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However, the cause of this so-called Neolithic decline is still debated. Some argue for an agricultural crisis resulting in the decline\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    , others for the spread of an early form of plague\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Here we use population-scale ancient genomics to infer ancestry, social structure and pathogen infection in 108\u2009Scandinavian Neolithic individuals from eight megalithic graves and a stone cist. We find that the Neolithic plague was widespread, detected in at least 17% of the sampled population and across large geographical distances. We demonstrate that the disease spread within the Neolithic community in three distinct infection events within a period of around 120\u2009years. Variant graph-based pan-genomics shows that the Neolithic plague genomes retained ancestral genomic variation present in\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including virulence factors associated with disease outcomes. In addition, we reconstruct four multigeneration pedigrees, the largest of which consists of 38\u2009individuals spanning six generations, showing a patrilineal social organization. Lastly, we document direct genomic evidence for Neolithic female exogamy in a woman buried in a different megalithic tomb than her brothers. Taken together, our findings provide a detailed reconstruction of plague spread within a large patrilineal kinship group and identify multiple plague infections in a population dated to the beginning of the Neolithic decline.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07651-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T12:01:55Z","timestamp":1720612915000},"page":"114-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Repeated plague infections across six generations of Neolithic Farmers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"632","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2217-3247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik Valeur","family":"Seersholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-G\u00f6ran","family":"Sj\u00f6gren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Koelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0057-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malou","family":"Blank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma M.","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Staring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomaz","family":"Pinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7568-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugh","family":"McColl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charleen","family":"Gaunitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4858-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Ruiz-Bedoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9970-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Graneh\u00e4ll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Villegas-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0852-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5951-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. Douglas","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-3568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten E.","family":"Allentoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3507-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid K. 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