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Existing decarbonization roadmaps fail to guide technology choices for individual plants, given their heterogeneity and economic constraints\n                    <jats:sup>3\u20135<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Here, by integrating two global plant-level datasets and forecasted technology costs, we develop a model to identify the least-cost technology pathway for each plant worldwide in alignment with national carbon-neutrality targets. In the short term (pre-2030), energy efficiency improvements and scrap reuse are the cheapest decarbonization strategies, reducing cumulative global carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) emissions by 7.8\u2009Gt and 7.2\u2009Gt at average costs of \u2013US$8.5\u2009tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and US$0.3\u2009tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. In the long term (after 2030), smelt reduction with carbon capture is expected to become technically mature and economically viable, achieving approximately 6.0\u2009Gt of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    reductions at costs of US$7\u201315\u2009tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    in Chinese plants and US$26\u201375\u2009tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    in plants across Japan, Korea and Europe. After 2040, green-hydrogen-based steelmaking is estimated to contribute an additional 0.3\u2009Gt of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    abatement in European plants at costs of US$27\u201344\u2009tCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . This study tailors plant-specific least-cost technology pathways that reconcile stakeholders\u2019 economic interests with climate objectives, enabling actionable decarbonization strategies and supporting global net-zero targets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09658-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T16:04:09Z","timestamp":1761753849000},"page":"93-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Technological pathways for cost-effective steel decarbonization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"647","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8708-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7784-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laixiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3792-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u2019Maris","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4769-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Kontoleon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3773-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dabo","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"9658_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-00758-4","volume":"603","author":"P Fennell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fennell, P., Driver, J., Bataille, C. & Davis, S. 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