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The amount of tidal energy dissipated within Io is enormous and has been suggested to support the large-scale melting of its interior and the formation of a global subsurface magma ocean. If Io has a shallow global magma ocean, its tidal deformation would be much larger than in the case of a more rigid, mostly solid interior<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Here we report the measurement of Io\u2019s tidal deformation, quantified by the gravitational tidal Love number <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, enabled by two recent flybys of the Juno spacecraft. By combining Juno<jats:sup>3,4<\/jats:sup> and Galileo<jats:sup>5\u20137<\/jats:sup> Doppler data from the NASA Deep Space Network and astrometric observations, we recover Re(<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) of 0.125\u2009\u00b1\u20090.047 (1<jats:italic>\u03c3<\/jats:italic>) and the tidal dissipation parameter <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> of 11.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.6 (1<jats:italic>\u03c3<\/jats:italic>). These measurements confirm that a shallow global magma ocean in Io does not exist and are consistent with Io having a mostly solid mantle<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Our results indicate that tidal forces do not universally create global magma oceans, which may be prevented from forming owing to rapid melt ascent, intrusion and eruption<jats:sup>8,9<\/jats:sup>, so even strong tidal heating\u2014such as that expected on several known exoplanets and super-Earths<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\u2014may not guarantee the formation of magma oceans on moons or planetary bodies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08442-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T14:01:40Z","timestamp":1734012100000},"page":"69-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Io\u2019s tidal response precludes a shallow magma ocean"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"638","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9896-4585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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