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Accurate reporting of anthropogenic and natural CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sources and sinks is a prerequisite to tracking the effectiveness of climate policy and detecting carbon-sink responses to climate change. Yet notable mismatches between reported emissions and sinks have so far prevented confident interpretation of their trends and drivers\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Here we present and integrate recent advances in observations and process understanding to address some long-standing issues in global carbon budget estimates. We show that the magnitude of the natural land sink is substantially smaller than previously estimated, whereas net emissions from anthropogenic land-use change are revised upwards\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The ocean sink is 15% larger than the land sink, consistent with recent evidence from oceanic and atmospheric observations\n                    <jats:sup>3,4<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Climate change reduces the efficiency of the sinks, particularly on land, contributing 8.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4\u2009ppm to the atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    increase since 1960. The combined effects of climate change and deforestation have turned Southeast Asian and large parts of South American tropical forests from CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sinks to sources. This underscores the need to halt deforestation and limit warming to prevent further loss of carbon stored on land. Improved confidence in assessments of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sources and sinks is fundamental for effective climate policy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09802-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T16:02:06Z","timestamp":1762963326000},"page":"98-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Emerging climate impact on carbon sinks in a consolidated carbon budget"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"649","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Friedlingstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2319-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6278-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4723-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Hauck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7398-3293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Landsch\u00fctzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3990-6737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid T.","family":"Luijkx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6286-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Auke","family":"van der Woude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Schwingshackl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Pongratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4531-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Regnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-6431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robbie M.","family":"Andrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-5337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothee C. E.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8788-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep G.","family":"Canadell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Ciais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4882-2647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1696-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Are","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7889-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen P.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8166-2070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1821-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Sitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1806-4091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanqin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"9802_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-17-965-2025","volume":"17","author":"P Friedlingstein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Friedlingstein, P. et al. 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