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Human genetic studies have established a causal role for protein assembly in neurodegeneration\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown, which is limiting progress in developing clinical tools for these diseases. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy have enabled the structures of the protein filaments to be determined from the brains of patients\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . All neurodegenerative\u00a0diseases studied to date have been characterized by the self-assembly of proteins in homomeric amyloid filaments, including that of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\u00a0(ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) types A and B\n                    <jats:sup>3,4<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Here we used cryo-electron microscopy to determine filament structures from the brains of individuals with FTLD-TDP type C, one of the most common forms of sporadic FTLD-TDP. Unexpectedly, the structures revealed that a second protein, annexin A11 (ANXA11), co-assembles with TDP-43 in heteromeric amyloid filaments. The ordered filament fold is formed by TDP-43 residues G282\/G284\u2013N345 and ANXA11 residues L39\u2013Y74 from their respective low-complexity domains. Regions of TDP-43 and ANXA11 \u00a0that were\u00a0previously implicated in protein\u2013protein interactions form an extensive hydrophobic interface at the centre of the filament fold. Immunoblots of the filaments revealed that the majority of ANXA11 exists as an approximately 22\u2009kDa N-terminal fragment lacking the annexin core domain. Immunohistochemistry of brain sections showed the colocalization of ANXA11 and TDP-43 in inclusions, redefining the histopathology of FTLD-TDP type C. This work establishes a central role for ANXA11 in FTLD-TDP type C. The unprecedented formation of heteromeric amyloid filaments in the human brain revises our understanding of amyloid assembly and may be of significance for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08024-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T12:03:07Z","timestamp":1726056187000},"page":"662-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Heteromeric amyloid filaments of ANXA11 and TDP-43 in FTLD-TDP type C"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"634","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7585-288X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Arseni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Nonaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max H.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey G.","family":"Murzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cracco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7602-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sew Y.","family":"Peak-Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1899-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly J.","family":"Garringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ito","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisaomi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misumoto","family":"Onaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changiz","family":"Geula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1648-7357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathy L.","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsel","family":"Mesulam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardino","family":"Ghetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7415-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masato","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8176-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ryskeldi-Falcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"8024_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06437-2","volume":"621","author":"SHW Scheres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scheres, S. 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