Extended Data Tables has now been amended in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"K.G.V. is a part-owner of VAL Health, a behavioural economics consulting firm. M.S.P. is principal and owner of Catalyst Health, a behaviour change and technology consulting firm. M.S.P. has served on advisory boards for Humana, Roche, Astellas and GlaxoSmithKline. M.V.B., C.A.M. and J.K.B. are employed by CVS Pharmacy Health. K.L.M., S.F.E., D.M.G., Y.J., A.S.L., R.S.M., M.K.P., R.A.S.Z., R.K., R.B., N.A.L., J.A.L., C.V.d.B. and A.L.D. have no competing interests to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}