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Immediate deaths and damage are directly observed after\u00a0a\u00a0disaster and are widely studied, but delayed downstream outcomes, indirectly caused by the disaster, are difficult to trace back to the initial event\n                    <jats:sup>1,2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Tropical cyclones (TCs)\u2014that is, hurricanes and tropical storms\u2014are widespread globally and have lasting economic impacts\n                    <jats:sup>3\u20135<\/jats:sup>\n                    , but their full health impact remains unknown. Here we conduct a large-scale evaluation of long-term effects of TCs on human mortality in the contiguous United\u00a0States (CONUS) for all TCs between 1930\u00a0and\u00a02015. We observe a robust increase in excess mortality that persists for 15 years after each geophysical event. We estimate that the average TC generates 7,000\u201311,000 excess deaths, exceeding the average of 24 immediate deaths reported in government statistics\n                    <jats:sup>6,7<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Tracking the effects of 501 historical storms, we compute that the TC climate of CONUS imposes an undocumented mortality burden that explains a substantial fraction of the higher mortality rates along the Atlantic coast and is equal to roughly 3.2\u20135.1% of all deaths. These findings suggest that the TC climate, previously thought to be unimportant for broader public health outcomes, is a meaningful underlying driver for the distribution of mortality risk in CONUS, especially among infants (less than 1 year\u00a0of age), people 1\u201344 years\u00a0of age, and the Black population. Understanding why TCs induce this excess mortality is likely to yield substantial health benefits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07945-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T12:02:30Z","timestamp":1727870550000},"page":"121-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Mortality caused by tropical cyclones in the United\u00a0States"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"635","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7542-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2074-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon","family":"Hsiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"7945_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 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