{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:49:16Z","timestamp":1793407756152,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8085","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09497-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T15:02:43Z","timestamp":1760540563000},"page":"611-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Aboveground biomass in Australian tropical forests now a net carbon source"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"646","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2893-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Carle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9115-6518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Bauman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3727-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael N.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Coughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Binks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Nicotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Meir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"9497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07602-x","volume":"631","author":"Y Pan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan, Y. et al. The enduring world forest carbon sink. Nature 631, 563\u2013569 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11882","volume":"494","author":"PM Cox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cox, P. M. et al. Sensitivity of tropical carbon to climate change constrained by carbon dioxide variability. Nature 494, 341\u2013344 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020EF001874","DOI":"10.1029\/2020EF001874","volume":"9","author":"A Koch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koch, A., Hubau, W. & Lewis, S. L. Earth System Models are not capturing present\u2010day tropical forest carbon dynamics. Earths Future 9, e2020EF001874 (2021).","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"9497_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04737-7","volume":"608","author":"D Bauman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bauman, D. et al. Tropical tree mortality has increased with rising atmospheric water stress. Nature 608, 528\u2013533 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14283","volume":"519","author":"RJW Brienen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brienen, R. J. W. et al. Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink. Nature 519, 344\u2013348 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03629-6","volume":"595","author":"LV Gatti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gatti, L. V. et al. Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change. Nature 595, 388\u2013393 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2035-0","volume":"579","author":"W Hubau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hubau, W. et al. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature 579, 80\u201387 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1554","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1554","volume":"93","author":"S Arif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arif, S. & MacNeil, M. A. Applying the structural causal model framework for observational causal inference in ecology. Ecol. Monogr. 93, e1554 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"9497_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01521-5","volume":"5","author":"C Segura-Garcia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Segura-Garcia, C., Bauman, D., Arruda, V. L. S., Alencar, A. A. C. & Menor, I. O. Human land occupation regulates the effect of the climate on the burned area of the Brazilian Cerrado. Commun. Earth Environ. 5, 361 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"9497_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1214\/09-SS057","volume":"3","author":"J Pearl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pearl, J. Causal inference in statistics: an overview. Stat. Surv. 3, 96\u2013146 (2009).","journal-title":"Stat. Surv."},{"key":"9497_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12163","volume":"101","author":"HT Murphy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Murphy, H. T., Bradford, M. G., Dalongeville, A., Ford, A. J. & Metcalfe, D. J. No evidence for long-term increases in biomass and stem density in the tropical rain forests of Australia. J. Ecol. 101, 1589\u20131597 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"9497_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14724","volume":"216","author":"MA Cavaleri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cavaleri, M. A. et al. Tropical rainforest carbon sink declines during El Ni\u00f1o as a result of reduced photosynthesis and increased respiration rates. New Phytol. 216, 136\u2013149 (2017).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"9497_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170410","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0410","volume":"373","author":"SW Rifai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rifai, S. W. et al. ENSO drives interannual variation of forest woody growth across the tropics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 373, 20170410 (2018).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9497_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16485","volume":"226","author":"C Grossiord","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grossiord, C. et al. Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit. New Phytol. 226, 1550\u20131566 (2020).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"9497_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GB005133","volume":"30","author":"TR Feldpausch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feldpausch, T. R. et al. Amazon forest response to repeated droughts. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 964\u2013982 (2016).","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"9497_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez-Martinez, P. et al. Amazon rainforest adjusts to long-term experimental drought. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 9, 970\u2013979 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-025-02702-x"},{"key":"9497_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4091-9","volume":"51","author":"CL Parker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parker, C. L., Bruy\u00e8re, C. L., Mooney, P. A. & Lynch, A. H. The response of land-falling tropical cyclone characteristics to projected climate change in northeast Australia. Clim. Dyn. 51, 3467\u20133485 (2018).","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"9497_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"SL Lavendar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lavendar, S. L. & Walsh, K. J. E. Dynamically downscaled simulations of Australian region tropical cyclones in current and future climates. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, 1\u20136 (2011).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"9497_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13039","volume":"107","author":"T Ibanez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ibanez, T. et al. Globally consistent impact of tropical cyclones on the structure of tropical and subtropical forests. J. Ecol. 107, 279\u2013292 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"9497_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/aec.12133","volume":"39","author":"HT Murphy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Murphy, H. T., Metcalfe, D. J., Bradford, M. G. & Ford, A. J. Community divergence in a tropical forest following a severe cyclone. Austral Ecol. 39, 696\u2013709 (2014).","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"9497_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/aec.12376","volume":"41","author":"HT Murphy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murphy, H. T. & Metcalfe, D. J. The perfect storm: Weed invasion and intense storms in tropical forests. Austral Ecol. 41, 864\u2013874 (2016).","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"9497_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17966-z","volume":"11","author":"RJW Brienen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brienen, R. J. W. et al. Forest carbon sink neutralized by pervasive growth-lifespan trade-offs. Nat. Commun. 11, 4241 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9497_CR23","unstructured":"Montreal Process Implementation Group for Australia and National Forest Inventory Steering Committee. Australia\u2019s State of the Forests Report 2018 (ABARES, 2018)."},{"key":"9497_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-3381-2012","volume":"9","author":"TR Feldpausch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feldpausch, T. R. et al. Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates. Biogeosciences 9, 3381\u20133403 (2012).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"9497_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradford, M. G., Murphy, H. T., Ford, A. J., Hogan, D. L. & J., M. D. in Ecology Vol. 95, 2362 (ESA, 2014).","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0458R.1"},{"key":"9497_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15982","volume":"28","author":"D Bauman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauman, D. et al. Tropical tree growth sensitivity to climate is driven by species intrinsic growth rate and leaf traits. Glob. Chang. Biol. 28, 1414\u20131432 (2021).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"9497_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208377","volume":"14","author":"M Bradford","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bradford, M. & Murphy, H. T. The importance of large-diameter trees in the wet tropical rainforests of Australia. PLoS One 14, e0208377 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9497_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12931","volume":"106","author":"L Rowland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rowland, L. et al. Shock and stabilisation following long-term drought in tropical forest from 15 years of litterfall dynamics. J. Ecol. 106, 1673\u20131682 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"9497_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18728-7","volume":"11","author":"A Staal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Staal, A. et al. Hysteresis of tropical forests in the 21st century. Nat. Commun. 11, 4978 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9497_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-19-491-2022","volume":"19","author":"SW Rifai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rifai, S. W. et al. Thirty-eight years of CO2 fertilization has outpaced growing aridity to drive greening of Australian woody ecosystems. Biogeosciences 19, 491\u2013515 (2022).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"9497_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2128-9","volume":"580","author":"M Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang, M. et al. The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment. Nature 580, 227\u2013231 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05085-2","volume":"608","author":"HFV Cunha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cunha, H. F. V. et al. Direct evidence for phosphorus limitation on Amazon forest productivity. Nature 608, 558\u2013562 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07491-0","volume":"630","author":"M Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang, M. et al. Microbial competition for phosphorus limits the CO2 response of a mature forest. Nature 630, 660\u2013665 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crous, K. Y. et al. Leaf warming in the canopy of mature tropical trees reduced photosynthesis due to downregulation of photosynthetic capacity and reduced stomatal conductance. New Phytol. 245, 1421\u20131436 (2024).","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20320"},{"key":"9497_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050044","volume":"122","author":"JQ Chambers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chambers, J. Q., Higuchi, N., Schimel, J. P., Ferreira, L. V. & Melack, J. M. Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon. Oecologia 122, 380\u2013388 (2000).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"9497_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2111312119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111312119","volume":"119","author":"WS Walker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walker, W. S. et al. The global potential for increased storage of carbon on land. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2111312119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"9497_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v44i2.15428","volume":"44","author":"JW Raich","year":"1992","unstructured":"Raich, J. W. & Schlesinger, W. H. The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus B 44, 81\u201399 (1992).","journal-title":"Tellus B"},{"key":"9497_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12569","volume":"20","author":"RA Viscarra Rossel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viscarra Rossel, R. A., Webster, R., Bui, E. N. & Baldock, J. A. Baseline map of organic carbon in Australian soil to support national carbon accounting and monitoring under climate change. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20, 2953\u20132970 (2014).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"9497_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01200-1","volume":"7","author":"AT Nottingham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nottingham, A. T. et al. Microbial diversity declines in warmed tropical soil and respiration rise exceed predictions as communities adapt. Nat. Microbiol. 7, 1650\u20131660 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"9497_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01416.x","volume":"13","author":"ED Sotta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sotta, E. D. et al. Effects of an induced drought on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux and soil CO2 production in an Eastern Amazonian rainforest, Brazil. Glob. Chang. Biol. 13, 2218\u20132229 (2007).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"9497_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13767","volume":"23","author":"Z Luo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luo, Z., Feng, W., Luo, Y., Baldock, J. & Wang, E. Soil organic carbon dynamics jointly controlled by climate, carbon inputs, soil properties and soil carbon fractions. Glob. Chang. Biol. 23, 4430\u20134439 (2017).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"9497_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00780-2","volume":"6","author":"MN Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith, M. N. et al. Empirical evidence for resilience of tropical forest photosynthesis in a warmer world. Nat. Plants 6, 1225\u20131230 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"9497_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00203.1","volume":"6","author":"CD Allen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D. & McDowell, N. G. On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die\u2010off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere 6, 1\u201355 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"9497_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29289-2","volume":"13","author":"WM Hammond","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hammond, W. M. et al. Global field observations of tree die-off reveal hotter-drought fingerprint for Earth\u2019s forests. Nat. Commun. 13, 1761 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9497_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19822","volume":"243","author":"KB Middleby","year":"2024","unstructured":"Middleby, K. B., Cheesman, A. W. & Cernusak, L. A. Impacts of elevated temperature and vapour pressure deficit on leaf gas exchange and plant growth across six tropical rainforest tree species. New Phytol. 243, 648\u2013661 (2024).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"9497_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19806","volume":"244","author":"M Slot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Slot, M., Rifai, S. W., Eze, C. E. & Winter, K. The stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit drives the apparent temperature response of photosynthesis in tropical forests. New Phytol. 244, 1238\u20131249 (2024).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"9497_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpy037","volume":"38","author":"H Duan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duan, H. et al. CO2 and temperature effects on morphological and physiological traits affecting risk of drought-induced mortality. Tree Physiol. 38, 1138\u20131151 (2018).","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"9497_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17348","volume":"231","author":"DD Breshears","year":"2021","unstructured":"Breshears, D. D. et al. Underappreciated plant vulnerabilities to heat waves. New Phytol. 231, 32\u201339 (2021).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"9497_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06391-z","volume":"621","author":"CE Doughty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Doughty, C. E. et al. Tropical forests are approaching critical temperature thresholds. Nature 621, 105\u2013111 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9497_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/26.11.1435","volume":"26","author":"SC Cunningham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cunningham, S. C. & Read, J. Foliar temperature tolerance of temperate and tropical evergreen rain forest trees of Australia. Tree Physiol. 26, 1435\u20131443 (2006).","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"9497_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11979","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5663","volume":"9","author":"PE Menezes-Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Menezes-Silva, P. E. et al. Different ways to die in a changing world: Consequences of climate change for tree species performance and survival through an ecophysiological perspective. Ecol. Evol. 9, 11979\u201311999 (2019).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"9497_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.001","volume":"259","author":"CD Allen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allen, C. D. et al. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecol. Manage. 259, 660\u2013684 (2010).","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"9497_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12417","volume":"38","author":"R Teskey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Teskey, R. et al. Responses of tree species to heat waves and extreme heat events. Plant Cell Environ. 38, 1699\u20131712 (2015).","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"9497_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2008.01896.x","volume":"33","author":"SM Turton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turton, S. M. Landscape-scale impacts of Cyclone Larry on the forests of northeast Australia, including comparisons with previous cyclones impacting the region between 1858 and 2006. Austral Ecol. 33, 409\u2013416 (2008).","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"9497_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01997-0","volume":"8","author":"L Qie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qie, L. et al. Long-term carbon sink in Borneo\u2019s forests halted by drought and vulnerable to edge effects. Nat. Commun. 8, 1966 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9497_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17317","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.17317","volume":"30","author":"T Ibanez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ibanez, T. et al. Damage to tropical forests caused by cyclones is driven by wind speed but mediated by topographical exposure and tree characteristics. Glob. Chang. Biol. 30, e17317 (2024).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"9497_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2008.01898.x","volume":"33","author":"DJ Metcalfe","year":"2008","unstructured":"Metcalfe, D. J., Bradford, M. G. & Ford, A. J. Cyclone damage to tropical rain forests: Species- and community-level impacts. Austral Ecol. 33, 432\u2013441 (2008).","journal-title":"Austral Ecol."},{"key":"9497_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[0568:SDOTTY]2.0.CO;2","volume":"81","author":"JH Connell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Connell, J. H. & Green, P. T. Seedling dynamics over thirty-two years in a tropical rain forest tree. Ecology 81, 568\u2013584 (2000).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"9497_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12627","volume":"20","author":"E Berenguer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berenguer, E. et al. A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. Glob. Chang. Biol. 20, 3713\u20133726 (2014).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"9497_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(01)00587-4","volume":"163","author":"DL Cummings","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cummings, D. L., Boone Kauffman, J., Perry, D. A. & Flint Hughes, R. Aboveground biomass and structure of rainforests in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecol. Manage. 163, 293\u2013307 (2002).","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"9497_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01120.x","volume":"12","author":"Y Malhi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Malhi, Y. et al. The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests. Glob. Chang. Biol. 12, 1107\u20131138 (2006).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"9497_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.2010.01212.x","volume":"48","author":"MNK Djuikouo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Djuikouo, M. N. K., Doucet, J.-L., Nguembou, C. K., Lewis, S. L. & Sonk\u00e9, B. Diversity and aboveground biomass in three tropical forest types in the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon. Afr. J. Ecol. 48, 1053\u20131063 (2010).","journal-title":"Afr. J. Ecol."},{"key":"9497_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2006.08.014","volume":"235","author":"J Glenday","year":"2006","unstructured":"Glenday, J. Carbon storage and emissions offset potential in an East African tropical rainforest. Forest Ecol. Manage. 235, 72\u201383 (2006).","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"9497_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20120295","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0295","volume":"368","author":"SL Lewis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lewis, S. L. et al. Above-ground biomass and structure of 260 African tropical forests. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20120295 (2013).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"9497_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12979","volume":"21","author":"MM Kotowska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kotowska, M. M., Leuschner, C., Triadiati, T., Meriem, S. & Hertel, D. Quantifying above- and belowground biomass carbon loss with forest conversion in tropical lowlands of Sumatra (Indonesia). Glob. Chang. Biol. 21, 3620\u20133634 (2015).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"9497_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-012-0544-0","volume":"126","author":"A Katayama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Katayama, A. et al. Carbon allocation in a Bornean tropical rainforest without dry seasons. J. Plant Res. 126, 505\u2013515 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Plant Res."},{"key":"9497_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2009.00489.x","volume":"19","author":"JWF Slik","year":"2010","unstructured":"Slik, J. W. F. et al. Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo\u2019s tropical forests. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 19, 50\u201360 (2010).","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"9497_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-018-0246-x","volume":"11","author":"AR Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, A. R., Doraisami, M. & Thomas, S. C. Global patterns in wood carbon concentration across the world\u2019s trees and forests. Nat. Geosci. 11, 915\u2013920 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"9497_CR69","unstructured":"Graham, A. W. (ed.) The CSIRO Rainforest Permanent Plots of North Queensland: Site, Structural, Floristic and Edaphic Descriptions (Rainforest CRC, Cairns, 2006)."},{"key":"9497_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2014.02.021","volume":"320","author":"J Talbot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Talbot, J. et al. Methods to estimate aboveground wood productivity from long-term forest inventory plots. Forest Ecol. Manage. 320, 30\u201338 (2014).","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"9497_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0100-x","volume":"145","author":"J Chave","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chave, J. et al. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia 145, 87\u201399 (2005).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"9497_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1450","volume":"26","author":"A Ledo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ledo, A. et al. Re-evaluation of individual diameter:height allometric models to improve biomass estimation of tropical trees. Ecol. Appl. 26, 2376\u20132382 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"9497_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hutchinson, M. F., Xu, T., Kesteven, J. L., Marang, I. J. & Evans, B. J. ANUClimate v2.0. NCI Data Catalogue https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25914\/60a10aa56dd1b (2022).","DOI":"10.25914\/60a10aa56dd1b"},{"key":"9497_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191","volume":"5","author":"JT Abatzoglou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abatzoglou, J. T., Dobrowski, S. Z., Parks, S. A. & Hegewisch, K. C. TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958-2015. Sci. Data 5, 170191 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"9497_CR75","unstructured":"Dlugokencky, E. J., Mund, J. W., Crotwell, A. M., Crotwell, M. J. & Thoning, K. W. NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network Flask-Air Sample Measurements of CO2, CH4, CO, N2O, H2, SF6 and isotopic ratios at Global and Regional Background Sites, 1997-2020, Version: 2021-07-30 (ed. NOAA GML Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network) (GML, 2021)."},{"key":"9497_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L07701","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028946","volume":"34","author":"LEOC Arag\u00e3o","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arag\u00e3o, L. E. O. C. et al. Spatial patterns and fire response of recent Amazonian droughts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L07701 (2007).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"9497_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x","volume":"73","author":"SN Wood","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wood, S. N. Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models. J. R. Stat. Soc. 73, 3\u201336 (2011).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc."},{"key":"9497_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cinelli, C., Forney, A. & Pearl, J. A crash course in good and bad controls. Sociol. Meth. Res. 53, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00491241221099552 (2022).","DOI":"10.1177\/00491241221099552"},{"key":"9497_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0248-x","volume":"1","author":"HD Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adams, H. D. et al. A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 1285\u20131291 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"9497_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.015","volume":"196","author":"S Dray","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dray, S., Legendre, P. & Peres-Neto, P. R. Spatial modelling: a comprehensive framework for principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices (PCNM). Ecol. Model. 196, 483\u2013493 (2006).","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"9497_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03380","volume":"41","author":"D Bauman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bauman, D., Drouet, T., Dray, S. & Vleminckx, J. Disentangling good from bad practices in the selection of spatial or phylogenetic eigenvectors. Ecography 41, 1638\u20131649 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"9497_CR82","unstructured":"Dray, S. et al. R package version 0.3-24: adespatial: multivariate multiscale spatial analysis. CRAN https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=adespatial (2024)."},{"key":"9497_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2469","volume":"99","author":"D Bauman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bauman, D., Drouet, T., Fortin, M. J. & Dray, S. Optimizing the choice of a spatial weighting matrix in eigenvector\u2010based methods. Ecology 99, 2159\u20132166 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"9497_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00949659908811936","volume":"62","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anderson, M. J. & Legendre, P. An empirical comparison of permutation methods for tests of partial regression coefficients in a linear model. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 62, 271\u2013303 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"9497_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McElreath, R. Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and STAN 2nd edn (Chapman and Hall, 2020).","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429029608"},{"key":"9497_CR86","unstructured":"Lenth, R. R package v.1.10: emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. CRAN https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans (2024)."},{"key":"9497_CR87","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2025)."}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09497-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09497-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09497-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:03:30Z","timestamp":1762301010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09497-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8085","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]}},"alternative-id":["9497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-09497-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}