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Associated risks include cancer, cataracts, degenerative diseases\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and tissue reactions from large, acute exposures\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Space radiation originates from diverse sources, including galactic cosmic rays\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    , trapped-particle (Van Allen) belts\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    and solar-particle events\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Previous radiation data are from the International Space Station and the Space Shuttle in low-Earth orbit protected by heavy shielding and Earth\u2019s magnetic field\n                    <jats:sup>7,8<\/jats:sup>\n                    and lightly shielded interplanetary robotic probes such as Mars Science Laboratory and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter\n                    <jats:sup>9,10<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Limited data from the Apollo missions\n                    <jats:sup>11\u201313<\/jats:sup>\n                    and ground measurements with substantial caveats are also available\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Here we report radiation measurements from the heavily shielded Orion spacecraft on the uncrewed Artemis I lunar mission. At differing shielding locations inside the vehicle, a fourfold difference in dose rates was observed during proton-belt passes that are similar to large, reference solar-particle events. Interplanetary cosmic-ray dose equivalent rates in Orion were as much as 60% lower than previous observations\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Furthermore, a change in orientation of the spacecraft during the proton-belt transit resulted in a reduction of radiation dose rates of around 50%. These measurements validate the Orion for future crewed exploration and inform future human spaceflight mission design.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07927-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T12:02:03Z","timestamp":1726660923000},"page":"48-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Space radiation measurements during the Artemis I lunar mission"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"634","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5138-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart P.","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Gaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Matthi\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Laramore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5122-9640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jussi","family":"Lehti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Campbell-Ricketts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kroupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6520-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Stoffle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Marsalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9699-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartos","family":"Przybyla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mena","family":"Abdelmelek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Aeckerlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir A.","family":"Bahadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2522-1024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Barzilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Dieckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ecord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Egeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Eronen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bailey H.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2223-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine E.","family":"Hellweg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Houri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hirsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Hirvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Hovland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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