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Clusters of neurons in transcriptomic space correspond to distinct cell types and in some cases\u2014for example, <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> neurons<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup> and retinal ganglion cells<jats:sup>2\u20134<\/jats:sup>\u2014have been shown to share morphology and function. The zebrafish optic tectum is composed of a spatial array of neurons that transforms visual inputs into motor outputs. Although the visuotopic map is continuous, subregions of the tectum are functionally specialized<jats:sup>5,6<\/jats:sup>. Here, to uncover the cell-type architecture of the tectum, we transcriptionally profiled its neurons, revealing more than 60 cell types that are organized in distinct anatomical layers. We measured the visual responses of thousands of tectal neurons by two-photon calcium imaging and matched them with their transcriptional profiles. Furthermore, we characterized the morphologies of transcriptionally identified neurons using specific transgenic lines. Notably, we found that neurons that are transcriptionally similar can diverge\u00a0in shape, connectivity and visual responses. Incorporating the spatial coordinates of neurons within the tectal volume revealed functionally and morphologically defined anatomical subclusters within individual transcriptomic clusters. Our findings demonstrate that extrinsic, position-dependent factors expand the phenotypic repertoire of genetically similar neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08518-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T16:04:01Z","timestamp":1739376241000},"page":"1023-1033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Transcriptomic neuron types vary topographically in function and morphology"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"638","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5487-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inbal","family":"Shainer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2700-6712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes M.","family":"Kappel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Laurell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Donovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin W.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-5860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Kuehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Arnold-Ammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1607-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Stemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Larsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7268-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herwig","family":"Baier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"8518_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.023","volume":"184","author":"SR Taylor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor, S. 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