{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:53:24Z","timestamp":1792666404628,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8043","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent Antarctic sea-ice decline is a substantial source of concern, notably the record low in 2023 (ref.\u2009<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>). Progress has been made towards establishing the causes of ice loss<jats:sup>1\u20135<\/jats:sup> but uncertainty remains about its consequences for ocean\u2013atmosphere interaction. Resolution of this uncertainty is important as ice decline can substantially alter surface heat loss and thus the ocean and atmosphere<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>. Here we show that the strongest winter 2023 ice-retraction regions provide an important new source of turbulent ocean heat loss to the atmosphere in wintertime. Ice concentration in these regions (located primarily in the Weddell, Bellingshausen and Ross seas) is reduced by up to 80% and is accompanied by an unprecedented doubling of mid-winter ocean heat loss. Also, there is a phase shift in the time of peak heat loss from late April to mid-June, with weaker than normal heat loss in austral autumn. The winter surface-heat-loss intensification is accompanied by substantial changes on both sides of the ocean\u2013atmosphere interface. These include increases in atmospheric-storm frequency and surface-heat-loss-driven dense water formation, although the implications of the densification for broader processes such as Antarctic bottom water formation remain unclear. Our results reveal that the 2023 Antarctic sea-ice loss has substantially modified air\u2013sea interaction in the Southern Ocean and motivate in-depth analysis of the wider climate-system impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08368-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T16:02:22Z","timestamp":1734537742000},"page":"635-639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Record-low Antarctic sea ice in 2023 increased ocean heat loss and storms"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"636","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1683-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon A.","family":"Josey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J. S.","family":"Meijers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5454-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam T.","family":"Blaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1068-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy P.","family":"Grist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1834-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Mecking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0294-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly C.","family":"Ayres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"8368_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-00961-9","volume":"4","author":"A Purich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Purich, A. & Doddridge, E. W. Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state. Commun. Earth Environ. 4, 314 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"8368_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-1103-2018","volume":"12","author":"E Schlosser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schlosser, E., Haumann, F. A. & Raphael, M. N. Atmospheric influences on the anomalous 2016 Antarctic sea ice decay. Cryosphere 12, 1103\u20131119 (2018).","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"8368_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022GL098904","DOI":"10.1029\/2022GL098904","volume":"49","author":"J Turner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turner, J. et al. Record low Antarctic sea ice cover in February 2022. Geophys. Res. Lett. 49, e2022GL098904 (2022).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"8368_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121005","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/aca5f2","volume":"4","author":"J Yadav","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yadav, J., Kumar, A. & Mohan, R. Atmospheric precursors to the Antarctic sea ice record low in February 2022. Environ. Res. Commun. 4, 121005 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Commun."},{"key":"8368_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00624-1","volume":"3","author":"L Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. The relative role of the subsurface Southern Ocean in driving negative Antarctic Sea ice extent anomalies in 2016\u20132021. Commun. Earth Environ. 3, 302 (2022).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"8368_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-21-0918.1","volume":"35","author":"HC Ayres","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ayres, H. C., Screen, J. A., Blockley, E. W. & Bracegirdle, T. J. The coupled atmosphere\u2013ocean response to Antarctic sea ice loss. J. Clim. 35, 4665\u20134685 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"8368_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906556116","volume":"116","author":"CL Parkinson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parkinson, C. L. A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 14414\u201314423 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"8368_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01254-9","volume":"12","author":"RL Fogt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fogt, R. L., Sleinkofer, A. M., Raphael, M. N. & Handcock, M. S. A regime shift in seasonal total Antarctic sea ice extent in the twentieth century. Nat. Clim. Change 12, 54\u201362 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"8368_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-022-00281-0","volume":"3","author":"MN Raphael","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raphael, M. N. & Handcock, M. S. A new record minimum for Antarctic sea ice. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 3, 215\u2013216 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"8368_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01818-x","volume":"13","author":"KA Naughten","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naughten, K. A., Holland, P. R. & De Rydt, J. Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century. Nat. Clim. Change 13, 1222\u20131228 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"8368_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01207-y","volume":"5","author":"CJ Prend","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prend, C. J. et al. Ross Gyre variability modulates oceanic heat supply toward the West Antarctic continental shelf. Commun. Earth Environ. 5, 47 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"8368_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020GL091835","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL091835","volume":"48","author":"EH Shadwick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shadwick, E. H. et al. Sea ice suppression of CO2 outgassing in the west Antarctic Peninsula: implications for the evolving Southern Ocean Carbon sink. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, e2020GL091835 (2021).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"8368_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-00927-x","volume":"31","author":"PT Fretwell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fretwell, P. T., Boutet, A. & Ratcliffe, N. Record low 2022 Antarctic sea ice led to catastrophic breeding failure of emperor penguins. Commun. Earth Environ. 31, 273 (2023).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"8368_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-020-0546-9","volume":"13","author":"MR England","year":"2020","unstructured":"England, M. R., Polvani, L., Sun, L. & Deser, C. Tropical climate responses to projected Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice loss. Nat. Geosci. 13, 275\u2013281 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"8368_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333706","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2024.1333706","volume":"12","author":"M Ionita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ionita, M. Large-scale drivers of the exceptionally low winter Antarctic sea ice extent in 2023. Front. Earth Sci. 12, 1333706 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"8368_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.16993\/tellusa.3222","volume":"75","author":"K Suryawanshi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suryawanshi, K., Jena, B., Bajish, C. C. & Anilkumar, N. Recent decline in Antarctic sea ice cover from 2016 to 2022: insights from satellite observations, Argo floats, and model reanalysis. Tellus A 75, 193\u2013212 (2023).","journal-title":"Tellus A"},{"key":"8368_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"054002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/acc9d6","volume":"18","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, S. et al. Contribution of the deepened Amundsen sea low to the record low Antarctic sea ice extent in February 2022. Environ. Res. Lett. 18, 054002 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"8368_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/fluids6100360","volume":"6","author":"CA Vreugdenhil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vreugdenhil, C. A. & Gayen, B. Ocean convection. Fluids 6, 360\u2013379 (2021).","journal-title":"Fluids"},{"key":"8368_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-023-06894-5","volume":"62","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. An observational study on the interactions between storm tracks and sea ice in the Southern Hemisphere. Clim. Dyn. 62, 17\u201336 (2024).","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"8368_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2749","volume":"9","author":"RP Abernathey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abernathey, R. P. et al. Water-mass transformation by sea ice in the upper branch of the Southern Ocean overturning. Nat. Geosci. 9, 596\u2013601 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"8368_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-8-3071-2015","volume":"8","author":"G Forget","year":"2015","unstructured":"Forget, G. et al. ECCO version 4: an integrated framework for non-linear inverse modeling and global ocean state estimation. Geosci. Model Dev. 8, 3071\u20133104 (2015).","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"8368_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220067","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2022.0067","volume":"381","author":"SA Josey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Josey, S. A., Grist, J. P., Mecking, J. V., Moat, B. I. & Schulz, E. A clearer view of Southern Ocean air\u2013sea interaction using surface heat flux asymmetry. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 381, 20220067 (2023).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"8368_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(98)00026-8","volume":"17","author":"Y-H Park","year":"1998","unstructured":"Park, Y.-H., Charriaud, E. & Fieux, M. Thermohaline structure of the Antarctic Surface Water\/Winter Water in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. J. Mar. Syst. 17, 5\u201323 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"8368_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01695-4","volume":"13","author":"S Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, S. et al. Slowdown of Antarctic Bottom Water export driven by climatic wind and sea-ice changes. Nat. Clim. Change 13, 701\u2013709 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"8368_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2364","volume":"141","author":"F Feser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feser, F. et al. Storminess over the North Atlantic and northwestern Europe\u2014a review. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 141, 350\u2013382 (2015).","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"8368_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0212-1","volume":"558","author":"RA Massom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Massom, R. A. et al. Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell. Nature 558, 383\u2013389 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8368_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","volume":"146","author":"H Hersbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hersbach, H. et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146, 1999\u20132049 (2020).","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"8368_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6704","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009067","volume":"118","author":"SA Good","year":"2013","unstructured":"Good, S. A., Martin, M. J. & Rayner, N. A. EN4: quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 118, 6704\u20136716 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"8368_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1992)022<0093:ROWMFI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"22","author":"K Speer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Speer, K. & Tziperman, E. Rates of water mass formation in the North Atlantic ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 22, 93\u2013104 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"8368_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0758.1","volume":"30","author":"R Gelaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gelaro, R. et al. The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). J. Clim. 30, 5419\u20135454 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"8368_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022JC018805","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JC018805","volume":"127","author":"JC King","year":"2022","unstructured":"King, J. C. et al. The performance of the ERA-interim and ERA5 atmospheric reanalyses over Weddell Sea pack ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 127, e2022JC018805 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"8368_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<0247:TNNYRM>2.3.CO;2","volume":"82","author":"R Kistler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kistler, R. et al. The NCEP\u2013NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82, 247\u2013267 (2001).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"8368_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13262","volume":"509","author":"A Kohout","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kohout, A., Williams, M., Dean, S. & Meylan, M. H. Storm-induced sea-ice breakup and the implications for ice extent. Nature 509, 604\u2013607 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8368_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9656","volume":"6","author":"R Matear","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matear, R., O\u2019Kane, T., Risbey, J. & Chamberlain, M. Sources of heterogeneous variability and trends in Antarctic sea-ice. Nat. Commun. 6, 8656 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"8368_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Josey, S. A. Code repository for 2023 Antarctic sea-ice decline impacts analysis. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13971927 (2024).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.13971927"}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-024-08368-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-024-08368-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-024-08368-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T08:03:04Z","timestamp":1734595384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-024-08368-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8043","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]}},"alternative-id":["8368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-08368-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}