{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T21:50:18Z","timestamp":1794261018530,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8064","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08799-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T13:53:00Z","timestamp":1742997180000},"page":"1029-1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Gene-modified pig-to-human liver xenotransplantation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"641","author":[{"given":"Kai-Shan","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Qiang","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8246-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jie","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De-Sheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Cai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Ren","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Xun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Wen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Jun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Mei","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Bin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan-Li","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deng-Ke","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-Long","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Feng","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"8799_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12492","volume":"26","author":"D Pan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pan, D. et al. Progress in multiple genetically modified minipigs for xenotransplantation in China. Xenotransplantation 26, e12492 (2019).","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"8799_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4635","volume":"238","author":"DK Cooper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cooper, D. K., Ekser, B., Ramsoondar, J., Phelps, C. & Ayares, D. The role of genetically engineered pigs in xenotransplantation research. J. Pathol. 238, 288\u2013299 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"8799_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201422","volume":"387","author":"BP Griffith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Griffith, B. P. et al. Genetically modified porcine-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 387, 35\u201344 (2022).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"8799_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2120238","volume":"386","author":"RA Montgomery","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montgomery, R. A. et al. Results of two cases of pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. 386, 1889\u20131898 (2022).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"8799_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01349-1","volume":"402","author":"A Loupy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loupy, A. et al. Immune response after pig-to-human kidney xenotransplantation: a multimodal phenotyping study. Lancet 402, 1158\u20131169 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8799_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02471-9","volume":"29","author":"N Moazami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moazami, N. et al. Pig-to-human heart xenotransplantation in two recently deceased human recipients. Nat. Med. 29, 1989\u20131997 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"8799_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00775-4","volume":"402","author":"MM Mohiuddin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohiuddin, M. M. et al. Graft dysfunction in compassionate use of genetically engineered pig-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation: a case report. Lancet 402, 397\u2013410 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8799_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0302-251","volume":"20","author":"Y Dai","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dai, Y. et al. Targeted disruption of the alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in cloned pigs. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 251\u2013255 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"8799_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12258","volume":"23","author":"B Petersen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petersen, B. et al. Efficient production of biallelic GGTA1 knockout pigs by cytoplasmic microinjection of CRISPR\/Cas9 into zygotes. Xenotransplantation 23, 338\u2013346 (2016).","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"8799_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2011.00674.x","volume":"18","author":"B Petersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Petersen, B. et al. Transgenic expression of human heme oxygenase-1 in pigs confers resistance against xenograft rejection during ex vivo perfusion of porcine kidneys. Xenotransplantation 18, 355\u2013368 (2011).","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"8799_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2009.00537.x","volume":"16","author":"B Petersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petersen, B. et al. Pigs transgenic for human thrombomodulin have elevated production of activated protein C. Xenotransplantation 16, 486\u2013495 (2009).","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"8799_CR12","unstructured":"Regalado, A. A brain-dead man was attached to a gene-edited pig liver for three days. MIT Technology Review www.technologyreview.com\/2024\/01\/18\/1086791\/brain-dead-man-gene-edited-pig-liver\/ (2024)."},{"key":"8799_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12321","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12321","volume":"24","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. Cytokine profiles in Tibetan macaques following \u03b1-1,3-galactosyltransferase-knockout pig liver xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 24, e12321 (2017).","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"8799_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-019-1806-2","volume":"64","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. The resurgent landscape of xenotransplantation of pig organs in nonhuman primates. Sci. China Life Sci. 64, 697\u2013708 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"8799_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12497","volume":"26","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. A review of pig liver xenotransplantation: current problems and recent progress. Xenotransplantation 26, e12497 (2019).","journal-title":"Xenotransplantation"},{"key":"8799_CR16","unstructured":"Ma, L. Xijing Hospital transplants pig\u2019s liver to monkey. China Daily www.chinadaily.com.cn\/china\/2013-06\/06\/content_16580042.htm (2013)."},{"key":"8799_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-00853-8","volume":"627","author":"S Mallapaty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mallapaty, S. First pig liver transplanted into a person lasts for 10 days. Nature 627, 710\u2013711 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8799_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldx043","volume":"125","author":"DKC Cooper","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cooper, D. K. C. et al. Xenotransplantation\u2014the current status and prospects. Br. Med. Bull. 125, 5\u201314 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"8799_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14341","volume":"17","author":"JA Shah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shah, J. A. et al. Prolonged survival following pig-to-primate liver xenotransplantation utilizing exogenous coagulation factors and costimulation blockade. Am. J. Transplant. 17, 2178\u20132185 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"8799_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001659","volume":"263","author":"JA Shah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah, J. A. et al. A bridge to somewhere. Ann. Surg. 263, 1069\u20131071 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"8799_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e3283446c65","volume":"16","author":"PJ Cowan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cowan, P. J., Robson, S. C. & d\u2019Apice, A. J. Controlling coagulation dysregulation in xenotransplantation. Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant. 16, 214\u2013221 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-08799-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-08799-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-08799-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,25]],"date-time":"2025-05-25T20:02:47Z","timestamp":1748203367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-08799-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8064","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}},"alternative-id":["8799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-08799-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}