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Although their macroscopic superconducting properties are established<jats:sup>1,5\u20137<\/jats:sup>, microscopic insights into the pairing mechanism remains unclear. Here we characterize the superconducting gap structure in the high-temperature superconductor H<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>S and its deuterium counterpart D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>S by performing tunnelling spectroscopy measurements. The tunnelling spectra reveal that H<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>S and D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>S both have a fully gapped structure, which could be well described by a single <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>-wave Dynes model, with gap values 2<jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic> of approximately 60\u2009meV and 44\u2009meV, respectively. Furthermore, we observed gap features of another likely H-depleted H<jats:sub>\n              <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n            <\/jats:sub>S superconducting phase in a\u00a0poorly synthesized hydrogen sulfide sample. Our work offers direct experimental evidence for superconductivity in the hydrogen-rich superconductor H<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>S from a microscopic perspective. It validates the phonon-mediated mechanism of superconducting pairing and provides a foundation for further understanding the origins of high-temperature superconductivity in hydrogen-rich compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08895-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T15:02:03Z","timestamp":1745420523000},"page":"619-624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Superconducting gap of H3S measured by tunnelling spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"641","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-1022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Drozdov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8134-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasily S.","family":"Minkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4887-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor F.","family":"Balakirev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9701-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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