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It is known to occur over the Amazon basin, but the nucleation mechanism and chemical precursors have yet to be identified<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Here we present comprehensive in situ aircraft measurements showing that extremely low-volatile oxidation products of isoprene, particularly certain organonitrates, drive NPF in the Amazonian upper troposphere. The organonitrates originate from OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene from forest emissions in the presence of nitrogen oxides from lightning. Nucleation bursts start about 2\u2009h after sunrise in the outflow of nocturnal deep convection, producing high aerosol concentrations of more than 50,000\u2009particles\u2009cm<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n            <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. We report measurements of characteristic diurnal cycles of precursor gases and particles. Our observations show that the interplay between biogenic isoprene, deep tropical convection with associated lightning, oxidation photochemistry and the low ambient temperature uniquely promotes NPF. The particles grow over time, undergo long-range transport and descend through subsidence to the lower troposphere, in which they can serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) that influence the Earth\u2019s hydrological cycle, radiation budget and climate<jats:sup>1,4\u20138<\/jats:sup>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08192-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T16:02:02Z","timestamp":1733328122000},"page":"124-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Isoprene nitrates drive new particle formation in Amazon\u2019s upper troposphere"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"636","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3153-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Curtius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9171-8127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Heinritzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3700-5895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-0756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mira 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